aleqsandre

axatneli

kosta
xeTagurovi
2019 w. 15 oqtombers usruldeba 160 w.
dabadebidan

Tbilisi
2019
 redaqtori:
koba bedoiZe

wigni aewyo da dakabadonda

http://bedoidze.site.ge

©aleqsandre axatneli
 kosta
visac iumori ar esmis, is sulierad Ratakia _ uTq-
vams anton Cexovs. marTlac, iumoria nervuli sistemis
mkurnali. amitomaa aucilebeli mZime sakiTxebsac ki iu-
moriT miudges adamiani. rac metia iumori, miT naklebia
uaryofiTi gancdebi.
naTqvami srulad miesadageba kosta xeTagurovis
pirovnebas, mis mZime cxovrebas da fiqrian Semoqmedebas.
pirvel rigSi pirovnebas da misadmi zogierTi mekalmis
damokidebulebas.
gvaris sakiTxia iumoriT gansaxilveli. xeTaguri, xe-
Tagurovi Tu xeTagaTi?
elizbar xeTaguris vaJi levani, rusul jarSi sam-
saxuris dros rom xeTagurovad ewereboda, gasagebia _
rusebma Tavis yaidaze gadaukeTes gvari. amitom iricxe-
boda igi levan elizbaroviC xeTagurovad da ara xeTagu-
rad, rogorc mama-papa.
praporSiki xeTagurovi mogvare-naTesavebs Soris did
avtoritetad iTvleboda.
levanis vaJi konstantine, moferebiT kosta, bune-
brivia, xeTagurovad moevlina qveynierebas. ase icxovra
da ukve saukuneze metia, ase darCa misi gvari momdevno
Taobebs.
Zalze didi xnis manZilze mravalerovani sazogadoeba
mas icnobda, rogorc kosta xeTagurovs. iwerebioda wigne-

3
kosta xeTagurovi aleqsandre axatneli

bi, statiebi, radio-televizia ase gadascemda mis Sesaxeb.

bolo periodSi aris mcdeloba, xeTagurovi Secva-
lon xeTagaTiT. albaT, fiqroben, rom ase ufro gamor-
Ceuli iqneba cnobili winapris osoba. Tu ukvirdebian,
rom gvaris daboloeba `Ti~, saerTo iberiul-kavkasiuri
gvarebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. qarTulSi, Tu davsvamT
SekiTxvas: visiT? riT? raTi? _ moiTxovs pasuxs _ imaTi,
amaTi. aqedan iwarmoeba gvarebic: xeTagaTi, gagloiTi,
kokoiTi da ase mravali...*
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi yofilan da arian pirovne-
bebi, romelTac grZeli daxasiaTeba ar sWirdebaT. vis
mouva azrad sxva vinme igulisxmon, roca iTqmis puS-
kini, Seqspiri, goeTe, diuma da uamravi sxva, garda im
pirovnebebisa, romelTa Semoqmedeba, saerTod, adamianTa
sakuTreba gamxdara. ilia, akaki asevea qarTvelebisaTvis.
cxovrebaSi WavWavaZec bevri yofila da wereTelic, iliac
da akakic, magram roca msjelobaa ilia da akaki, sxva Semo-
qmedis warmodgena gamoricxulia.
osi eTnosisaTvis aseTi ganumeorebelia kosta. osebSi
SeiZleba bevri iyos kosta, aseve xeTagurovi, magram Zne-
lad vinmes mouva azrad sxva igulisxmon, garda dauviwy-
ari Semoqmedisa.
WeSmaritad Seufasebelia misi danatovari, roca
gaiTvaliswineben ra pirobebSi cxovrobda da qmnida
yovelives.
mTavari saTqmeli pirovnebas exeba.
bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi moqmedebs mudmivi cvlile-
bebis kanoni. yvelaferi arsebuli emorCileba mas. amave
dros aris bevri ram, rac adamianebs ucvlelad miaCniaT.
maT Sorisaa sayovelTaod aRiarebuli pirovnebebis gvar-
saxeli.

* gvarTa warmoqmnisa da gardaqmnebis problema statiis mizans scil-

deba da iumoriT naTqvams seriozulobis simZimes matebs.

5
aleqsandre axatneli kosta xeTagurovi

vTqvaT homerosi sami aTasi welia homerosia. asevea

mravali sxva Semoqmedi, miTologiuri Tu realurad ar-
sebuli pirovneba. warmosadgenia, rogor miiRebs sazoga-
doeba maT saxeli, gvari, zedsaxeli, fsevdonimi rom vinmem
Seucvalos. vTqvaT, aleqsandre makedonels aleqsi an san-
dro rom uwodon da a. S. aseT mkrexels qmedeba iumoradac
ar CaeTvleba, isac im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mixvdebian, saerTod,
viszea laparaki. yovel did pirovnebas aqvs myarad dam-
kvidrebuli saxeli da mas cudad aravin unda Seexos.
osi eTnosisaTvis da, saerTod, misi SemoqmedebiT dain-
teresebuli adamianisaTvis, aseve xelSeuxebelia kosta
xeTagurovi. ase icnobdnen da ase swerdnen masze osi, rusi,
qarTveli Tu nebismieri erovnebis warmomadgenlebi.
iyo aseTi gamonaklisic. erTi rusulenovani wyaro wer-
da ara `kosta xeTagurovi~, aramed konstantine levanis Ze
xeTagurovi. ratom? es avtors moekiTxeba. ise, logikurad
gasagebia. kosta rom konstantines Sekvecili, mosaferebeli
formaa, gasagebia da misaRebi. rusul gamocemaSi arc mamis
saxeliT mimarTvaa ucnaurobis Semcveli. `konstantin leva-
noviC~ _ ewera im wyaroSi. da mainc, Taobebi icvlebodnen
da kosta xeTagurovi iyo yvelasaTvis. aseTad gaicnes da
daimaxsovres adamianebma didi winapari da Semoqmedi.
sazogadoebisaTvis arc isaa ucnaurobis Semcveli,
roca ama Tu im pirovnebas Secvlili saxeliT an gvariT
daimaxsovreben. ara sakuTari gvar-saxeliT, aramed Secv-
lili. aseT dros mTavaria, rogor Seabijebs igi garSemo
myofTa Tu kacobriobis cnobiereba _ maxsovrobaSi. ufro
meti, bevri sazogado moRvawe mxolod Secvlili gvar-
saxeliTaa (fsevdonimiTaa) cnobili. saqme iqamde midis,
rom pirovnebebis namdvili, warmomadgenlobiTi gvar-
saxeli daviwyebulia. rigiT mokvdavebTan mimarTebiT,
aseTi cvlileba TiTqmis SeumCnevelia. aTasobiTaa iseTi
pirovnebani, romelTac uaxloesi garemocvac ki mxolod

