Pragya Arya 2324

study of
Neuron
 Index

Definition Structure Significance

 A specialized cell that
Definition transmits nerve impulses.
It's the basic building
block of the nervous
system, responsible for
processing and
transmitting information
through electrical and
chemical signals.
 Structure
1. Cell Body (Soma or Perikaryon)
- Contains the nucleus and most of the cell's organelles.
- Integrates incoming signals from dendrites.

2. Dendrites
- Branch-like extensions that receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors.
- Transmit the signals to the cell body.

3. Axon
- Single long fiber extending from the cell body.
- Transmits electrical signals (action potentials) away from the cell body
towards other neurons or effector cells.
 Structure
4. Myelin Sheath
- Fatty insulation surrounding the axon.
- Speeds up the transmission of electrical impulses.

5. Nodes of Ranvier
- Gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon.
- Action potentials "jump" from one node to the next, speeding up signal conduction.

6. Axon Terminals (Terminal Buttons)

- Branch-like structures at the end of the axon.
- Release neurotransmitters into synapses to communicate with other neurons or
Effector cells.
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 Significance
1. Information Processing:
Neurons receive, integrate, and transmit electrochemical signals, enabling the
processing of sensory information, decision-making, and the generation of
responses.
2. Communication:
Neurons communicate with each other through synapses, forming complex
networks that allow for the coordination of various physiological functions and
behaviors.
3. Adaptability:
Neurons exhibit plasticity, the ability to change and adapt in response to
experiences, learning, and environmental stimuli.
 Significance
1. Control of Body Functions:
Neurons control and regulate bodily functions such as movement, sensation,
cognition, and emotions through the transmission of signals along neural pathways.
2. Memory and Learning:
Neurons play a crucial role in memory formation and learning by establishing and
strengthening synaptic connections in response to repeated stimulation or
experiences.
3. Disease and Dysfunction:
Dysfunction or damage to neurons can lead to neurological disorders such as
Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke, highlighting
the critical role of neurons in maintaining normal physiological function.
 Functions
TRANSMISSIOM OF
SIGNALS
Neurons transmit electrical
impulses, known as action
potentials, along their axons.
These signals carry information
from one part of the body to
another, allowing
communication within the
nervous system through
Synapse
INTEGRATION OF
INFORMATION
Neurons receive input from other
neurons through their dendrites.
They integrate this information
and determine whether to
generate an action potential, thus
playing a crucial role in processing
and interpreting sensory
information, making decisions,
and controlling behavior.

HOMEOSTASIS
Neurons help maintain internal
balance and stability
(homeostasis) by regulating
physiological parameters such
as body temperature, blood
pressure, and fluid balance.
Functions
MEMORY AND LEARNING
Neurons play a crucial role in
memory formation and learning
by establishing and strengthening
synaptic connections in response
to repeated stimulation or
experiences.
BODILY FUNCTIONS
Neurons control and regulate
various physiological functions,
including muscle contraction,
glandular secretion, and
autonomic processes such as
heart rate and digestion.
 thankyou
Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital

New First Proff - Pragya 2324

Human Physiology and Biochemistry

Structure and Significance of Neuron