ARBA MINCH UNVIERSTY

Arba Minch Institution of Technology

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Design Project Ⅰ
Design of Vertical Pressure Vessel for Water Storage in a case of
Arba Minch University Student Cafeteria

Advisor: Getachew W.
BY
NAME ID.NO
1. OLIYAD TEFERI……………………………………NSR/1946/12
2. SADAM HUSEN……………………………………..NSR/2022/12
3. MESERET MITIKU…………………………………NSR/1663/12
4. HABTEMARIAM FIKADU………………………..NSR/1202/12
5. SHEMELIS TESFAYE……………………………....NSR/2148/12
6. ANWAR ABDO……………………………………....NSR/316/12

MAY 11, 2023

 ACKNOWLEGMENT
We would like to take this opportunity to express our deepest gratitude to all those who have
support us and helped us to make this paper a reality. We are highly indebted to Mr. Getachew
W. for his guidance and constant supervision and also for his support in completing the paper.

i
 ABSTRACT
The main topic of the project is design of pressure vessels for Arba Minch university student
cafeteria, developing material selection and specifying the basic design information for a
particular vessel, and to have a general appreciation of pressure vessel design to work
effectively. A detailed study of various parts of pressure vessel like shell, closure, reinforcement,
flange and nozzle. The thickness, different stress and pressure, load, weight of various part,
design pressure and temperature with their effects also mentioned generally, the project
considered with pressure vessel of vertical orientation. In the design of pressure, vessel safety is
the primary considerations, due the potential impact of possible accident. There are a few main
factors to design the safe pressure vessel.
The factors to be considered in the selection of suitable materials for pressure vessel are
discussed. These factors include strength, toughness and environmental factors. A brief review of
the materials currently available is also included

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 NOMENCLATURE

Rm = radius of the pressure vessel, mm

L = length of the P.V. from tangent to tangent line, mm.

A = distance between saddle Centre and tangent line, mm.

b = width of the base plate, mm.

t = thickness of shell, mm.

Q = Maximum reaction load at the saddle, kgf or N.

σ1, σ2 = Longitudinal stresses in the shell N/mm2 .

σ3, σ4= Longitudinal stress at top and bottom of saddle, N/mm2.

M1 = Maximum longitudinal bending moment at the saddle, N-m

M2 = Maximum longitudinal bending moment between the saddle supports, N-m.

Ө = angle of contact of saddle with shell, degree.

P =internal pressure, MPa

Di, Do =inside/outside diameter, mm.

S =allowable or calculated stress, MPa

E =joint efficiency

L =crown radius, mm.

Ri, Ro, =inside/outside radius, mm.

K, M =coefficients

𝜎𝑟=longitudinal stress, MPa

𝜎𝐶=circumferential stress, MPa

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEGMENT.....................................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................ii
NOMENCLATURE.......................................................................................................................iii
TABLE OF CONTENT..................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................vii
LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Type of pressure vessel..............................................................................................2
1.1.2 Classification of pressure vessel................................................................................5
1.1.3 Advantage and Disadvantage of Pressure Vessel......................................................7
1.1.4 Components of Pressure Vessel.................................................................................8
1.1.5 Application of Pressure Vessels..............................................................................11
1.1.6 Purpose of pressure vessel.......................................................................................12
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT.............................................................................................13
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL....................................................14
1.3.1 General objective.....................................................................................................14
1.3.2 Specific objective.....................................................................................................14
1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS........................................................................................14
1.4.1 Scope........................................................................................................................14
1.4.2 Limitation................................................................................................................15
1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF PRESSURE VESSELS.......................................................................15
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................16
2. LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................................16
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................17
3.1. MATERIAL SELECTION.................................................................................................17
3.1.2 Strength.........................................................................................................................17
3.1.3 Corrosion resistance......................................................................................................18
3.1.4 Fracture toughness........................................................................................................18
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 3.1.5 Fabric ability.................................................................................................................18
3.2 GENERAL METHODOLOGY OF PRESSURE VESSEL................................................19
3.2.1 Factors to be considered to be considered when designing the vessel.........................20
3.3 ANALYSIS OF GIVEN DATA..........................................................................................24
CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................25
4. DESIGN ANALYSIS................................................................................................................25
4.1 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL COMPONENTS........................................................25
4.1.1 Size of pressure vessel..................................................................................................25
4.2 DESIGN OF SHELL...........................................................................................................26
4.2.1 Thickness of shell.........................................................................................................26
4.2.2 Stresses in a thin cylindrical shell due to internal pressure..........................................27
4.3 DESIGN OF HEAD............................................................................................................28
4.3.1. Diameter of the hemispherical head............................................................................29
4.3.2. Thickness for the hemispherical head..........................................................................29
4.3.3 Depth of the hemispherical head..................................................................................30
4.4 DESIGN OF NOZZLE........................................................................................................30
4.4.1. Required wall Thickness of nozzle for inlet and outlet...............................................30
4.4.2. Circular opening diameter...........................................................................................30
4.4.3 Area of required reinforcement ( Ar )............................................................................31
4.4.4 Design of nozzle flange................................................................................................31
4.5. DESIGN OF MANHOLE...................................................................................................32
4.5.1. Design of nozzle for manhole......................................................................................32
4.5.2. Design of manhole flange............................................................................................32
4.6 DESIGN OF GASKET........................................................................................................33
4.7 DESIGN OF BOLT.............................................................................................................33
4.7.1. Preload force (Fi).........................................................................................................34
4.7.2. Length of the thread.....................................................................................................34
4.7.3. Length of the shank.....................................................................................................34
4.8 DESIGN OF VESSEL SUPPORT......................................................................................35
4.8.1 Design of leg support....................................................................................................35
CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................40
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION..................................................................................................40