6
kosta xeTagurovi aleqsandre axatneli

SeZenili (meoradi) saxeliT icnobda. aseTi cvlileba,

dasamaxsovrebel da TaobaTa manZilze pativiscemiT gasax-
senebel adamianebTan mimarTebaSi ki, zogjer ucnaurobis
Semcvelicaa.
vTqvaT, qarTvelebSi yvelam icis vaJa-fSavela, ale-
qsandre yazbegi, magram Zalze cotam maTi namdvili gvari
razikaSvili da CofikaSvili. aseTTa saxelobiT orma-
gobis matarebelTa CamoTvlac ki Znelia.
kavkasielTa Soris Tavisi sapatio myari adgili kosta
xeTagurovsac ukavia. misi pirovnebisa Tu Semoqmedebis
TayvanismcemelTa Soris udaod saintereso aris imis
codna, rom warmoSobiT konstantine levanis Ze xeTaguro-
via, magram am informaciam saqveynod damkvidrebuli vera
da ar unda gaauferulos, gaamrudos. mravali erovnebis,
mravali TaobisaTvis igi miRebulia da Seucvleli, ro-
gorc kosta xeTagurovi.
amitomacaa, rom cvalebadobis uzogadesi kanonis
moqmedebis pirobebSic aris raRac gamonaklisebi. maTi
mdgradoba SeiZleba droSiSezRudulia, magram arsebobs
da igi ar Seexeba yvelas da yvelafers. ar SeiZleba iolad
Seicvalos adamianis Sesaxeb mtkiced damkvidrebuli, miT
ufro momavali TaobebisaTvis memkvidreobiT miRebuli
informacia. pirovnebis gvar-saxelis Secvla mis sicocx-
leSi da misive nebazea damokidebuli.
Tqma, rom gardacvalebis Semdeg ar ibadebian da ar
inaTlebian, xumrobadac ar CaiTvleba. adamianebi ukvdav-
ebas arsebuli gvar-saxeliT ganagrZoben manamde, vidre
sazogadoebas aqvs maT Sesaxeb maxsovroba. asea zogadad
da maT Soris kosta xeTagurovis mimarTebiTac.
aRiarebuli WeSmaritebis vrceli Sexsenebis aucile-
bloba dakavSirebulia zog-zogebis mcdelobasTan.
waSalon sazogadoebis maxsovrobaSi mimarTva _ kosta
xetagurovi da daamkvidron kosta xeTagaTi. cxadia, Tu

7
aleqsandre axatneli kosta xeTagurovi

xeTagurovis nacvlad vinme brZanebs _ xeTagaTi, amiT didi

Semoqmedis arc mniSvneloba gaizrdeba da arc misi danato-
vris xasiaTi. sanacvlod garkveuli gaurkvevloba iqmneba.
saukuneze meti drois ganmavlobaSi yvela, vinc mis Semo-
qmedebas ecnoboda da imaxsovrebda, darwmunebuli iyo,
rom kosta xeTagurovTan hqonda Sexeba. axla, Semoqmedis
Sesaxeb azri unda Secvalon Tu Seasworon. xeTaguroviTu
xeTagaTi? aseT dros wamoiWreba kiTxva: egeb xeTaguri?
zogierTisaTvis SeiZleba araviTari mniSvneloba ara
aqvs, rogor gaiJRerebs: kosta xeTagurovi Tu kosta xeTa-
gaTi. saukunis win gardacvlili pirovneba maT ver Seedav-
eba da aRudgeba. arada, arseboben amdagvari `aRmoCenebiT~
damSvenebuli mekalmeebi. cxadia, aseTi cvlilebebiT verc
misi eTnosi ver gaxdeba ukeTesi an uaresi. maS, ra mizans
emsaxureba mcdeloba _ xeTagurovi Secvalon xeTagaTiT?
da saerTodac, Tu romelime mekalmes surs Semoqmedis
gvar-saxelis dazusteba, umjobesi xom ar iqneboda jer
SemorCenili werilobiTi informaciis gacnoba? Tu ada-
mians sikvdilidan asi wlis mere gvars ucvlian, egeba jer
misi dabadebis Sesaxeb saeklesio Canaweri waikiTxon? Tu
ase moiqcevian, naxaven, rom kosta xeTagurovis dabadebis
Sesaxeb (1859 wlis 15 oqtomberi), informacia dafiqsire-
bulia 1860 wlis 6 ianvars Sedgenil CanawerSi qarTul
enaze, sofel naras qarTul eklesiaSi. aseT `Rrmad moaz-
rovne~ mkvlevarebs arc imis axsna awyenT, Canaweri ratomaa
qarTulad da qarTul eklesiaSi?
da mainc, ratom surT zogierTebs kosta xeTagurovis
nacvlad kosta xeTagaTis damkvidreba gamgeb-wamkiTxveli
sazogadoebis mexsierebaSi? ratom surT sulmnaT Semo-
qmeds, gardacvalebidan asi wlis Semdeg gvari gadaukeTon?
gvaris gadasxvaferebis interesis mqoneTa saintereso
Canafiqris garkvevis interesis axsna sofel narasTanaa
dakavSirebuli.

