INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTIC

DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS
Group 4
by Achmad Maulana Yusuf, Faiza Azizah, and M. Rizky Maulana
DISCOURSE

Discourse analysis is the process of understanding a text by paying attention to

everything that gives meaning to this text. it can be derived from written text or
spoken language. It often involves formal discussions, debates, or a series of
connected utterances
 Discourse
INTERPRETING DISCOURSE

Interpreting discourse in spoken, can be found on the words “What’s up”. Take the
example “What’s up” In Indonesia has more one meaning, but it can be refers to
the condition someone, like if someone cry the mean “what’s up” in Indonesian
language it can be referring to “ada apa”. The someone who cry in the example,
she as a object discourse. Then The words of “what’s up” is the object meaning
what the situation is.

Then Interpreting discourse in written text, can be found in exam, text books,
newspaper, literary analysis, and etc. like a example from Newspaper “Rohingya in
media: Critical discourse analysis of Myanmar and Bangladesh newspaper
headlines1: Explored the framing of military attacks on Rohingya Muslims in
Myanmar”, that the Discourse Analytic, We should examining a frame subjects
from specific ideological, political, or cultural perspectives.
COHESION
Cohesion in linguistic is the way that words and phrases are linked together to
form a coherent and meaningful text or sentence

Example:
“My father once bought a Lincoln convertible. He did it by saving every penny he
could. That car would be worth a fortune nowadays. However, he sold it to help
pay for my college education. Sometimes I think I'd rather have the convertible”
 Cohesion

People My Father-He-he-he; My-my-I-I

Things A Lincoln convertible-That car- it- the convertible

Times once-nowadays-sometimes

Money bought-saving every morning-worth a fortune- sold-play

Tenses past (bought) - past (did) - past (could) - past (sold) - present (think)
COHERENCE
The key to the concept is not something that exists in the words or
structures of discourse, but something that exists in people.

For example: Woman robs bank with sandwich

a. is she just carrying a sandwich?

b. is she eating the sandwich?
c. is she acting as if the sandwich is a weapon?

We need to bring information from our experience to create a

plausible situation.
 Coherence

We are continually taking part in conversational interactions where a

great deal of what is meant or communicated cannot actually be
found in what is said.

Brief interaction (from Widdowson, 1978)

Her: That’s the telephone. (She makes a request of him to perform action)
Him: I’m in the bath. (He states reason why he cannot comply with request)
Her: OK. (She accepts reason)
CONVERSATION
ANALYSIS
The production of social actions in the context of
sequences of actions, rather than messages or propositions

TURN-TAKING PAUSES AND

Turn-taking in conversation analysis
refers to the way speakers take turns
speaking in conversation, alternating
between each other to maintain a
flowing and coherent dialogue.
FILLED PAUSES
Pauses refer to the brief periods of
time when speaker stop talking, while
filled pauses refer to the sounds or
words that speakers use to fill those
pauses (with em, er, you know).
 Conversation
Analysis

ADJACENCY PAIRS INSERTION SEQUENCES

Insertion sequences refer to the ways
Adjacency pairs refer to fundamental
in which speakers or writers insert
concept that helps in understanding
themselves into the flow of
the structure and organization of
communication. This may include
conversational exhanges, which
comments, questions, or responses
consits of a first part and a second
that are not directly related to the
part as found in greetings, queation-
main topic conversation.
answer (Q&A) sequences, thanking
(example, pg. 173)
and leave-taking. (example, pg. 172)
THE CO-OPERATIVE
PRINCIPLE
The Co-operative Principle is to make your conversational contribution such as is
required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of
the talk exchange in which you are engaged. There are 4 elements Gricean
maxims; The Quantity maxim, The Quality maxim, The Relation maxim, The
Relation maxim, The Manner maxim.

In simple terms, we expect our conversational partners to make succinct, honest,

relevant and clear contributions to the interaction.
THE SIXTH SOURCE
In logical terms, this reply appears to have no communicative value, repeating a
phrase that adds nothing would hardly count as an appropriate answer to a
question.
 The Co-Operative
HEDGES Principle

Hedges can be defined as words or phrases used to indicate that we are not
really sure that what we are saying is sufficiently correct or complete.

The Quality maxim examples are: his hair was kind of long or the book cover is
sort of yellow.

Other examples would include the following expressions that people sometimes
use as they begin a conversational contribution:
As far as I know
Correct me if I'm wrong, but
I'm not absolutely sure, but THE SIXTH SOURCE
We also take care to indicate that what we report is something we think or feel
(not know), is possible (not certain), and may (not must) happen.
 The Co-Operative
IMPLICATURES Principle

The action of implying a meaning beyond the literal sense of what is explicitly
stated.

Example:
The sandwich is a sandwich = it is what it is / it’s not worth to be discussed
Sorry, I have homework = I can't come to the event
BACKGROUND
KNOWLEDGE

We have to provide background information/description with the

conversation partner.

For example, if we say "he is studying

mathematics", we automatically think that he is a student .Usually, we are able
to discard thoughts that do not fit into the following discussion.
This is an interesting thing to analyzediscourse.
 Background
Knowledge

SCHEMAS AND SCRIPTS

Schema is conventional knowledge. What is envisioned uniqueto everyone, like a

“school class.” Script is a schema, but it is moreof a treatment/work (verb).

Example script:
Fill measure cup to line and repeat every 2 to 3 hours.
The meaning is clear. We don't have to keep filling the measuring cup every 2 or 3
hours. This means that ourconversation can follow our imagination/memory.
THANK
YOU!