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 5.1 RESULT..............................................................................................................................40
5.2 DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................41
CHAPTER SIX..............................................................................................................................42
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................42
6.1 CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................42
6.2 RECOMMENDATION.......................................................................................................43
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................44
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................45

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 overview of pressure vessels.............................................................................................2
Figure 3: Horizontal pressure vessel................................................................................................3
Figure 4: Vertical pressure vessel....................................................................................................4
Figure 5 spherical pressure vessel...................................................................................................5
Figure 6 Design of shell...................................................................................................................8
Figure 7 Design of head...................................................................................................................9
Figure 8 Leg support Leg support.................................................................................................10
Figure 9 man holes of pressure vessels..........................................................................................11
Figure 10 design procedure flowchart...........................................................................................19
Figure 11 Factors to be considered when designing the vessel.....................................................20
Figure 12 circumferentially split shell...........................................................................................28
Figure 13. longitudinally split shell...............................................................................................28
Figure 14. Design of head..............................................................................................................29

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 the appropriate material standards....................................................................................22
Table 2 Given specification for carbon steal.................................................................................24
Table 3 the given specification and their corresponding values....................................................25
Table 4 Design pressure table........................................................................................................26
Table 5 Design of bolt...................................................................................................................35
Table 6. Result...............................................................................................................................42

viii
 CHAPTER ONE

1.1INTRODUCTION

Pressure vessel is a closed container design to hold gases or liquids at pressure substantially
different from the ambient pressure, which is commonly used in oil and gas, or petrol chemical
industry in producing fuel oil and other organic products. It also important for other industries
like food and medical products processing, aerospace and aircraft fuel tank and other potential
application. The inside pressure is usually higher than the outside, except for some isolated
situations. Pressure vessels often have a combination of high pressures together with high
temperatures, and in some cases flammable fluids or highly radioactive materials. Because of
such hazards it is imperative that the design be such that no leakage can occur.
The material of pressure vessel may be brittle such as cast iron, or ductile such as mild steel. The
primary task of Mechanical engineering is to apply sciences to the process industries, which are
primarily concerned, with the conversion of raw material into finished product by physical
means.

The design rule in the codes and limited to vessels of ellipsoidal shapes under internal or external
pressure and to head and nozzles attachment for such vessel’s rules for more complicated types
of construction. The code receives that the shell provided details of construction that will be as
safe as those provided by the rules of the code. Some problem of designers of ellipsoidal
pressure vessels that have their axis vertical and subjected to applied forces in addition to
internal and external pressure the vertical forces considered are the weight of any attachments to
vessels. Pressure vessels are in accordance with ASME code. The code gives for thickness and
stress of basic components, it is up to the designer to select appropriate analytical as procedure
for determining stress due to other loadings.

Pressure vessel is closed container design to hold gases or liquid at pressure substantially
different from the ambient pressure, which is commonly used in oil and gas or petrol chemical
industry in producing fuel oil and organic products. It also important for other industries. Like
food and medical products processing, aerospace and air craft fuel tank and other potential

1
application. It may theoretically be almost any shapes made of section spheres and cones are
usually employed. A common design is a cylindrical with hemispherical ends caps or heads.

When the vessels wall is thin the stress distribution throughout will not vary significantly and so
we will assume that it is a uniform or constant.

Figure 1 overview of pressure vessels

1.1.1 Type of pressure vessel

The size and geometric form of pressure vessels diverge greatly from the large cylindrical
vessels used for high-pressure gas storage to the small size used as hydraulic units for aircraft.
Some of the vessels are buried in the ground or deep in the ocean, but most are positioned on
ground or supported in platforms. There are mainly three types of pressure vessels usually
available in industry:

2
For this, there are three types of pressure vessels, which are:

Ⅰ .Horizontal pressure vessel

Our design project concern with Horizontal pressure vessel, so generally we will discuss about
this type of pressure vessel but the figure is as shown below

Figure 2: Horizontal pressure vessel

Ⅱ .Vertical pressure vessel

This type of a vessel designed with a fixed radius and thickness subjected to an internal gage
pressure. This vessel has an axial symmetry. The cylindrical vessels are generally preferred,
since they present simpler manufacturing problems and make better use of the available
space. Boiler drums, heat exchangers, chemical reactors, and so on, are generally cylindrical.

3
 Figure 3: Vertical pressure vessel

Ⅲ.Spherical pressure vessel

This type of pressure vessels are known as thin walled vessels. This forms the most
typical application of plane stress. Plane of stress is a class of common engineering
problems involving stress in a thin plate. Spherical vessels have the advantage of
requiring thinner walls for a given pressure and diameter than the equivalent cylinder.
Therefore they are used for large gas or liquid containers, gas-cooled nuclear reactors,
containment buildings for nuclear plant, and so on.

4
 Figure 4 spherical pressure vessel

1.1.2 Classification of pressure vessel

Based on geometric shape

 Cylindrical vessel
 Spherical vessel
 Rectangular vessel
 Combined vessel

Based on position arrangement

 Horizontal pressure vessel

 Vertical pressure vessel
 Spherical pressure vessel
Based on dimension

 Thin shell – if the ratio of t/D is less than 1/10 is called thin shells.
 Thick shell is the ratio of t/D is equal or greater than 1/10 is called thick shell

5
Based on construction
 open end construction pressure vessel
 closed end construction pressure vessel
Based on material used
 Brittle materials pressure vessels
 Ductile materials pressure vessels
 Steel vessels
 Nonferrous vessels
 Nonmetallic vessels
Based on method of manufacturing
 Welded vessels
 Forged vessels
 Multiwall vessels
 Multiwall warped vessels
 Band warped vessels
Based on manufacturing material
 Steel vessels
 Nonferrous vessels
 Nonmetallic vessels
Based on direction of force acting on the wall of vessels
 Subjected to internal pressure
 Subjected to external pressure
Based on pressure-bearing situation
 Internal pressure vessels
 External pressure vessels
Based on technological processes
 Reaction vessel
 Heat exchanger vessel