8
 nara
Zveli, istoriuli dvaleTis sofelia nara. central-
uri kavkasionis ganStoebebs Sorisaa moqceuli naras
qvabulad wodebuli, samyaros cvlilebebs mowyvetiili
mkacri samoTxe. Tavis mxriv, qvabulis erT RirsSesaniSnav
kuTxes sofeli nara warmoadgens.
bevri mkvlevar-mogzauri mouxiblavs naras qvabuls da
masSi Cakargul patara sofels. gonebis warmosaxviT Tu
iqna aRdgenili, nara cnobili Satilis tipis dasaxlebas
warmoadgenda. es iyo dasaxleba, sadac ucxo adamiani verc
saxlebisa da verc sarTulebis urTierTmimarTebas ver
gaarCevda. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli xdeboda
calke keriebSi macxovreblebis momentaluri SekavSireba
da saerTo Tavdacvis organizeba. saerTo iyo interesebi
da moqmedeba. es ki SeiZleboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu soflis
mcxovreblebi erTi didi ojaxis, saerTo gvaris wevrebi
an sisxliT naTesavebi iqnebodnen. iq xSirad ar iyo gansx-
vaveba sakuTar da sxvis Svilebs Soris.
am ukanaskneli maxasiaTeblis aRniSvna aucilebelia,
radgan adre daoblebul kostas bavSvoba sworad iqnes
gaazrebuli. mama _ levan elizbaris Ze, rogorc samxedro
mosamsaxure, saxlidan TveobiT iyo wasuli da mis pirmSo
kostas axloblebi zrdidnen. ara mxolod zrdidnen, ar-
amed Sromis ferxulSi abamdnen da urTierTobis rTul
filosofias aswavlidnen.

9
dvaleTi, nara, kosta xeTagurovis saxli
kosta xeTagurovi aleqsandre axatneli

naras qvabulisa da Tavad sofel naras aRwera bevr

mnaxvels ucdia, bevrnairad SeiZleba geografiuli
mdebareobis, floris da faunis danaxva-Sefaseba. am
SemTxvevaSi, sainteresoa naraSi dabadebuli da bavSvo-
bagatarebuli kosta xeTagurovis TvalsawieriT warmod-
geniili realoba. igi wers: «Нарская котловина, замкнутая
высочайшами снеговыми вершинами гор Адай-хох, Зикара,
Тепле и их отрогами, оставалось совершенно изолированно от
остального мира. Перевалы Мамисонский, Рукский и Зикарский...
только в летные месяцы были доступны для переправы!» (Коста
Хетагуров, Быт горных Осетин (Этнограффический очерк),
Сталинир, 1939, стр.4)
naras qvabuli da patara sofeli nara kavkasionis
centraluri nawilis maradTovlian mwvervalebs Sorisaa
moqceuli. cad atyorcnili mTebis ganStoebani alyaSi
aqceven naras midamoebs. amitom uwodes mas qvabuli. mTebs
Soris gafantuli patara soflebi da xeobebi, Tavis mxriv,
sofel naras garSemo iyvnen ganfenilebi da misi gavliT
(Tu meSveobiT) ukavSirdebodnen garesamyaros, isic mx-
olod zafxulobiT. danarCeni drois manZilze igi civi-
lizebul (SedarebiT) samyaros mowyvetili iyo.
sofel naradan, kasris xevis gziT [kasris xevis wyals,
qveviT (geografiulad kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT) vala-
giris wyals uwodeben, udro qveviT ki ardonis (doni osu-
rad wyalia) saxeliTaa cnobili]. aq yvelaze mosaxerxebeli
gadasasvleli iyo kavkasionis CrdiloeTSi. Tavad kasris
xevi xoxis mTis kldovan CamonaTalTan viwrovdeba da
praqtikulad gauval jebirs qmnis qvabulisaken mimavali
mgzavrisaTvis. amitom ewodeboda xoxis mTis am jebirs kas-
ris yeli Tu kari, xolo mis mis mcvel dvalebs xorxelebi.
geografiulad da istoriulad kasris kari or:
samxreT da CrdiloeT nawilebad yofda dvalebis qveyanas.
naras, aRmosavleTidan zaxas xeoba esazRvreba,

11
aleqsandre axatneli kosta xeTagurovi

samxreTidan _ zrogo, gunauri, roki da zekaras mTa. dasav-

leTidan mosazRvrea zramaga da JRelis xevi, CrdiloeTi-
dan _ miTiTebuli kasris kari da soflebi: kasara, leTa,
JRele, Tebe.
kasris karidan iyo kavkasionis CrdiloeTSi gadasas-
vleli. am gziT xorcieldeboda eTnosebs Soris kavSiri,
pirvel rigSi qarTvelebisa da dvalebisa osebTan. karis
mniSvnelobas vaxuSti batoniSvili ase afasebs: `raTa ara
vididnen Tvinier maTsa ovsni~.
dvaleTisa da dvalebis tomis problemas bevri mkv-
levar-mogzauri SesWidebia, magram sulmnaTi vaxuSti
batoniSviliviT detalurad aravis aRuweria. misi TqmiT,
dvaleTi kavkasionis Semdegi xeobebisagan Sedgeboda:
zramaga, JRele, kasris xevi, zrogo, zaxa da, rac mTavaria,
maT Soris arsebuli da maTgan SemosazRvruli naras qv-
abuli. es xevebi Seadgendnen e. w. samxreT dvaleTs. kasris
karis (yelis) qveviT, kavkasionis CrdiloeT kalTebze,
barSi gardamaval sivrces, didi dvaleTis Semdegi xeobebi
qmnidnen: Cimi, Tagauri, qurTauli, valagiri, faiqomi,
digori da basiani. es xeobebi sacalfexo gadasasvleli bi-
likebiT ukavSirdebodnen naras qvabuls da sofel naras.
ukve iTqva, rom SedarebiT farTe gza kasris xevis wyals,
valagiris wyals, gnebavT, dRevandeli gagebiT, mdinare
ardonis zemo dinebis xevs misdevda. am gzas ruseTis im-
periaSi ukve oseTis samxedro gza uwodes.
mokle aRwera-daxasiaTeba mianiSnebs, rom sofeli
nara, ara mxolod qvabulis centrs warmoadgenda, aramed
mTeli dvaleTis damakavSirebelsac. Sesabamisad, nara sxva
soflebisgan ganirCeoda dasaxlebis sididiTac, sameur-
neo da kulturuli ganviTarebulobiTac (Tu rame mowi-
naveobaze da ganviTarebaze SeiZleba msjeloba, maRal
mTebSi gamoketil, samyaros TveobiT mowyvetil patara
sofelze).

