CHAPTER 11: Discourse Analysis

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Terms Definitions

Discourse analysis The study of language beyond the sentence, i.e. in text and conversation.

Cohesion The ties and connections between words that exist within texts

Cohesive ties The individual connections between words and phrases in a text.
Simply when “everything fits together well”
Coherence The connections that readers and listeners create in their minds to
arrive at a meaningful interpretation of texts.
An activity in which, for the most part, two or more people take turns
Conversation
in speaking.

Conversation analysis The study of turn taking in conversation

In conversation, the end of a turn, usually marked by a pause at the
Completion point
end of a phrase or sentence.
Turn-Taking The way in which each speaker takes a turn in conversation
marked by . .) are placed before and after verbs rather than at
pauses the end of the sentence.
In conversation, an automatic sequence of a first part from one
Adjacency Pairs speaker and a second part from another speaker.

Insertion sequences To show that not all first parts are immediately followed by second parts

Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the

The Co-operative
stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of
Principle
the talk exchange in which you are engaged.

Make your contribution as informative as is required, but not

The Quantity maxim more, or less, than is required.

The Quality maxim Do not say that which you believe to be false or
for which you lack adequate evidence.

The Relation maxim Be relevant.

The Manner maxim Be clear, brief and orderly.

 CHAPTER 11: Discourse Analysis

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Terms Definitions
An expression (often a saying) that seems simply to repeat an
tautology
element with no apparent meaning.

Words or phrases used to indicate that we are not really sure that what
Hedges we are saying is sufficiently correct or complete.
These are aspects of the quality maxim

An additional meaning conveyed by a speaker adhering to the

co-operative principle
Implicatures It’s about how people actually decide that someone is implying
something in a conversation

background the background knowledge that must be shared by all the participants
information to arrive at accurate interpretation of what we hear and read.
.

Schema A conventional knowledge structure in memory for specific things

Script A conventional knowledge structure in memory for the series of

actions involved in events
 CHAPTER 13: First Language Acquisition

117
Terms Definitions

learning implies purposeful, conscious effort (like learning a second language

or the provinces of Canada)

a type of learning that occurs automatically, without needing

explicit instruction
acquisition
The gradual development of ability in a first or second language by
using it naturally in communicative situations

first language
concerned with how children acquire their first language
acquisition

Input The language that the child acquirer is exposed to.

Speech addressed to young children by the adult(s) or older

Caregiver speech children who are looking after them (also called motherese; child-
directed speech)

Cooing The earliest use of speech-like sounds by an infant in the first few
months

The use of syllable sequences (ba-ba; ma-ma) and combinations

Babbling
(ma-ga; da-ma) by young children in their first year

The period in L1 acquisition when children can produce single terms

One-Word Stage for objects

holophrastic speech One word instead of an entire utterance (phrase, sentence)

String of words containing lexical morphemes and without inflectional

#
Telegraphic speech
morphemes produced by 2-year-old children.
overgeneralization the rule of adding –s to form plurals