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  Separation vessel

Based on operating temperature

 Low temperature vessel (temperature ≤-20oc)
 Normal temperature vessel (temperature between -20oc to 150oc)
 Medium temperature vessel (temperature between 150oc to 450oc)
 High temperature vessel (temperature ≥450oc)
Based on design pressure
 Low pressure vessel (0.1MPa to 1.6MPa)
 Medium pressure vessel (1.6MPa to 10MPa)
 High pressure vessel (10MPa to 100MPa)
 Ultrahigh pressure vessel (more than 100MPa)
Based on usage

 Fixed pressure vessel

 Movable pressure vessel

Based on external heat source

 Fired pressure vessel

 Unfired pressure vessel

1.1.3 Advantage and Disadvantage of Pressure Vessel

1.1.3.1 Advantage of pressure vessel

 Used for storing

 Used for emergence time
 Easy to use
 Not use power to apply simple shop fabrication process the eliminate redundant
fabrication and non-needed testing

1.1.3.2 Disadvantage of pressure vessel

7
  It is more expensive
 It need great care to design
 It requires large space
 Limited flow rate
 Large difficult to move it one from place to place

1.1.4 Components of Pressure Vessel

Following are the main component of pressure vessel in general

 Vessel shell
 Head
 Nozzle
 Support
 Flange
 Manhole
Pressure Shell

The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shell are welded
together to form a structure that has common rotational axis. Most pressure vessel shell is
cylindrical, spherical or conical in shape.

Figure 5 Design of shell

8
 Head

All pressure vessel shell must be closed at the end by heads .heads is typically curved rather than
flat. Curved configuration is stronger than allow the heads to be thinner, lighter and less
expensive than flat heads. The heads are normally made from the same material as the shell and
may be welded to the shell itself. They also may be integral with the shell in forged or cast
construction. The head geometrical design is dependent on the geometry of the shell as well as
other design parameters such as operating temperature and pressure. In our project the head we
use in pressure vessel is Ellipsoidal head.

Figure 6 Design of head

Nozzle

Nozzle and openings in pressure vessel in the region of the shell or heads are required to serve
the following purpose:

 Man ways of for letting personal in and out of vessel to perform routine maintenance and
repair
 Holes for draining or cleaning the vessel
 Hand hole opening for inspecting the vessel from outside
 Nozzles attached to pipes to convey the working fluid inside and outside of the vessel

If the opening in a closure of cylindrical vessel exceeds one-half the inside diameter of shell, the
opening and closure should be fabricated and others require reinforcement.

9
Small sizes of openings welded or brazed to a vessel do not require reinforcement. In the case of
shell, opening requiring reinforcement in vessel under internal pressure the metal removed must
be replaced by the metal of reinforcement. In addition to providing the area of reinforcement,
adequate welds must be provided to attach the metal of reinforcement and the induced stresses
must be evaluated.

Materials used for reinforcement shall have an allowable stress value equal to or greater than of
the material in this vessel wall expect that, when such material is not available ,lower strength
material may be used, provide the reinforcement is increased in inverse proportion to the ratio
of the allowable stress value of the two material to the ratio of the two material to composite for
lower allowable stress value of any reinforcement having higher allowable stress value than that
of vessel wall.

Bottom Support

The vessel support is intended to support the pressure vessel on the support base. The support
has to be designed to withstand the dead weight and seismic loadings from the pressure vessel
and to limit the heat flow from the vessel wall to the base. The pressure vessel support structure
should be able to withstand the dead weight of the vessel and internals and contained fluid
without experiencing permanent deformation. The one support of pressure vessel in which we
use in our project is lug support.

Leg support

Lugs that are welded to the pressure vessel shell may also use to support vertical pressure vessel.
The use lug sis typically limited to vessel of small to medium diameter (1 to10ft) and moderate
height to diameter ratios in the range of 2:1 to 5:1.

The lugs are typically bolted to horizontal structural members to provide stability against
overturning loads; however, the bolt holes are often slotted to permit free radial thermal
expansion of the drum.

10
 Figure 7 Leg support Leg support

Flange

Used to coupling the pipe which the fluid enters or live the pipe to the pressure vessel. Flanged
joints are used for connecting pipes and instruments to vessels, for manhole covers, and for
removable vessel heads when ease of access is required. The great popularity of flanges used as
connectors between pressure vessels and tubes notwithstanding. Bolted flange connections
perform a very important structural role in the closure of flanges in a pressure vessel. Their
importance stems from two important functions: - (a) maintenance of the structural integrity of
the connection itself , and (b) prevention of leakage through the gaskets preloaded by bolts.

Manhole

Identical to nozzle expect it does not bolt to piping and it has cover plate which is bolted to the
flange. When unbolted it allows access to the inside of the vessel. Generally large size.

Figure 8 man holes of pressure vessels

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1.1.5 Application of Pressure Vessels
Pressure vessels are used to store and transmit liquids, vapor, and gases under pressure in
general.
Major uses of pressure are as follows:
 Use in steam boiler
 used in storage of chemical in chemical plants
 Use in storage of petroleum products (i.e. petrol, diesel etc.)
 Also used in engine cylinders
 food industry
 Pharmaceutical industry
 Plastic industry
 nuclear reactor vessels
 Submarine and space ship habitats
 pneumatic reservoirs
 hydraulic reservoirs under pressure
 rail vehicle airbrake reservoirs
 road vehicle airbrake reservoirs

