NERVOUS

SYSTEM
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
Jelliana Cuyos
NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system governs various physiological and cognitive
processes, including motor functions, mental activities, verbal
expressions, and emotional experiences. It regulates complex
physiological and cognitive functions such as motor control, cognition,
and memory. It also performs involuntary physiological functions,
including respiration, vasodilation, and ocular reflexes.
The nervous system has a comprehensive impact on an individual's well-
being, encompassing various aspects such as:

Cognition and affect.

Motor functions, including balance and coordination.
The senses encompass the brain's interpretation of visual, auditory,
gustatory, tactile, and somatosensory stimuli.
The relationship between sleep, healing, and aging.
Cardiorespiratory rhythms.
Coping with stress.
Digestion and satiety are interrelated physiological processes.
Physiological processes, such as puberty.
 FUNCTION
The nervous system employs neurons, specialized cells, to transmit
signals or messages throughout the body. Electrical signals propagate
throughout the body, transmitting information between the brain, skin,
organs, glands, and muscles. The nervous system conveys messages that
facilitate movement and sensory perception, including the experience of
pain. The sensory organs and nerves perceive environmental stimuli.
Subsequently, the nervous system transmits the information to and from
the brain.
 TRANSMISSION OF
NERVE IMPULSES

Nerve impulses are transmitted along neurons through electrical changes

across their membranes. An unstimulated neuron's membrane exhibits
polarization, indicating an electrical charge disparity between its exterior
and interior. The interior is negatively charged relative to the exterior. A
nerve impulse is an electrical event. A nerve impulse is generated by an
electrical charge gradient across the plasma membrane of a neuron. What
is the origin of this electrical charge disparity? The solution entails ions,
which are charged atoms or molecules.
 TYPES OF NEURONS
Various types of neurons perform distinct functions in the
brain, spinal cord, and muscles, regulating bodily
movements.1 The various neurons exhibit a high degree of
specialization. Certain neurons have the function of
detecting taste, while others are responsible for perceiving
pain.
 SENSORY MOTOR
Sensory neurons play a crucial role in Motor neurons regulate bodily
providing information to the body movement. These neurons facilitate
regarding the surrounding the coordination of our muscles to
environment. They can provide ensure synchronous movement of
temperature information and instruct our limbs. Motor neurons are
us on avoiding hot objects. Sensory categorized into upper and lower
neurons facilitate intricate movements motor neurons, which are situated in
such as grasping utensils. Sensory the spinal cord and brain. Upper and
neurons provide feedback for lower motor neurons differ in their
coordinated movements of muscles respective levels of control over
and joints. bodily functions.
INTERNEURONS NEURONAL
Interneurons are highly prevalent in
ANATOMY
the human body. Neurons serve as
Neurons constitute the
signal controllers in the body, fundamental cellular component
transmitting vital information of the nervous system. Neurons
throughout the nervous system. consist of distinct components
Interneurons regulate neuronal that are essential for their
signals. They have the ability to capacity to receive and transmit
regulate the transmission of
signals throughout the organism.
information. Their multipolar structure
enables reception of multiple signals The fundamental constituents of
and subsequent transmission of a a neuron include the axon, cell
unified command to another neuron body, and synapse.
 TYPES OF
NEURONS BASED
ON STRUCTURE
 UNIPOLAR MULTIPOLAR
These neurons possess a These neurons exhibit
solitary elongated axon dendritic integration
that transmits electrical of synaptic inputs.
impulses. Myelination of Dendrites transmit
the axon in unipolar signals via an electrical
neurons facilitates fast impulse propagated
signal transmission. along the axon.
 BIPOLAR
These neurons transmit
and receive sensory signals.
Instances comprise the
light-receiving neurons in
the eye that subsequently
convey signals to the brain.
PSEUDO-
UNIPOLAR
These neurons transmit
signals from the skin and
muscles to the spinal
cord. These neurons are
primarily responsible for
coordinating limb
movement through brain
input.
SYNAPSE
A synapse is a narrow intercellular
junction located at the terminal end
of a neuron, facilitating the
transmission of signals between
neurons. Neurons are cells that
facilitate the transmission of
information within the central
nervous system, including the brain.
Synapses occur at the junctions
between neurons.
HOW IT WORK
Synapses facilitate inter-neuronal
communication by transmitting information.
Upon reaching the end of a neuron, a nerve
signal cannot directly proceed to the adjacent
cell. The mechanism must initiate the release of
neurotransmitters to transmit the impulse
across the synapse to the subsequent neuron.
Neurotransmitters are released upon nerve
impulse triggering and bind to receptors on the
surface of the next cell after crossing the
synaptic gap. The receptors function as a lock
and the neurotransmitters as keys.
Neurotransmitters can have either excitatory or
inhibitory effects on the neurons they bind to.
DISORDERS
OF THE
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
 DISEASE
Numerous infections, cancers, and autoimmune disorders such as diabetes, lupus, and rheumatoid
arthritis can lead to nervous system complications. Diabetes may result in neuropathy that is related
to diabetes, which can manifest as tingling and pain in the lower extremities. Multiple sclerosis is a
disease that targets the myelin surrounding nerves in the central nervous system.

STROKE
A stroke occurs due to either a blockage or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain.
Insufficient blood supply results in brain tissue death. It is unable to transmit
messages through nerves. Stroke can result in varying degrees of nerve damage.

ACCIDENTAL INJURY
Nerves may sustain damage in an accident through compression, elongation,
or transection. Motor vehicle accidents and accidental falls are frequent causes
of nerve damage throughout the body.
 PRESSURE
Nerve compression or entrapment results in inadequate blood supply and subsequent functional
impairment. Nerves may become compressed or entrapped due to various factors, including
repetitive strain injuries (e.g. carpal tunnel syndrome), neoplasms, or anatomical abnormalities such
as sciatica.

TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Peripheral neuropathy or nerve damage can result from chemotherapy drugs, illicit
drugs, alcohol abuse, and toxic substances. Individuals with kidney disease are at an
increased risk of developing neuropathy due to impaired renal filtration of toxins.

AGING PROCESS
Aging may lead to a decline in the speed of neuronal signaling. The individual
may experience decreased strength and slowed reflexes. Some individuals
experience sensory loss in their digits, extremities, or other bodily regions.
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