12
 dvaleTi da dvalebi
kosta xeTagurovi dvaleTis sofel naradan iyo.dRes
miviwyebulia dvaleTis geografiuli arealis Sesaxeb
codna da Tavad dvalebis eTnikuri raobis sakiTxi.
kosta xeTagurovi osurad metyvelebda, osuri lit-
eraturis fuZemdebladaa aRiarebuli da amdenad sain-
tereso misi dvaleTidan warmomavlobisa, dvalobas da
dvalebTan urTierTobis sakiTxi.
antikuri periodis wyaroebi dvalebs (ualebs, talebs,
rogorc isini uwodebdnen) mTis iberiul tomebs Soris
moiazrebdnen. am cnobebis Tanaxmad qarT (qarTvelebs)
tomebs CrdiloeTidan mTis iberebi emezoblebodnen.
cnobisaTvis: uZvelesi periodis iafeturi modgmis
tomebs Soris Tubalebs ekavaT teritoriebi urmia-vanis
tbebis dasavleTiT xmelTaSua da Sav (pontos)
zRvebamde, tigrosisa (idigna) da evfratis (furaTu)
mdinareebis zemo welidan moyolebuli kavkasionis
mTagrexilis CaTvliT. droTa viTarebaSi Tubalebs
iberebi ewodaT. iberebad iTvlebodnen egrebi, svanebi,
qarTebi, lekoselebi, kavkasosebi. kavkasosebs (kavkonebs
_ berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad) Soris gamorCeuli ad-
gili dvalebs ekavaT.
Zv. w. aR. mesame aTaswleulidan moyolebuli, dvalebi
kavkasionis CrdiloeTis mniSvnelovan centralur nawils
flobdnen.

13
aleqsandre axatneli kosta xeTagurovi

Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneTa movlenebis dros maT didi mar-

cxi ganicades da iZulebulni gaxdnen, mTis xeobebisaTvis
SeefarebinaT Tavi. mxedvelobaSia kimerielebis, skviTebis
da bolos sarmatebis Semosevebi kavkasionis Crdilo-
eTSi. gansakuTrebiT sabediswero iyo Zv. w. aR. VI-V s. s.
sarmatebis mZlavroba. sxva momxdurTagan gansxvavebiT,
sarmatebi momTabareni ar iyvnen. isini mkvidrdebodnen
dapyrobil mxareSi. istoriuli wyaroebis cnobiT, kavka-
sionis CrdiloeTis farTe dablobis midamoebSi fiqsird-
eboda mTis iberebis sazRvari sarmatebTan.
damatebiTi cnoba: sarmatebi miiCnevian Tanamedrove
osebis uSualo winaprebad.
mravali versia arsebobs osebis warmomavlobis Ses-
axeb. gansakuTrebiT `mravalferovani~ gaxda osebis wina-
prebis Semadgenloba boloxanebSi. yvelaze sarwmuno mainc
maTi midielebisagan warmomavloba unda iyos midielebi
_ sarmatebi (amis Sesaxeb avtoris `dvalebi~).
sarmatebi tomTa ori didi gaerTianebisagan Sedge-
bodnen _aorsebisa da sirakebisagan. aorsebis gaerTianeba
emezobleboda dvalebs (mTis iberebs) mTagrexilis Crdil-
oeT gaSlil velebSi.
istoriuli cnobis Tanaxmad, iranulenovani midi-
elebi, CrdiloeTSi sarmatebad wodebulebi, mZlavrobis
periodSi mravlad ierTeben iberiul masebs da praqtiku-
lad Sereulmosaxleobas qmnian. qarT-iberebisaTvis isini
Tavidanve ovsebis, Semdeg osebis saxeliT arian cnobilni.
Zv. w. a. IV saukuneSi urartus mefeTa dinastiis warmo-
madgeneli azon iaredosis Ze ipyrobs qarTls da mZlavr
iberiis samefos qmnis. man SeZlo kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT
ganfenili dvalebis da durZukebis (momavali CeCen-in-
guSebis) gaerTianeba qarT-egrisis mxareebTan. manve dax-
arka ovsebis (osebis) mxare. mis Semdeg iberiis mefe xdeba
farnavaz mcxeTeli. amieridan, saukuneebis manZilze mTis
iberebi ukve qarT-iberiis SemadgenlobaSi moiazrebian.

14
kosta xeTagurovi aleqsandre axatneli

kidev erTi mcire cnoba: farnavaz mefis Semdeg gamefda

misi Ze _ saurmagi. mis dros ganxorcielda dvaleTSi dur-
ZukTa didi odenobis Casaxleba. am Serevis Sedegad sabooo
saxe miiRo dvalurma metyvelebam. igi arc qarTuli iyo,
arc durZukuli. miT ufro, mas saerTo araferi hqonda
osurTan.
Tavad oseTis samTavro-samefos mWidro politikur-
ekonomikuri urTierToba Camouyalibda mZlavr iberiis
samefosTan. viTarebaSi, roca TviT romis imperia mego-
brobda iberiasTan, oseTi mis bunebriv mokavSired gamo-
dioda. gansakuTrebiT mWidro iyo samefo-aristokrati-
uli kavSirebi. iyo samxedro Sejaxebis oriode SemTxvevac,
magram mokavSirul-megobrul-mezobluri urTierTobani
Seuryeveli rCeboda.
Sesabamisad, dvalebi daculebi iyvnen osuri agresiis-
gan. aman ganapiroba im xeobaTa iberiuli (da ara qarTuli)
saxelwodebebis simtkice, romelnic dRes osuradaa da os-
eTadaa miCneuli. Cimi, Tagauri, qurTauli, valagiri, fai-
qomi, digori, basiani. Tavad obieqturi osi mkvlevarebi
miuTiTebdnen maT ara osur bunebaze. marTlac, samxreTSi
basiani da CrdiloeTSi basiani, samxreTSi didgori da
CrdiloeTSi digori. qarTul-iberiuli `Cemia~, egrisul-
iberiuli `Cqimi~ da CrdiloeTSi Cimis xeoba, Cimis cixe
(amJamad Cmi-s eZaxian). saxelwodebani qarTulad gaigeba,
magram is iberiulia, gnebavT, Tubaluri da ara osuri.
dvaleTi did teritorias moicavda da mraval-
ricxovani mosaxleobisgan Sedgeboda. iberiis samefos,
Semdeg afxazeTad da saqarTvelod wodebuli samefos
SemadgenlobaSi igi didi avtonomiiT sargeblobda.
amitom SeZles dvalebma Tavisi enis , eTnikuri meobis
SenarCuneba, TviT osuri zewolis pirobebSic ki. rom ara
ruseTis agresia kavkasielTa winaaRmdeg, XIX saukuneSi
dvaluri metyveleba ar daikargeboda.