1.1.6 Purpose of pressure vessel

The main purpose of implementing vertical pressure vessel on Arba Minch student cafeteria
space saving design: vertical pressure vessel requires a smaller footprint than horizontal vessel,
which can make them a good choice in application where space is limited. Easier maintenance:
vertical vessel can be easier to maintain than horizontal vessel because they can be accessed
from the top, making it easier to inspect internal components and make repairs. Uniform stress
distributions: when pressure is applied to a vertical vessel, the stress is distributed evenly across
the wall of the vessel. This can help ensure that the vessel will deform uniformly, which can be
important I certain application

The other purpose of this project on vertical pressure is better support: vertical vessels are often
supported by skirts or legs that provide better support and stability than the saddles used to
support horizontal vessel. Greater visibility for monitoring content: vertical pressure vessel

12
general have a transparent or translucent sight glass, which allows operators greater visibility for
monitoring content, which can be critical, especially in sanitary service application such as
cafeteria

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The problem of the vertical pressure vessel used for storing water around our student cafeteria
has total volume of 10000 L , design pressure 1.5 Mpa , design temperature 150 ℃ . Because of
this sometime shortage of water will happen. Depending on the shortage of water we need to
redesign (modification) efficient and safe vertical pressure vessel capable of withstanding a total
volume of 20000L, design pressure 2 Mpa, and temperate 85℃.

13
 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

1.2.1 General objective

The main objective is to design vertical pressure vessel that has capacity to store water of,
Total volume 20000L, Design pressure 2mpa, design temperature 85c and corrosion overcame
1.3m.

1.2.2 Specific objective

 To design components of the pressure vessel

 To design Shell
 To design Head
 To design Leg support
 To design Flange
 To design Manhole
 To design assembly parts using solidwork software

1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

1.3.1 Scope

In this project presents the mechanical design and dimensioning of a pressure vessel which used
for student cafeteria. The type of pressure vessel that we are asked in this project was column
(vertical layout) pressure vessel. The scope of this design project was on the detail design and
analysis of each component of column (vertical layout) pressure vessel and to draw out the detail
drawing of each component using SOLIDWORK software with the help of optimization concept
and design producer.

14
 1.3.2 Limitation

The problem we face in this project design is

 Access to solidwork software
 Lack of information about pressure vessel
 Lack of time management

1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF PRESSURE VESSELS

 Using for drinking
 Used for cooking meal
 Used for clearing cafeteria hall
 Used washing hands

15
 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

According to B. Cárdenas, in 2020. he found that” The Vessel which is made up of wire-winding
is simpler than production of conventional tanks from solid steel plates for the same value of
operating pressure, when we compared wire- winding is fabricated with less cost. The wire-
wound vessel for 250bar uses less 35% material than convectional vessels.” [1]

According to L. Zu et al in 2020.“Proposed to generate a winding path for design of composite

pressure vessel which has unequal dome parts. There was an experiment set up to obtain the
mandrel profile after each update of composite layers, and the winding paths were generated to
collect the updated profile the variety of winding angles and dome thickness distributions as well
as the slippage coefficient with respect to different winding paths were observed” [3]

According to L. P. Antalffy, K. D. Kirkpatrick, A. Rajguru, and Y. Zhu in 2022. “Works on the

lifting attachments for the erections of heavy wall pressure vessel and large pressure vessels.
Based on this research the challenge is to design a proper and accurate lifting attachment which
will give a cost effective, safe, and effective solutions based on the limitations of the available
equipment for erection.” [4]

According to R. Frith and M. Stone in 2022 “. This paper shows the way by which the weld
efficiency will improved. The researcher explains the origin of the weld efficiency used in the
design of pressure vessel equipment, based on the paper the fabrication of pressure is depend on
highly on weld quality. ” [5]

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 CHAPTER THREE
3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

3.1. MATERIAL SELECTION

To design of pressure vessel selection of Code are important as a reference guide to achieve the
safety pressure vessel. The selections of ASME VIII div 2 are described. The standard of
material use explains in this chapter. Beside of that, the design and analysis software to obtain
the result are introduced. Instead of that, design process methodology is also described.

Several of materials have been use in pressure vessel fabrication. The selection of material is
based on the appropriateness of the design requirement. AU the materials used in the
manufacture of the receivers shall comply with the requirements of the relevant design code and
be identifiable with mill sheets. The selection of materials of the shell shall take into account the
suitability of the materials with the maximum working pressure and fabrication process. For this
kind of pressure vessel
The selection of a material for a machine part or structural member is one of the most important
materials limit design and new materials are still being invented that open new design possibility.
While selecting the material we have to consider the following factors.
1. Abundance or availability of the material
2. Material strength, corrosion resistance &the working conditions in service&
3. Cost of the materials
4. Fabric ability
5. Fracture toughness

3.1.2 Strength
Strength is a materials ability to endure an imposed force or stress applied. Strength is an
important factor in the material selection for any particular application.

Strength determines the thick of a component that must be to with stand the forced load.

17
3.1.3 Corrosion resistance
Corrosion defines as the weakening of material by chemical reaction. Materials resistance to
corrosion is the most important factor that influences its selection for a specific application.

It the condition of deterioration of materials through various electrochemical, chemical and

environmental factors.

Our design considers the following factors that govern corrosion

 The metal from which the component is made.

 The protective treatment the component surface received
 The environmental in which component is kept.

3.1.4 Fracture toughness

Fracture toughness defines as the capability of a material to withstand conditions that could
cause a brittle fracture. The fracture toughness of a material can be determines by using charpy
V-notch test to define the magnitude of the impact energy and force that is required to fracture a
specimen.

3.1.5 Fabric ability

Fabric ability defines as the ease of construction and to any special fabrication are practices that
are required to use the material.

Commonly pressure vessels use welded construction. The material used must be weld able so
that components can be assembled pressure vessel.

