ENGLISH

8
JANUARY 28, 2021
 INDEPENDENT VS DEPENDENT
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSE

   
 READ THE SENTENCES

SENTENCE 1 SENTENCE 2

There is place in China Mountains rise up the

far above the world. clouds.

Try to combine the sentences

 SENTENCE
There is place in China where mountains rise up to
the clouds far above the world.
The first sentence is more important than the other one because the first
one is an independent clause,

while the other is the dependent clause.

The dependent clause is signaled by a subordinating conjunction where

thus, the structure of the sentences is transformed.
You have formed the two simple sentences into one complex sentence.
This method is called subordination.
SUBORDINA
TION
A subordinate clause can only
make sense when it is embedded in
or connected with the principle
clause using a subordinating
conjunction.
 SUBORDINATION
Relationship Subordinate conjunctions

Time After, as soon as, before, since, until, when, whenever, while

Place Where, wherever

Cause Because, since

Effect In order that, so that

Condition Even if, if, unless

Contrast Although, even though, though, whereas, while

 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS

Relative pronouns
● Who
● Whoever Relative adverbs
● Whom ● where
● Whomever ● when
● Whose ● why
● Which ● whenever
● Whichever ● wherever
● That

Relative pronouns and relative adverbs are used in complex sentences. They
introduce adjective or relative clauses. They always follow a noun or noun phrase. They
“relate” to the nouns they follow by giving more information about them.
 EXAMPLES
1. Tian, who lives in the clouds far above the world, came
down to the human world to teach kindness and
generosity.
2. Tian abundantly rewarded the man that showed him
total kindness.
3. The place where Tian met Wang was at the inn.
4. That was the time when Tian first met Wang.
 ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE
Sentence Noun modified Single word
adjective
1. The elephant is magnificent. elephant magnificent
2. The water is cool and sparkling. water Cool, sparkling
Sentence Noun modified Adjective clause
1. The elephant that looks elephant that looks
magnificent is wading in the pool. magnificent
2. The water which is cool and water which is cool and
sparkling looks inviting. sparkling

In the second chart, the adjective no longer consist of a simple word, but a group of
words with a subject and predicate. This group of words is the subordinate clause that
functions as an adjective and is called an adjectival or relative clause.
 ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE

They also answer the questions which, what kind and how many

The elephant that looks magnificent is wading in the pool

The water which is cool and sparkling looks tempting

A herd of elephants that roamed in the forest was spotted by the king.
 ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE
Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns who, whom, whose,
that and which or relative adverbs when, where and why

The antecedent or the noun reffered to is a person or an object

The king [who] went hunting spied the magnificent elephhant.

The king spied the beautiful elephant [that] roamed in the forest.

The water [which] is cool and sparkling looks very tempting

 ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE
Relative adverbs are introduced when the noun reffered to is indictive of
time, date, place or, reason.
The king spotted the elephant in the forest [where] it roamed with other
elephants.

There was a time [when] the elephant went roaming with other elephants

This is the reason [why] the spotted it.

Turn to page 256-257

 PRACTICE ACTIVITY

SYNCHRONOUS ASYNCHRONOUS
Answer page 249 and Answer page 249-250
257-258 Grammar and 258 Grammar
Practice 1 Practice 2