15
aleqsandre axatneli kosta xeTagurovi

XIII saukuneSi monRolebis gamanadgurebelma Semos-

evebma daudes saTave did cvlilebebs:
osebis didi samefo monRolebma mospes, iseve, rogorc
mravali sxva.
cnobili osi Semoqmedi vladimer abaevi ase aRwers
im drois movlenebs: «В силу исторических причин, главным
образом, вследствие татаро-монгольского нашествия в XIII веке,
а также захвата равнинных земель Северного Кавказа более
сильной феодальной Кабардой, предки осетин (аланы) были
оттеснены к горам, где и заперлись в Алагирском, Дигорском,
Тагаурском и Куртатинском ущелиях» (В. Абаев. Коста Хетагуров
и его время, Тб., 1961, ст. 9).
osebis Sesaxleba dvaleTis CrdiloeTi nawilis xeo-
bebSi, realurad afxaz-qarTvelTa samefos sazRvrebSi
iZulebiTi da droebiTi movlena iyo. mefe giorgi brwy-
invalis dros osebi kvlav daubrundnen istoriul sam-
Soblos.
monRolebis ayrisa da samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg
maTi adgili TaTruli warmoSobis tomebma daikaves. ase
daarsda yirimis, astraxanis, yazanis, cimbiris saxanoebi.
oseTis saukeTeso mamulebi adiRuri yabardos tomma
daikava. rusi saxelovani istorikosi v. tatiSCevi maTac
TaTruli warmomavlobisad miiCnevda. adiRelebma aseve
daipyres egrisis (afxazeTis) CrdiloeTi nawili (adiRuri
warmomavlobis tomebs Cerqezebs uwodeben).
Temur lengis mravalma Semosevam kavkasieli eTnosebi
gaanadgura, gadaajiSa da urTierTdapirispirebis gzaze
daayena. maT Soris osebma daipyres (ukve daipyres) Crdil-
oeT dvaleTi da maTi sruli asimilacia an gandevna SeZles.
maSindelma qarTlis samefom sxva veraferi moaxerxa,
garda kasris karis Caketvisa, raTa SeekavebinaT osebis
Tavisufali SeRweva samxreT dvaleTSi, maT Soris naras
qvabulis dvalur soflebSi.

18
kosta xeTagurovi aleqsandre axatneli

am istoriul cvlilebebs vaxuSti batoniSvili ase

aRwers: `xolo Semdgomad mooxrebisa ovseTisa da Semos-
vlisa maTisa kavkasias Sina, iwodnen: ovseTi Cerqezad anu
yabardad da kavkasiasa Sina myofni, maT SemosulTagan
ovseTad~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, Tb. 1973, gv.634.).
dvaleTi gayofil iqna ori eTnosis _ osebisa da qa-
rTvelebis mier. CrdiloeTi da saukeTeso nawili, farTe,
vakeSi gardamavali xeobebi Cimisa, Tagaurisa, qurTauli-
sa, valagirisa, digorisa osebis xelSi moxvda da iq dval-
uri metyveleba gaqra. basianis mxareSi ki alan-yivCaRebis
Casaxlebis Semdeg yaraCaeli eTnosi Camoyalibda. dvalebi
kasris xevs, zramagas, JReles, naras, zrogos da zaxas
xeobebs mieZalnen an gaifantnen qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa
da imereTis samefos CrdiloeT raionebSi.
XVIII saukunis bolomde dvalebi sakuTar enas da meobas
inarCunebdnen, Tumca osuri metyveleba gzas iolad ikafa-
vda. am process gansakuTrebiT Seuwyo xeli qarTl-kaxeTis
mefeTa mier aragvisa da qsnis saerisTaoebis gauqmebam.
saukunis meore naxevarSi saerisTaoebis, mefe erekle II
mier SvilebisTvis sagamgeblod gadacemam, sabolood
moSala dvaleTSi arsebuli urTierTobani.
1774 wels ruseTis imperiam oseTTan erTad dvaleTis
CrdiloeTis xeobebi daisakuTra. alagiris, qurTaTis,
Tagauris xeobebi da mosaxleoba imperiis farglebSi
moeqca.
1801 wels ruseTma daiwyo qarTl-kaxeTis da Semdeg
imereTis samefoebis dapyroba. rusuli xelisuflebis
damyarebas didi da yovelmxrivi cvlilebebi mohyva. maT
Soris eTnikur-demografiuli mimarTulebiT. gaZlierda
istoriuli samSoblodan gamodevnisa da saqarTveloSi
gadmosaxlebis procesi. osebis raodenoba 29,5 aTasidan
(vinc Tavs osad miiCnevda, maT Soris dvali, qarTveli da
sxva) 165 aTasamde gaizarda.

19
aleqsandre axatneli kosta xeTagurovi

rig os moazrovneebs es cvlileba progresul mov-

lenad aqvs aRqmuli. mxolod mcire amonaridi. s. gabaraevi
ruseTTan mierTebis `progresulobas~ xedavs imaSi, rom «...
осетины получили возможность переселится из горных трущоб
на равнину и пользоваться плодородными землями». v. abaevi
miuTiTebs: «... чрезмерная перенаселённость Осетин несколько
разрядилась с уходом части жителей на южную сторону Главного
Кавказского хребта, где на территории Грузии образовалась
Южная Осетия».
gadmosaxlebis procesSi osebma mTliani dvaleTi dai-
kaves da gaaoses. dRes dvaluri ena dakargulia, dvalebi
gafantulni an gaosebulni arian.
naras qvabuli da sofeli nara Tavidanve moeqca ru-
suli politikis TvalsawierSi. e. w. oseTis samxedro
gza, kasris xevis anu valagiris wylis xeobas miuyveboda,
sofel naras aqcevda Tavis orbitaSi da roqis gadmo-
savaliT didi liaxvis xeobaSi Camodioda (cnobili mec-
nieri d. gvritiSvili aRwers ramdenime gzas, romliTac
osebs SeeZloT dvaleTis gavliT qarTlSi Semosvla. d.
gvritiSvili, `dvalTa vinaobasa da osTa Camosaxlebis
sakiTxisaTvis~.).
cxadia, kavkasiis samxreTsa da CrdiloeTs Soris
samxedro da ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis gzis daarseba
xelSeuxebels naras mcxovreblebsac ver datovebda.