18
3.2 GENERAL METHODOLOGY OF PRESSURE VESSEL

Figure 9 design procedure flowchart

19
 3.2.1 Factors to be considered to be considered when designing the vessel
In order for the designers to be able to design a pressure vessel, there are some factors as
summarized below that require consideration

Figure 10 Factors to be considered when designing the vessel

20
21
 Table 1 the appropriate material standards

The pressure vessel design codes and standards include lists of acceptable materials; in
accordance with the appropriate material standards.

By considering above factors we select Type SEA/AISI-1095 Carbon steel, because this material
has good mechanical properties that we need to design a pressure vessel, those properties are
good strength and ductility, heat treatment machinability, forming and forging, good weld ability
and other properties like corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, thermal conductivity thermal
diffusivity. In general, it is the best material for design of pressure vessel.

22
3.2.2Why We Select Spherical Heads?

If we cover the end of a pressure vessel by a flat end, the Flat End will be subjected to Bending
stresses due to the internal pressure. The bending stresses are very high compared to normal
tensile and compressive stresses. So the thickness of the flat end would be much higher, leading
to high material cost and weight. The discontinuity stresses at the Shell-Head junction are also
high when using a flat head.

But when using a hemispherical head, it is only subjected to membrane stresses, which are
tensile in nature, and uniform about the whole cross section. Thus, a hemispherical head would
be very thin compared to a flat head for the same pressure rating.

3.2.3Why We Selected Cylindrical Pressure Vessel?

Cylindrical pressure vessels most of the times are preferable in design, this is because of:

They are easier to fabricate

 They are cheaper to construct and install

 They pack more efficiently to a rectangular structure such as, boxes, and
buildings.

High-pressure gaseous oxygen is required for storage in pressure vessels or in high-pressure gas
bottles, and for the application of oxygen in certain chemical processes. Pressures of up to 200
bar are used for oxygen storage. For chemical processes such as partial oxidation of residual oil,
Oxygen at a pressure of up to 100 bar is required.
3.2.4 Why we selected Leg support?

 Because the size of leg support is suitable for vertical vessel

 Small vertical drums are typically supported on legs that are welded to the lower portion
of the shell.

 Support legs are also used for Spherical pressurized storage vessels.

23
 Table 2 given specification for carbon steal
SEA/AISI Number Condition Tensile yield Ultimate tensile strength
strength (MPa) (MPa)

Quench and
1095 temp.at 426 772 1213
℃

3.3 ANALYSIS OF GIVEN DATA

Table 3 the given specification and their corresponding values

Specifications Criterion

Working fluid Air

Vessel orientation vertical

Support type Leg support

Design pressure 2Mpa

Design temperature 85℃

Volume 20m3

Assume corrosion allowance = 1.3mm and joint efficiency = 0.85

24
 CHAPTER FOUR

4. DESIGN ANALYSIS

4.1 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL COMPONENTS

4.1.1 Size of pressure vessel
The pressure table value that used to find the ratio of L/D. Design of shell

Table 4 Design pressure table

DESIGN PRESSURE
L/D ratio Psi Mpa
3 0-250 0.000-1.724
4 250- 500 1.724-3.448
5 >500 >3.448

Therefore, the ratio of L/D=5 and L=4D, because design pressure is greater than1.724-3.48MPa.

Total volume(VT )=Volume of cylinder (VC )+Volume of elliptical head(VH )+Volume of elliptical at bottom(VB )

Total volume of vessel=20 m³

Volum e of the cylinder (VC )=(ᴨ /4) D² L

Volume of elliptical head (VH )=(ᴨ/ 24) D ³

Volume of the elliptical closure (VE)=(ᴨ/24) D ³

Vᴛ =Vᴄ +Vʜ+Vᴇ

vᴛ =2 V ᴇ +V ᴄ

¿ 2(¿ 24) D ³+(¿ 4) D ² L

¿( π /12) D 3+(π /4) D2( 4 D)Where ¿the table :, L=4 D

¿ π /12 D ³+ 4 /π 4 D ³

¿ 20 m ³=16 πD 3/12

25
 ¿ 240 m ³=16 π D ³

D ³=96 m3 /16 π =4.77 m ³

D=(4.77 m³) 1/3

D=1.68 m

L=4 D L=4 ×1.68=8.42m R=D /2=0.84 m

4.2 DESIGN OF SHELL

4.2.1 Thickness of shell
We select a material which is known as SEA/AISI 1095 CARBON STEEL

 Tensile yield strength of the material is 772MPa,

 Ultimate yield strength of the material is 1213MPa.

Allowable tensile stress is calculated by tensile yield stress divide by factor of safety.
But, the factor of safety for CARBON STEEL always range from 1.5 to 5 Therefore we
assume FOS is 2.

Tensile strength
Allowabletensile stress=
FOS
TS 772 MPa
σ all= = =386 MPa
σFOS 2

To calculate the thickness of cylindrical shell we must follow ASME. According to this, if the
wall thickness of the shell (t) is less than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell (d), then it is called a
thin shell. On the other hand, if the wall thickness of the shell is greater than 1/10 of the diameter
of the shell, then it is said to be a thick shell. Another criterion is if the internal fluid Pressure (p)
is less than 1/6 of the allowable stress, then it is called a thin shell. On the other hand, if the
internal fluid pressure is greater than 1/6 of the allowable stress, then it is said to be a thick shell.

1 1
For the reason of P ˂ (σ all )=2 Mpa< ( 386 Mpa )
6 6
¿ 2 Mpa<64.33 Mpa
Because of this our shell is thin cylindrical shell
According to ASME the formula for finding thickness of thin cylindrical shell is

26
  For circumferential stress (longitudinal joint)
PR
t= + C , where P< 0.385 SE
(SE−0.6 P)
Let as assume our welding joint effici ency is 85 %∧corrosion resistance is1 mm
PR
t l= +C
(SE−0.6 P)
(2 ×840)
¿ + 1mm
(386 × 0.85−0.6 × 2)
t l=6.4 mm
 For longit udinal stress(circumferential joint )

PR
t cl= +C where P< 1.25 SE
( 2 SE+0.4 P)
2 ×840
¿ +1 mm
(2 ×386 ×0.85+ 0.4 ×2)
t cl=2.55 mm
Depending on this two value calculated above and according to ASME code the actual value of
the shell thickness must be the maximum of the value, because the longitudinal joint and
circumferential joint thickness are not affect them. Also the calculated must be less than
0.5 R=0.5(840)=420 mm
Therefore 6.4 mm< 420 mm .The selected thicknessis acceptable .

