Malik Ghulam Muhammad 1951-55

Successes
 Economic development
1. 1951 – Planning Commission 5 years plan
2. 1953 – Planning Board further 5 year plan
 Repealed PRODA
 Foreign aid – wheat, CENTO Failure
 Political instability – dissolved assembly
 Campaigns against Ahmedis – Forced to expel Zafarullah Khan (Foreign Minister)
 Improper handling of drought – led to riots
 Unable to make constitution

Major General Iskander Mirza 1955-58

Successes
 1956 Constitution
 Modernization
1. Rural development program
2. Industrialization
3. Karachi airport established (1955)
4. Telephone system expanded
5. Provision in health, education services
 Establishment of Defence Pacts
1. SEATO
2. MDAA
 One Unit Scheme
Failures
 Rise of Nationalism in East Pakistan – they realized that they needed to take solid steps to protect their
rights
 Undemocratic Rule (Martial Law)
 Political instability – changed prime ministers too much Ayub Khan
1958-69
Successes
 1962 Constitution
 Positive reforms – land reforms, wealth increase
 Defended in 1965 war Failure
 1965 war – unable to solve Kashmir issue
 Negative reforms
 Presidential form of government
 Curtailing civil liberties

Yahya Khan 1969-71

Successes
 Abolished One Unit Scheme
 Abolished Basic Democratic System/elections
 LFO – Legal Framework Order – one man, one vote
 Seats distributed according to Pakistan
 Fair elections Failures
 1971 war with India
 Civil war – separation of East Pakistan (immediate causes) Unable to implement results of the elections
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 1972-77
Successes
 1973 Constitution
 Reforms (land, health, education, administrative)
 Controlled army
 Simla Agreement 1972 Failures
 FSF in 1975
 1973 – dissolved Balochistan Assembly
 1974 – press freedom and political opponents/parties banned
 Negative reforms (industrial and administration

Zia-ul-Haq 1979-88
Successes
 Reforms – economic, industrial
 Economic Development (Afghan Miracle)
 Banned FSF
 Improved relations with Balochistan
 Islamisation
 Foreign Policy Failures
 Negative effects of Afghan Miracle
 Hanging of Bhutto – made him unpopular
 Amendments of judiciary reforms – PCO (1980), CAA (1979)
 8th Amendment – took over complete power
 Political instability – removal of Junejo and dissolved assembly

PAKISTAN FOREIGN RELATIONS USA

FAILURES
 Pakistan was not happy on the US stance of supporting united India during the Second World War.
 Pakistan was not initially recognized by the USA.
 Pakistan was not happy with USA when it gave arms to India during the Indo China War of 1962.
 Pakistan had thought that these arms were to be used against Pakistan. USA did not support Pakistan
openly during the 1965 war.
 Instead it stopped the supply of Arm to Pakistan.
 Pakistan had to face an arms embargo during 1967, meaning that the supply of US arms was suspended.
 Pakistan was upset when USA openly refused to give any support to Pakistan in the
 Bangladesh episode.
 USA showed serious concerns over the commencement of the nuclear Program of Pakistan. After the end
of the Afghan Miracle Pakistan was again seen as an un trusted ally and the aid to Pakistan was suspended
even before the complete withdrawal of the Russian Forces. It was around the end of 70’s when Zia took
over and Pakistan’s international credibility fell again.
 US authorities were again unhappy with Pakistan on the crime of over throwing a democratic government.
 In March 1986, the two countries agreed on a second multi-year (FY 1988–93) $4-billion economic
development and security assistance program. On October 1, 1990, however, the United States suspended
all military assistance and new economic aid to Pakistan under the Pressler Amendment, which required
that the President certify annually that Pakistan “does not possess a nuclear explosive device.”
 The Pakistan US relations were further deteriorated when Nawaz Sharif came to power in 1990 and
extended his anti west policies, as he was himself the legacy of Zia’s rule.
 The US aid to Pakistan was literally suspended during the first regime of Nawaz and serious questions were
raised about the nuclear capability of Pakistan.
 The Pak US relations were again dented when Benazir Government accepted the Taliban regime of
Afghanistan in 1995 as the Taliban were purely anti US.
 The relations hit low ebb in 1998 when Pakistan, ignored all the international pressure in general and US in
particular and tested her nuclear devices in reply to the Indian tests in May earlier.
 Pakistan’s insistence of not signing the CTBT until India does was probably the last nail in the good
relations of the US with Pakistan.
 Further deteriorations were seen when General Pervez over threw Nawaz Shairf’s government in 1999
October and Washington showed clear disliking about this act of the army yet again in Pakistan.
SUCCESSES
 Pakistani PM M Liaquat Ali Khan received an invitation to visit USA.
 Pakistan accepted it as it needed a powerfully ally in the world to get military, economic and technological
assistanc
 Pakistan signed the Anti communist pacts of SEATO AND CENTO in 1955 after it had signed the famous
BAGHDAD P
 Pakistan remained a favored ally of the British through out the 60’s .
 Eisen Hower visited Pakistan in 1959, surprising during the reign of an army dictator, Ayub Khan , despite
the US claims of condemning the military regi
 Pakistan went out of the way to support the US on the U-2 incident in 1960 and subsequently became the
victim of the fury of USSR in the process.
 USSR attacked Afghanistan on December 2 1979 and Pakistan subsequently decided to become the front
line state in war against communism.
 Pakistan became the darling of the international community as it was fighting against the devastating
USSR.
 PK became the second larges recipient of the US aid in 80’s.
 A lot of technical assistance was given to Pakista
 Pakistan was pampered enough reject an aid of US$ 300 million, considering it to less for the effort they
were putting in.
 The US officials often visited the affected areas of Pakistan, particularly Peshawar to boost the Afghan and
Pakistan sold
 The relations started improving with the arrival of Benazir Bhutto in the office of the Prime Minister as she
promoted pro US
 She continued to seek the help of US on the Kashmir issue to mediate and resolve the matter
 The US president Bill Clinton visited Pakistan in 1998 to show solidarity to Pakistan on various issue
including the Kashmir

USSR
FAILURES
 The Pakistani PM went to US rather than USSR which straight away created a rift between both the
countries.
 Pakistan was not happy when USSR supported India on the Kashmir issue.
 The USSR was also supporting the Pakhtoonistan cause of the Afghanistan which was yet an other disliked
issue to Pakistan
 The USSR offered Pakistan to take the steel Mills but was refused.