20
 xeTaguri _ xeTagurovi
dvaleTis teritoriaze mosaxleoba Temebad cxov-
robda calkeul xeobebSi mimofantuli. calke sofels,
rogorc wesi, erTi gvaris an sisxliT axloblebi qmnidnen.
saWiro araa rame specialuri kvleva-analizis warmoe-
ba. sulmnaTi kosta sruliad gasagebad da misaRebad aRw-
ers dvalebis, ufro zustad, gaosebuli dvalebis ojaxur
da sazogadoebriv saqmianobas. mxolod erTia: kosta maT
osebs uwodebs. SeiZleba, ase swamda, SeiZleba, sametyvelo
realobidan gamomdinare, arc fiqrobda erovnulobis
problemebze. mTavaria, Tavs osurenovnad miiCnevda da
irgvliv myofebsac aseTebad Tvlida.
kosta xeTagurovis osurenovnebis eWvqveS dayenebis
gareSe, saWiroa erTi, istoriisaTvis daudgeneli sakiTx-
is dasma. rac mTavaria, am sakiTxs Tavad exeba, rodesac
Tavis warmomavlobas aRwers.
kostas TqmiT, misi gvari warmoebulia Tavadis Svil
xeTagidan. xeTagi iyo Tavad inalis umcrosi vaJi.
Tavadi inali mdinare yubanis iqiT mxares, mdinare
didi zelenCukis midamoebSi saxlobda. vin iyo Tavadi
inali?
istoriisaTvis cnobilia erTad erTi Tavadi inali.
igi adiRebis winamZRols warmoadgenda, rodesac yir-
imeli TaTrebis Camomaval abazas tomis Tavadebs _ aSes
da SaSes daexmara, ajanyebuli ozdemiris winaaRmdeg

21
kosta xeTagurovi aleqsandre axatneli

brZolaSi.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, inalim, adiRTa jaris meTaurma,
ozdemirs sdia afxazeTamde. adiRebis gmiri winamZRoli
inali mdinare bzifis midamoebSi gardaicvala da iqve
dakrZales.
aseve, istoriuli faqtia, rom, roca afxazeTis mTa-
var SarvaSiZeTa sagvareulom moindoma da samTavro sam
nawilad gayo, murzayan SarvaSiZes miekuTvna samegrelo-
sagan warTmeuli mamulebi. murzayanma axal samflobe-
loSi Tavad-aznaurebi waiyvana da Caasaxla. maT Soris
iyo Tavadi inaliSvili. SarvaSiZeTa saxlobis gayofa XVII
saukunis meore naxevarSi moxda.
am Tavad inaliSvilebis Camomavalia afxazeTis gamor-
Ceuli mkvlevari Salva inal-ifa (batonma Salvam, sabWoTa
politikiT Sewuxebulma, damala Tavisi Tavaduri warmo-
mavloba da inaliSvili inal-ifad gadaakeTa).
arc ise cnobili da gavrcelebuli gvar-saxelia
inali da inaliSvili, rom dainteresebulma mkvlevarma
misi raoba ver gamoikvlios. klio xom istoriis muzaa,
berZnul-pelazgiuri miTologiis Tanaxmad.
adiRelebis gmiri Tavadi inali mdinare yubanis mxare-
dan laSqrobda afxazeTSi. misi Camomavali unda yofiliyo
batoni Salva inal-ifa? SeiZleba piriqiT, inaliSvilebis
Camomavali yofiliyo adiRebis Tavadi? _ gasarkvevia.
kosta xeTagurovis winapari xeTagi mdinare yubanis
iqiTa mxareSi cxovrobda, rogorc Tavad inalis umcrosi
Ze.
SeiZleboda, Tavadi inali yofiliyo eTnosis aRiare-
buli legendaruli gmiri?
sulmnaT galaktions aqvs SesaniSnavi fraza: `dro,
dro aRniSne~.
vcadoT, dro davadginoT.
adiRuri gadmocema dros ar aRniSnavs. fiqroben, rom

23
aleqsandre axatneli kosta xeTagurovi

meTxuTmete saukune unda iyos. es TariRi mcdaria, radgan

im dros adiRebi jer kidev mdinare donis azovis zRvis Ses-
arTavSi momTabareobdnen. Turqebma da yirimelma TaTrebma
XVII saukunis bolos waglijes adiRebs is mxare da aiZules
md. yubanis CrdiloeTiT Casaxlebuliyvnen. cnobilia, rom
1526 wels adiRebi afxazebTan erTad, dadianis sardlobiT,
ebrZvian da amarcxeben yirimel TaTrebs (im dros afxazeTi
da samegrelo erT _ odiSis samTavros Seadgenda).
savaraudod, XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi unda gamoCe-
niliyvnen adiRebi afxazeTis maxloblad. inalis ki ufro
gvian XVII saukuneSi unda elaSqra ozdemiris winaaRmdeg.
sainteresoa adiRebis saxelovani gmiri inali SeiZle-
ba yofiliyo xeTagis mama Tu ara?
kosta xeTagurovi Tavis genealogias ase aRwers: mdin-
are yubanis CrdiloeTiT momTabare Tavad inals sami vaJi
hyavda. umcrosma _ xeTagma miiRo qristianoba da relig-
iur niadagze, SurisZiebis SiSiT, oseTisaken gaiqca. osebi,
rogorc wesi didi xnis qristianebi iyvnen. varaudiT, es
XVII saukunis bolos moxdeboda.
qurTaulis xeobis gziT, xeTagi naras xeobas aRwevs
da sofel naraSi efuZneba misi STamomavloba gvaris dam-
aarseblis saxelis mixedviT xeTag-urebi xdebian.
xeTagurebis mecxre Taobis warmomadgenelma levan
elizbaris Zem rusul samxedo samsaxurSi miiRo xeTaguro-
vis gvari. ufro zustad, rusuli wesis mixedviT, gvaris
daboloeba `ov~-ze daiwera.
kosta xeTagurovi aRwers ra dvalebis cxovrebis Ta-
viseburebebs, ambobs, rom iq ojaxis Seqmna adreul asakSi
xdeboda. TaobaTa Soris asakobrivi sxvaoba daaxloebiT
20 weli iyo. mis dabadebamde _ 1859 wlis 15 oqtombramde,
cxra Taobas ecxovra xeTagidan moyolebuli. gamodis, rom
daaxloebiT 180 wlis win moxdeboda xeTagis gadmoxvewa
yubanispireTidan. es XVII saukunis meore naxevaria. SeiZle-