4.2.2 Stresses in a thin cylindrical shell due to internal pressure

When a thin cylindrical shell is subjected to an internal pressure, it is likely to fail in the
following two ways.

1. It may fail along the longitudinal section (i.e. circumferentially) splitting the cylinder into
two troughs, as shown in the following figure. Tensile stress acting in the direction of the axis is
called longitudinal stress.

27
 Figure 11 circumferentially split shell

P × D 2× 1680
δ t 1= =
4t 4 × 6.4
δ t 1=131.25 MPa
2. It may fail across the transverse section (i.e. longitudinally) splitting the cylinder into two
cylindrical shells, as shown in the following figure Tensile stress acting in the direction of
tangential to the circumference.

Figure 12. longitudinally split shell

δ t 2=( P × D)/2 t=(2× 1680)/(2× 6.4)

δ t 2=262.5 Mpa

4.3 DESIGN OF HEAD

Heads are one of the important parts in pressure vessels and refer to the parts of the vessel that
confine the shell from both right side and left side. The ends of the vessels are closed by means
of heads before putting them into operation. The heads are normally made from the same

28
material as the shell and may be welded to the shell itself. They also may be integral with the
shell in forged or cast construction.
Note that all head types have a straight flange (so) section, which simplifies welding the head to
the adjacent cylindrical shell section.
Note for the pressure vessel the head for both top and bottom are not necessary the same, so for
top hemispherical heads and for semi-elliptical heads.

Figure 13. Design of head

4.3.1. Diameter of the hemispherical head

Diameter of the hemispherical head=Diameter of the shell
D h=1680 mm

4.3.2. Thickness for the hemispherical head

For heads of pressure vessel we select hemispherical heads. To calculate the thickness, we use
the formula given below.
PD
t= , when P<0.665 SE(for thin cylindrical shell heads)
(2 SE−0.2 P)
P<0.665 SE
P<0.665 ×386 × 0.85 ;for S=386 MPa∧E=0.85
P<218.18 MPa
Since 2 MPa<218.18 MPa , therefore we can use the formula
2 ×1680
t= +1
(2 ×386 × 0.85−0.2 ×2)
t=6.12 mm
The value we get is less than the thickness of shell, when it is assembled it is shape is not the
same since we can take the thickness of head 6.12mm

4.3.3 Depth of the hemispherical head

Height of hemispherical head can be calculated by dividing the diameter of by two .

29
 H h=d /2
¿ 1680 mm/2
¿ 840 mm

4.4 DESIGN OF NOZZLE

Nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates into the shell or head of pressure vessel. It is
used in piping for flow into or out of the vessel or attaching instruments (level gauges or pressure
gauges).

Vessel components are weakened when material is removed to provide openings for nozzles or
access openings. To avoid failure in the opening area, compensation or reinforcement is
required.

Let us assume thediameter of thenozzel D=50 mm , Radius R=25 mm

4.4.1. Required wall Thickness of nozzle for inlet and outlet

t n=PR/((SE−0.6 P))+C ,

t n=(2× 25) /((386 × 0.85−0.6 × 2))+1

t n=1.15 mm

4.4.2. Circular opening diameter

d= Diameter of Opening – 2(t n +Corrosion Allowance)

d=50 – 2(1.15+1)

d=45.7 mm Say d=45 mm

4.4.3 Area of required reinforcement ( Ar )

Ar =d . t s . F where F=correction factor its value is 1

t s=required thichness of shell

Ar =45 × 6.4 ×1

30
 2
Ar =288 〖 mm〗

Note: Take the length of nozzle 25mm.

Select dc is core diameter of the stud and choose principal dimension of isometric standard screw
thread using machine design integrated approach 4th edition table15.7

Material ; medium carbon , class number 5.8 , M 5 – M 24

Major diameter D=20 mm

Minor diameter d c=16.93 mm

4.4.4 Design of nozzle flange

Outer diameter of the flange

D f =d n+3(d c )

D f =50+3(16.93)

D f =100.79 mm

Thickness of the flange

T f =1.5 (d c)

T f =1.5 (16.93)
T f =25.4 mm

4.5. DESIGN OF MANHOLE

Let assume inner diameter of manhole d m= 200mm and according to ASME the ratio of height
have to be not exceed 4; d m /h≤ 4 .

Let assume d m/h is 4.

D m/h=4 h=d m/ 4

H=h=d m/4=200 /4

31
 H=50 mm

According to ASME the thickness of the man hole will be calculated as follows.

4.5.1. Design of nozzle for manhole

The calculation is determining the wall thickness of a welded nozzle connection to a shell head
or similar geometry. The wall thickness of the nozzle is calculated by below formula. Assume
the diameter of nozzle is 200mm.

P×Rn
T n= +C where ;t=nominal wall thicknessof nozzle
S × E−0.6 P

D n=diameter of nozzle

R n=radius of nozzle

2 ×100
T n= +1
386 ×0.85−(0.6 × 2)

T n=1.6 mm Say T n=2 mm

4.5.2. Design of manhole flange

Outer diameter of the flange

D f =d m+3 (d c)

D f =200+3(16.93)

D f =250.79 mm

Thickness of the flange

T f =1.5 (d c)

T f =1.5 (16.93)

T f =25.4 mm

4.6 DESIGN OF GASKET

Gasket is used in joint where pressure seals are needed. For the manhole (weld neck and blind
flange) and nozzle (weld neck flange) the type of gasket to be used is a raised face gasket.

