WRITING SENTENCES

Communication english (mpu 2212)

 OBJECTIVES
1. Write simple sentences with correct subject-verb agreement
2. Recognize independent and dependent clauses
3. Analyze different types of sentences
4. Combine different types of clauses to create compound-complex
sentences
 PHRASES
A phrase is a group of words that is not a complete sentence.

It may have a subject or a verb but not both. Phrases should never
stand alone in a paragraph.

in the speedboat

the climber’s equipment

was taking place

 CLAUSES
Clauses are the building blocks of sentences.

A clause is a group of words that contains a SUBJECT and a VERB:

SUBJECT VERB
Ecology is a science.
SUBJECT VERB
Pollution causes cancer.
There are two kinds of clauses:
Independent and dependent
 INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
Contains a SUBJECT and a VERB, and often a complement.

It expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.

SUBJECT VERB
The sun rose.
SUBJECT VERB
Water evaporates rapidly in warm climate zones.
SUBJECT VERB
You will not pass the exam.
 AFTER, ALTHOUGH, AS IF, AS SOON AS,
BECAUSE, BEFORE, EVEN THOUGH, HOW, IF,

DEPENDENT CLAUSES SINCE, SO THAT, THAT, THOUGH, UNLESS,

UNTIL, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHEREVER,
Formed with a subordinator. WHENEVER, WHETHER, WHICH, WHILE, WHO,
WHOM, WHOSE

It also has a SUBJECT, a VERB, and sometimes a complement.

It does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a

sentence.
SUBORDINATOR SUBJECT VERB
...when the sun rose…
SUBORDINATOR SUBJECT VERB
...because water evaporates rapidly in warm climate zones.
SUBORDINATOR SUBJECT VERB
...whom the voters elected...
 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
1. The verb of a sentence must agree in number with its subject.
2. Singular subjects take singular verbs, plural subjects take plural verbs.

PRESENT TENSE VERBS PRESENT TENSE BE

PRESENT TENSE HAVE
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Singular Plural
I want We want I am We are
I have We have
You want You want You are You are
You have You have
He, she, it They want He, she, it They are
wants He, she, it has They have is
 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SVA

1 2 3 4
 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SVA

5
6 7 8
 KINDS OF SENTENCES
A sentence is a group of words that you use to communicate your ideas.

Every sentence is formed from ONE or MORE CLAUSES and expresses a complete
thought.

The four basic kinds of sentences in English are:

SIMPLE SENTENCES
COMPOUND SENTENCES COMPLEX SENTENCES
COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES
 SIMPLE SENTENCES
A simple sentence is ONE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE:
SUBJECT VERB
Freshwater boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level.
SUBJECT VERB VERB
Freshwater boils at 100 degrees Celsius and freezes at 0 degree Celsius.
SUBJECT SUBJECT VERB VERB
Freshwater and saltwater do not boil and do not freeze at the same temperatures.
NOTICE THAT THE SECOND SENTENCE HAS TWO VERBS, BOILS & FREEZES?
THIS IS CALLED A COMPOUND VERB.
THE THIRD SENTENCE HAS BOTH A COMPOUND SUBJECT AND COMPOUND VERB.
ALL THREE EXAMPLES ARE SIMPLE SENTENCES BECAUSE THEY HAVE ONLY ONE CLAUSE.
 COMPOUND SENTENCES
A compound sentence is TWO or MORE INDEPENDENT CLAUSES joined together.There are
three ways to join the clauses: Coordinating conjunctions:
fanboys (for and nor but or
With a coordinator yet so)

Saltwater boils at a higher temperature than freshwater, so food cooks faster in saltwater.
Also, besides, as well, too,
however, for example, With a conjunctive adverb
therefore, otherwise
Saltwater boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; therefore, food cooks faster in saltwater.
Is possible only when the two
With a semicolon independent clauses are closely
related in meaning.
Saltwater boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; food cooks faster in saltwater.
 COMPLEX SENTENCES
A complex sentence contains ONE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE and ONE (OR MORE) DEPENDENT
CLAUSE(S):
ic dc
A citizen can vote in the United States when he or she is 18 years old.
dc ic
Although women in the United States could own a property, they could not vote until 1920.

dc ic
Because the cost of education is rising, many students must work part-time.
 COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES
A compound-complex sentence has at least THREE CLAUSES - TWO are always
INDEPENDENT and ONE DEPENDENT.
ic dc ic
I wanted to travel after I graduated from college; however, I had to go to work immediately.
dc ic ic

After I graduated from college, I wanted to travel, but I had to go to work immediately.
ic dc dc ic
I could not decide where I should work or what I should do, so at first I did nothing.