24
aleqsandre axatneli kosta xeTagurovi

ba daSveba, Tu ara, rom xeTagis mama inali da adiRTa gmiri

beladi, Tavadi inali erTi da igive pirovneba yofiliyo?
istoriulad isic cnobilia, rom naraSi mcxovrebi
xeTagur-xeTagurovebi amtkicebdnen Tavisi Tavadur Camo-
mavlobas. isini Tavs dvalebad miiCnevdnen da qarTlis
mefes emorCilebodnen.
sakiTxi gansjisTvis Riaa.
kosta xeTagurovis monaTxrobi xeTaguri _ xeTagu-
rovebis Sesaxeb Tu istoriul simarTles Seicavs, gamodis,
rom igi warmoSobiT adiRe an qarTveli yofila. amave
dros, misi winaprebis saxelebis umetesoba qristianu-
lia. xeTagis Ze iyo giorgi, giorgis hyavda Ze mami (etyoba
saxeli mamia ase Seikveca naras xeobaSi). mamis Ze iyo goci
(goCa?), Semdeg modioda zida Tu sida, mas Semdeg amrani
(albaT, amirani). mas mosdevda assa da Semdeg elizbari.
elizbaris Ze iyo levani, kostas (konstantines) mama.
levan elizbaris Zem adre daiwyo samsaxuri rusul
jarSi, rusuladve gadakeTda misi gvari.
ramdenad dadasturebulia kostas monaTxrobis isto-
riulad winaprebis Sesaxeb, Zneli saTqmelia. roca ar arse-
bobs werilobiTi sabuTebi da yovelive zepirmetyvelebas
efuZneba, cdomilebis albaToba matulobs. arc is unda
iqnes mxedvelobidan gaSvebuli, rom warsulis gandideba,
winaprebis raRaca Tu viRaca gamorCeulTan dakavSireba,
sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlena iyo. warsuls rom Tavi da-
vaneboT, dResac xSiria, roca winaprebiT amayoben da maT
vinme didebuls ukavSireben. glexi _ aznaurs, aznauri _
Tavads, Tavadi _ mefes, mefe ki _ RmerTs an RvTiur arsebas.
iyo dro rodesac aseTi gandidebac ar akmayofilebdaT da
RmerTad sakuTar personas acxadebdnen.
naTqvami sicxadis dadgenas emsaxureba da ara kostas
monaTxrobSi eWvis Setanas. winaprebis Tavad inalTan daka-
vSireba kosta xeTagurovs verafers matebs da verc aklebs.

26
 kosta xeTagurovi
konstantine levanis Ze xeTagurovi iyo levan eliz-
baris Ze xeTagurovis sayvareli pirmSo.
levani adre Caeba samxedro samsaxurSi. rusul jarSi
praporSCikis CiniT msaxurobda. mZime Wrilobis miRebis
Semdeg gadaiyvanes Tergis policiis meore asmeTauris
moadgiled, sadac darCa cxovrebis bolomde _ 1892
wlamde.
levanis meuRle kostas dabadebidan male gardaicvala
da Svils jer axloblebis, Semdeg ki, 1865 wlidan, meore
meuRlis daxmarebiT zrdida.
mcirewlovanma kostam naraSi gamoscada soflis
cxovrebis simZime. vinc aseTi simZimis simware icis, mix-
vdeba, ras niSnavs naxevrad SiSveli da xSirad mSieri
mozardisTvis saqonlis mwyemsva.
11 wlis iyo kosta, rodesac mamam vladikavkazSi
waiyvana da samTo skolaSi miabara swavla-ganaTlebis
misaRebad.
levani kargi mama da didsulovani pirovneba yofila.
gaWirvebul glexebTan erTad moaxerxa da yubanis olqSi
axali dasaxleba, sofeli giorgievsko-osetinskoe daafuZ-
na, iq gadasaxlda da Svilic Tan waiyvana. dafrTianebuli
kosta 1873 wels stavropolis gimnazioaSi iwyebs swavlas
da 1881 wels amTavrebs.
gimnaziaSi swavlis dros gaiRviZa masSi Semoqmedeb-

27
kosta xeTagurovi, zekaras uReltexili
kosta xeTagurovi aleqsandre axatneli

iTma niWma: igi literaturuli da ferweruli xaziT

interesdeba.
ramdenadac osuri damwerloba da literatura
ar arsebobda (ufro swored, iRviZebda), igi, ZiriTa-
dad, rusuli mwerlobis gacnobiT kmayofildeboda.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom piradi cxovrebis simZimeebi,
garemo da rusuli demokratiuli xasiaTis litera-
tura ayalibebdnen mis msoflmxedvelobas. mkvlevarebi
amitom miuTiTeben misi Semoqmedebis revoluciur-
demokratiul xasiaTze.
Tqma, rom kosta pirveli Semoqmedia, romelic osur
literaturas qmnis, mTlad marTebuli araa. jer erTi,
cnobilia, rom XVIII saukunis bolos CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
moRvawe episkoposma gaioz baraTaSvilma, slavuri damw-
erlobis gamoyenebiT Seadgina pirveli osuri anbani. rac
mTavaria, ivane ialRujis Zem qarTul enaze dawera poema
`alRujiani~. iyo XIX saukunis dasawyisi. marTalia, poema
qarTuladaa dawerili, magram avtori Tavs osad miiCnevda
da misi Semoqmedebac osur literaturas miewereba.
am viTarebasTan kavSirSi specialistebs Soris iyo
azriT sxvadasxvaoba. Tu ivane ialRujis Ze ar CaiTvleba
osuri literaturis fuZemdeblad, ratom CavTvaloT
aseTad kosta xeTagurovi, romelic, ZiriTadad, rusulad
werda?.. aris logika?
gimnaziaSi swavlis dros, rogorc amboben, direq-
torma i. m. neverovma moaxdina sasikeTo gavlena.
saerTodac, kostas Semoqmedebis wyarod rusul pro-
gresul literaturas miiCnevdnen osur, Cerqezul, CeCnur
da qarTul zepirSemoqmedebasTan erTad. samwuxaroa, rom
arafers amboben dvalur zepirsityvierebaze.
dvaluri osuradaa miCneuli.
kosta xeTagurovi osur literaturasTan erTad,
osuri ferweruli xelovnebis fuZemdebladac iTvleba.