32
Gasket material is of three types ‘soft (nonmetallic), semi metallic and metallic. The material to
be used is a rubber gasket for its good resistance to chemical corrosion, simplicity to
manufacture and replace. Material=Rubber Elasticity=69MPa
PπD 2
P total=
4
N
¿2 π (14 mm)2
mm 2
4
¿ 1230.88 N
Applied force P on each bolts
Ptot
P=
Nbolt
1230.88
¿
7
¿ 175.84 N is an applied force on each bolt

4.7 DESIGN OF BOLT

In the specification standards for bolts, the strength is specified by stating SAE or ASTM
minimum quantities, the minimum proof strength, or minimum proof load, and the minimum
tensile strength. The proof strength is the quotient of the proof load and the tensile-stress area.
ASTM threads are shorter because ASTM deals mostly with structures.

Table 5Design of bolt

Diameter Core Pitch in mm Tensile stress area (mm2 )in Minor diameter
diameter area in mm

12 10 2 157 136

33
To find the dimensions of the bolt we need go through some calculations.

4.7.1. Preload force (Fi)

F i=0.9 SpAt

¿ 0.9(300 N /mm 2)×(157)

¿ 84,780 N

F i=42.78 KN

4.7.2. Length of the thread

diameter of bolt d=12mm∧length of thebolt is L=50 mm

For all L<125∧d < 48 mm

L thread=2 d+ 6 mm , Where , L thread=length thread .

L thread=2 ×12 mm+6 mm A t=tensil e stress area( ¿table )

L thread=30 mmA t=157 mm

4.7.3. Length of the shank

Assumethe length of bolt is L=50 mm .

L Shank =Lbolt – L thread

L Shank =50 mm−30 mm

L Shank =20 mm

Note : Take thelength(L=30 mm)is thelength of the clamped area(¿)

¿=L – L Shank Where , Lies clamped length

¿=30 mm – 20 mm

¿=10 mm

34
 4.8 DESIGN OF VESSEL SUPPORT
The method used to design the support of the vessel will depend on the weight of the vessel, the
size, the shape, design temperature, design pressure, the vessel location and arrangement and
internal and external fitting.

4.8.1 Design of leg support

The saddle must be design to withstand the load imposed by the weight of the vessel and the
content.

The contact angle should not be less than 120 and wheel not normally be greater than 150. Wear
plate is often welded to the shell wall to reinforce the wall over the area of contact with the
saddle.

Vessels supported by saddle are subjected to:

 Longitudinal bending stress

 Tangential stress

 Circumferential stress

The reason for not using more than two saddles is that it creates an indeterminate structure, both
theoretically and practically.
With two saddles, there is a high tolerance for soil settlement with no change in shell stresses or
loading.
 Vessels 40-50ft in diameter and 150ft long have been supported on two saddles thin-
walled vessels, the saddles are best placed within 0.5R of the tangent line to take
advantage of the stiffening effect of the heads.
 the maximum distance is 0.2
Now determine the values of dimension A and B from the figure in appendix ;
Take the inside diameter of a shell.
Inside diameter of a shell (Di)=1540 mm=72.83∈¿6.08 ft
Since1 mm=0.03937∈¿ ,1∈¿ 0.0833 ft , 1 mm=3.2795∗10−3 ft
D i=6 ft+ 0.08 ft

35
 ¿ 5 ft +0.8∈¿
And from standard the contact angle of the saddle is 120°
Now the nominal diameter of the vessel (ft-in) is 6-0.8
But from the standard table of saddle support the nominal diameter of the vessel cannot found so
it approximate to the standard (6-0)
So the nominal diameter of the vessel is 6-0 (ft-in)
Then it is possible to determine the required parameters (A, B, C, D, E, H, G, K) from the saddle
table
A=5 ft +2.5∈¿ 1588.1mm
The base of a saddle(G)=3 /4∈¿ 19.05 mm
B=3 ft−9∈¿ 3 ft +3 ∈¿ 1143.4 mm
C=6∈¿ 228.6 mm
D=18∈¿ 457.2mm
E=2 ft=609 mm
H=3 /8∈¿ 9.52mm
K=3/8∈¿ 9.52 mm
The length between the two saddles( L)becomes
L=L shell−2 A here L shell=6200 mm
¿ 6200−3176.2
L=3023.8 mm Assume thecontact angle is120 °

The maximum weight of vessel is 402000 lb

Know cal culate the weight of each parts

Weight of shell (W s )

W s=π D m t L s ρg

Where ; Dm=meandiameter of the shell

t=thickness of the shell

g=gravitational acceleration

ρ=density of the shell material

36
 Ls =length of the shell

3 2
W s=π∗1.850∗0.0167 m∗6780 kg/ m ∗9.81 m/s ∗6.2 m=47386.21 N

Weight of the head (W h)

2
W h =1.084 Dm tρg

W h =1.084∗¿

Weight of the fluid (W f )

W f =V ρa g where , ρa=density of water

3 2
W f =8 m ∗9.81 m/ s ∗1.225 kg/m 3=96.12 N .

Weight of thenozzle material (W n)

π 2
W n=
4
( d o −di ) Ln ρg
2

π m
W n = ( 0.050 −0.0458 )∗66.266 mm∗6780 k g /m ∗9.81 2 =2.1325 N
2 2 3
4 s

Weight of insulation( W i)

Kg
Mineral wool density =130 3
m

Approximate volume of insulation ; V i=π∗Di∗H v ∗t i

V i=3.14∗1.54 m∗0.0045 m∗15.86 m=0.345 m 3

3 Kg m
W i =V i∗ρi∗g=0.001779 m ∗130 3
∗9.81 2 =439.98 N .
m s

Double this ¿ allow fitting , W i=879.957 N .

