[SIR

UMAR KHAN DAWAR (0325-2512225)]

1

Pak-USSR/Russia relations

Soviet Union was one of the two Super powers of the world when Pakistan came into being. It felt the need to choose
between USA or USSR.

→ In 1950 Liaqat had accepted an invitation from Soviet Union. Soon, USA also extended an invitation to Pakistan for a visit.
Unfortunately Laiqat not only accepted US invitation but also immediately visited USA there after. Because of this episode
Soviet Union became permanently annoyed, and in due course became Pakistan’s enemy.

Except for this early mystique, Pakistan foreign policy during Liaqat Ali’s and Kh. Nazim ud din’s period was competitively
independent in Pakistan decisions, keeping in view, its interests.
- Pakistan condemned North Korea’s (supported by USSR) attack on South Korea (US supported). However, Pakistan
refused to commit its troops to UN force, unless US gives Pakistan surety of assistance against an Indian attack.
- In 1949, Pakistan extended recognition to Communist China. Trade links with China, where established next year.

→ During Bogra’s period as prime minister, Pakistan allied itself with USA, and USSR started supporting India.
- In 1954, Pakistan signs, Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement with USA.
- In 1954, Pakistan joins SEATO
- in 1955, Pakistan joins Cento.
- In 1955, Soviet Union officially started back in India on Kashmir and Soviet leadership visited India.
- USSR also started supporting Afghan claim over Pukhtoonistan.
+ However, in 1956 USSR offers to build a steel mill in Pakistan and help in mineral exploration which Pakistan refuses.
Does during 1950s, because of Pakistan’s pro-Western and Pro- US policy it earned displeasure of USSR.
→ U2 incident: in May 1960, clear evidence of Pakistan, starting with US, and against Soviet Union was U2 incident. A US
plane which was on a spying mission was shot an over its territory.

However, generally relations between Pakistan and Soviet Union improved during 1960s, one of the reasons for this was,
that Pakistan had been disappointed by US policies with regards to India.
In 1965, Pakistan, go to launch a 1963, Pakistan got a loan of £5.11 million.
Soviet Union adopted a neutral stance on Kashmir whereas earlier It supported India.
In 1965, Ubaid, in official visit to Soviet Union agreements were signed for trading oil exploration. In 1966 Soviet Union with
you did a peace treaty – between India and Pakistan in 1960 8USA closes its bases in Pakistan and Pakistan starts
receiving arm supply from Soviet Union. Soviet union was disturbed with Pakistan who are playing in important role in
bringing US and China closer. I’ll Switts feared that the board would team up against USSR. In 1971 August, so it wouldn’t
sign the treaty of peace and friendship and cooperation with India, and this treaty India was sold military equipment and
arms. In 1971 war Soviet Union, fully supported India. Bhutto visited USSR in 1972 and agreements were signed it to build a
steel mill in Pakistan Bhutto. Try to improve relations with USSR to make up for the past mistakes.

→ In November 1979, Soviet Union occupied Afghanistan. Pakistan supported, with the USA help, Afghan Mujahideens.
In 1984, Zia visited Moscow, but the atmosphere it between the leaders remained cold.
Pakistan border areas during the period was occasionally bombed during the Afghan war.
Relations were hostile in 1988 and even beyond 1991, when the Soviet Union was dissolved.

Post 1991
After the Soviet Union withdrawing the troops from Afghanistan, relations began to normalize with Pakistan.
In 1989, Soviet ambassador to Pakistan offered Pakistan to install a commercial nuclear power plant in the country, however
after U.S. intervention, the plans were abandoned.
- In 1994–95, Benazir Bhutto attempted to improve relations with Russia but suffered a major setback when Benazir Bhutto's
government recognized Taliban-controlled government in Afghanistan.
- In 1996, Russia willingly agreed to launch Pakistan's second satellite, Badr-B, for the lowest possible charges.
- In 1997, PM Nawaz Sharif attempted to warm relations with Russia after sending farewell messages to Russian
Federation.
- In 1998, although Russia congratulated India for conducting second nuclear tests, Russia did not immediately criticize
Pakistan for performing its nuclear tests.
- In April 1999, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif paid an important state visit to Kremlin, this was the first trip to Moscow paid by
a Pakistani Prime Minister in 25 years, but no breakthrough was made.
- In 1999, Russia welcomed Pakistan and India for making a breakthrough in their relations with the Lahore Declaration.
 2 [SIR UMAR KHAN DAWAR (0325-2512225)]

- Russia though criticized Pakistan for holding it responsible for the outbreak of Indo-Pakistani War of 1999. Meanwhile,
Russia played a major role in ending the war but remained hostile towards Pakistan.