29
aleqsandre axatneli kosta xeTagurovi

am xaziT swavlobda igi gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg.

gimnaziaSi miipyro man pedagogis yuradReba da misi reko-
mendaciiT Cairicxa peterburgis akademiaSi.
1882 wels kosta peterburgSi dauaxlovda sofia vla-
sis asul Tarxanovas ojaxs. gadmocemiT cnobilia, ro am
ojaxSi Tavs iyridnen kavkasieli axalgazrdebi, maT Soris
Zmebi javaxiSvilebi (javaxovebi), andronikaSvili (an-
dronikovi) da sxva. ojaxs stumrobda cnobili geografi
mikluxo-maklai. maTTan urTierToba sasikeTo gavlenas
axdenda axalgazrda Semoqmedis msoflmxedvelobaze.
isic cnobilia, rom 1885 wels, kavkasiaSi, kerZod
vladikavkazSi dabrunebis Semdeg, kosta ferweriT iyo
dakavebuli. misi pirveli cnobili (rogorc mxatvris)
namuSevari mieZRvna qarTvelTa qristianulad ganmana-
Tlebel wminda ninos. SemTxveviTia?
saerTodac, kosta mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli qarT-
velobasTan. Tavis mxriv, qarTveli sazogado moRvaweni
ara mxolod piradi megobrobis gamo, cdilobdnen xeli
SeewyoT osuri kulturis ganviTarebisTvis. daniel
WonqaZe, mixeil yifiani, iakob gogebaSvili da a. S. mudam
mxarSi edgnen kostas da, saerTod, os moRvaweebs. rusuli
politika orive eTnoss amyofebda marwuxebSi da Cagrule-
bic cdilobdnen maT bedSi myofTa gamxnevebas.
kosta xeTagurovis roli osuri kulturis ganviTare-
baSi ara erTxel yofila farTo gansjis sagani. am mxriv,
osuri enis ucodinari mxolod sxvaTa azrebs gaimeorebs.
amitom misi Semoqmedebis RirebulebiTi Sefaseba spe-
cialistebis sferoa.
aq mxolod erTi patara amonaridi, Tanac naTargmni,
sakmarisia, raTa wamkiTxveli Caxvdes sidiades: Semoqmedi
ase mimarTavs xelisufalT:
`erT Tqvengans Seesmas samSoblos Civili,
guls sevda xalxisa erTs mainc Caswvdes;

30
kosta xeTagurovi, mWmunvare angelozi
aleqsandre axatneli kosta xeTagurovi

wamier aTrToldes saxalxo tkiviliT

da cremlis wveTebi TvalTagan dascdes~.
saukuneze meti xnis win poetis es naTqvami riT araa
Tanamedroveobis gamoZaxili? Tanamedrove xelisufalTa
Sefaseba?
kosta xeTagurovma, rogorc fizikuradmSromelma da
ideurma Semoqmedma, asaxa saerTo adamianuri gancdebi.
albaT, amitomaa misi nafiqr-naweri mSromelebis sidux-
Wiris gamomxatveli.
iTqva, rom interesis sagani kosta xeTagurovis
pirovneba iyo, xolo Semoqmedebis Sefaseba literatorTa
sferos ganekuTvneba. isic aRiniSna, rom osurenovnebaSi
eWvis Setanis gareSe iqneboda masze, rogorc pirovnebaze
saubari.
amis aucilebloba ki, XX saukunis bolos, rusi impe-
rialistebis mier gabriyvebuli, ugunuri osi calkeuli
nacionalistis mcdelobam gamoiwvia: kosta xeTagurovis
nacvlad, kosta xeTagaTi daemkvidrebinaT.
ras aZlevs aseTi modernizacia os nacionalistebs?
da vin arian es osi `patriotebi~?
modernizaciis mimdevrebi, rogorc wesi, gaosebuli
dvalebi arian. isini miiCneven, rom raki imperiis xelSewy-
obiT moaxerxes dvaluri enis Secvla osuriT, yvelani
osebi gaxdnen. bolSevikebis beladi v. lenini ambobda:
garusebuli ucxotomeli rusze meti rusi Sovinistiao.
gaosebuli dvalia osze meti osi nacional-patrioti.
osur nacionalizmSi alan CoCievs, warmomavlobiT
qarTvels, veravin gautoldeba. ramdenia misi mimbaZveli?
ramdenic am gziT cdilobs adgilis damkvidrebas mzis
qveSeTSi. maTi azriT, Tu xeTagurovis nacvlad damkvi-
drdeba xeTagaTi, amiT kostas osoba ufro dasabuTebuli
da saxelovani gaxdeba. sacodavebi!
gangeb gverdi aqvs avlili kosta xeTagurovis mezo-

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kosta xeTagurovi aleqsandre axatneli

bel-naTesavTa saxelebs: Tedo, saba, zurabi (jixvebze

nadiroba). ra ZirZveli osuria? egeb kostas uaxloesi
naTesavi anduyafaria _ osobaze mimaniSnebeli?
xom ar jobia, Tavad kosta xeTagurovs davujeroT
da vaRiaroT, rom Tu Tavs osad Tvlida, sinamdvileSi
nacionalur-patriotizmze maRla idga, roca ambobda:
`qveyana taZrad, siyvaruli ki salocavad
maqvs da msoflio _ samSobloa, samSoblo Cemi~.

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 sarCevi

kosta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
nara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
dvaleTi da dvalebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
xeTaguri _ xeTagurovi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
kosta xeTagurovi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

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