Total weight∨dead weight (W t )

37
 W t =W s+ W h +W f +W n +W i

W t =47386.21 N +8838.14 N + 96.12 N +2.1325 N +879.95 N=57202.5525 N

Stress analysis of the saddle support

First calculate the wind load exerted on the vessel(W w )

W w =Qz∗G∗C f ∗A f where ,Q z=velocity pressure

G=guest response ¿!

C f =shape factor which is 0.8 for cylinder

A f = projected area

When the pressure vessel is located on urban or sub urban area exposure “B” is used for vessel
mounted below its height of the ground. The value of “B” from the table is given that 0.9

From map maximum velocity of the wind is 110mile per hour at this value we find Q z = 31psi

A f =Lt∗Do where , Lt=total length of vessel

〖 L〗t =Ls +2 H o=5.365 m+2∗0.39293 m=6.15m

A f =6.15 m∗1.571 m=9.66 m2=104 〖 ft 〗2

2
W w =31 psi∗0.9∗0.8∗104 ft =2321.28 lb=10325.05 N

The resultant wind load ( F R )= √ W w +W t = √ 10325.05 +57202.5525 =58126.9186 N

2 2 2 2

Q=F R /2=58126.9186/2=29063.4593 N

Now read the constants ¿ pressure vessel hand book at K=3.14∈¿ θ=120 °

K 1¿ =0.335

K 2=1.171

K 3=0.319

K 4 =0.880

38
 K 5=0.401

K 7 =0.760

K 8 =0.603

Notation

Q=load onthe one saddle∈N

R=radius of shell∈mm

S=stress Mpa

t s=wallthickness of shell

t n=wal lthickness of head without CA

K=constant

θ=contact angle of the saddle degree

At the bottom of the shell

S5=( K 7 Q)/(t s (b+1.56 √( Rt s)))

S5=−(0.697∗9173.53)/¿

For safe design S5 ≤ 0.5 S … … …..27.47 Mpa ≤ 0.5∗130 Mpa

22.07 Mpa ≤ 65 Mpa

CHAPTER FIVE

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 RESULT
Table 6. Result

PARAMETER

39
 SHELL

Internal diameter 1673.4mm

outer diameter 1680 mm
Length 8420 mm
Thickness 6.4mm
hoop stress 131.25 MP a
longitudinal stress 262.5 MP a.

HEAD
Internal diameter 1673.6 mm
outer diameter 1680. mm
Thickness 6.12 mm
NOZZLE

Thickness 1.152mm
Inner diameter 45mm
Outer diameter 100.79mm
Thickness of nozzle 25.4mm

5.2 DISCUSSION
According to our design result for shell our internal diameter is 1673.4mm,outer diameter
1680mm,length 8420,thikness 6.4mm,hoop stress 131.25Mpa,longitudinal stress 262.5Mpa is
shell.

For the head internal diameter and outer diameter is the same as to the internal diameter and
outer diameter of the shell and it is thickness is 6.12mm.

The data for nozzle it is thickness 1.152mm, inner diameter 100.79mm and thickness of flange
25.4mm this is the data we observe from our calculation.

40
 CHAPTER SIX

6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 CONCLUSION
The design of pressure vessel is initialized with the specification requirements in terms of
standard technical specifications along with numerous requirements that lay hidden from the
market. The design of a pressure vessel is more of a selection procedure, selection of its
components to be more precise rather designing each and every component. Regarding storage
of fluid for a pressure vessel system should be preferred due to its simplicity, better sensitivity,
higher reliability, low maintenance, compactness for the same capacity. The storage of fluid at
high pressure in the pressure vessel is at the heart of its performance and is the first step towards
the design. Pressure vessel has wide applications in many areas that play a great role for
industries, factories, and others that are using it.

The main objective of this design is proving the problem that is present through short period of
service, lack of supplies and availability. It is important to know how designing of the pressure
vessel is proceed safely because if it is not proceeding safely and if failure happens it cause
many damage on the material stores the fluid but the main thing is it is the cause for injury of
people who work around.

41
6.2 RECOMMENDATION
This paper is pleased to do this project and recommended for Arbaminch University. We done
the best one and promote for our university and work together for solving problem .as we remark
preferred thin walled vessel operate low pressure and it has simple bending stress due to weight
of vessel itself and fluid can be eliminate. Welded also fabricated the stress is comfortable with
diameter and thickness and we chose the material better strength and economically have low
cost. Based on this project we recommended that:

 Selection of a suitable material must take into account the suitability of the material for
fabrication.
 The temperature must to be corresponds to the design pressure.
 Due to it is contain large volume it preferable to our cafeteria

42
 REFERENCES

[1] F. Daghia, E. Beranger, P. Pichon, T. Composites, and C. Chaffault, “A hierarchy of models

for the design of composite pressure vessels,” pp. 1–45, 2020.

[2] B. Cárdenas, “Wire-wound pressure vessels for small scale CAES,” pp. 1–26, 2020.

[3] L. Zu et al., “Winding path design based on mandrel profile updates of composite
pressurevessels,” pp. 1–27, 2020.

[4] L. P. Antalffy, K. D. Kirkpatrick, A. Rajguru, and Y. Zhu, “The design of lifting

attachmentsfor the erection of large diameter and heavy wall pressure vessels,” pp. 1–29, 2020.

[5] R. Frith and M. Stone, “A proposed new pressure vessel design class,” pp. 1–20, 2020.

[6] D. S. Kushan, S. Sanyal, and S. Bhowmick, “Parametric study of interaction effect between
closely-spaced nozzles in a thin cylindrical pressure vessel,” pp. 1–22, 2020.

43
APPENDIX

44