Biotech 2

7/18/2020
Dr. Richa Kothari

Associate Professor
Department of Environmental Sciences,
Central University of Jammu, India
Email: richa.evs@cujammu.ac.in
 Biomass: basics, Conversion routes, Types of biofuel

 Sustainability and Bioenergy: Long-term option
 Bioenergy options and benefits
 Technology options: Integrated options
 Biogas: Process mechanism, Susbtrates, Parameters,
Biogas reactors
 Bio-hydrogen:Processmechanism, Susbtrates, Parameters
 Algal-fuel:Processmechanism, Susbtrates, Parameters
 Composting
 Opportunities & Skill Development……….
Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

University of Jammu, J&K 7/18/2020 2
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Definition and Sources:

 Organic matter, matter from any living
organism
• Animal/human waste
• Food crops
• Grassy and woody plants
• Residues from agriculture or forestry
• Organic component of municipal and
industrial wastes

Asa renewable fuel

No net carbon emissions
◦ Carbon dioxide released when biomass is used as
fuel is balanced by the carbon dioxide captured
when the biomass is grown

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 Organic material which

has stored sunlight in the
form of chemical energy.
◦ Photosynthesis: CO2 +
sunlight + water  sugar
 Important energy source
◦ The most important fuel
worldwide after coal, oil and
natural gas.
 Biomass can be converted
into fuels, biofuels:
◦ solid, liquid, or gas
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 Biomass: renewable organic matter

 Biofuels: solid, liquid or gaseous fuels
produced from biomasses
 Bioenergy: any usable energy obtained from
biofuels

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Fuel Energy
Production Conversion
Biomass Biofuel Bioenergy

 Woody biomasses :
 Fuel wood,
 Woody residues: Whole trees and stemwood, Bark and
stumps, Pile of bark chips
 Other woody biomasses :

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 Potentially huge source of biomass

 Waste from agriculture includes:
◦ portions of crop plants discarded
(eg. straw)
◦ damaged or surplus supplies
 Most important agricultural
residues:
◦ straw
◦ sugar residues from sugar cane, i.e.
bagasse
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 Animal manure used as an energy source

questionable:
◦ Greater potential value for non-energy purposes
(e.g. as a fertiliser);
◦ Poor fuel
◦ Environmental and health hazards
 Biogas from manure
◦ Better and environmental
friendly fuel

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 Short rotation intensive-

culture (SRCIC) plantations
of trees
◦ willow, poplar, eucalyptus
 Plantations of herbaceous
plants Bamboo
◦ sorghum, sugarcane, switch
grass, bamboo
 Aquatic crops
◦ macro algae, water
hyacinth, seaweeds
Poplar
 Heating values: like other
wood, lower for herbaceous
crops
Eucalyptus tree
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 sewage sludge
 other municipal biowaste
 woody waste from gardens and park
 de-inking sludge
 papermaking sludge
 meat and bone meat
 chicken litter
 leather waste, etc.

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 Generated by gasification, fermentation, and

pyrolysis technologies.
 Ethanol
 Methanol
 Vegetable oils
 Biodiesel
 Pyrolysis bio-oil

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 Sugars are fermented into ethanol:

◦ C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2
 Ethanol can be used as
◦ a fuel as it is
◦ reacted with isobutylene to form ethyl tertiary butyl
ether (ETBE) for blending with gasoline.
 Environmental benefits
◦ CO2 is saved


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 Produced by gasification
◦ Synthesis gas (mainly H2 and CO) at high
temperatures (>1000K):
CO + 2H2  CH3OH +heat
◦ Excess hydrogen (with catalyst):
3H2 + CO2  CH3OH + H2O
 Methanol is used as
◦ a fuel as such
◦ reacted with isobutylene  methyl tertiary butyl
ether (MTBE) for blending with gasoline.

 Produced from plants using extraction

technologies.
 Extraction process
◦ the oil bearing part of the plant is separated and
squeezed using a screw press to release the oil
 Processing steps can be performed at almost
any scale.

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 Diesel fuel based on

vegetable oil, algal
oil
 Chemical process:
transesterification
 Glycerin is separated
with alcohol from the
vegetable oil
 Can be blended with
petroleum diesel
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 From residue chips and sawdust, d<6mm

 Fast pyrolysis
◦ organic materials are rapidly heated to 450 - 600
oC in absence of air  organic vapours 
condensed to bio-oil.
 Chemically complex
 Heating value 14-18 MJ/kg

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 Solid biomass  gaseous fuels (biological

and thermal gasification technologies)
 Contents depend on the source and method
of production

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 Biogas can be produced by

◦ Thermal gasification
◦ Anaerobic digestion
◦ Extraction of landfill gas

 Plants capture energy from the sun through photosynthesis

◦ Carbon dioxide (CO2) + sunlight + water  sugar
 The energy is stored in plants as cell mass
 The stored energy in plants (biomass) can be used to produce
◦ Fuels
◦ Heat
◦ Power (electricity)

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The bioenergy cycle

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 Biofuels are friendlier to the nature than fossil

fuels.
 The fossil fuel reserves will decline 
biofuels’ importance rises
 Diversifying energy sources
 Employment
 Energy supply for developing countries

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 Expensive
 Transportation
 Low heating values
 Decaying
 Quality variations
 Some negative environmental impacts


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Thinking to the long term
Quantity
Quantity
Quality
Biodiversity Quality
Biodiversity

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The sustainability concerns associated with bioenergy

include:
• direct greenhouse gas emissions (direct emissions) and

indirect emissions emanating from land use changes
• net energy balances
• water consumption • food security
• biodiversity
• impact of agrochemicals on human health and
ecosystems • long-term soil quality and conservation
• social impacts (employment patterns, traditional
livelihoods and population displacement)
• fiscal impacts and distribution of benefits
• deforestation of natural areas

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 Bio-oil, bio-diesel, bio-ethanol and bio-methanol from biomass,

is claimed to offer several advantages on a broad national and
international scale:
 Environmental benefits (reduced greenhouse emissions, reduced

vehicle exhaust emissions, improved urban air quality, salinity
abatement, improved soil stability and fertility and weed control)
 Economic benefits (related to the opportunities to provide viable
economic alternatives to existing agricultural/forestry industries)
 Regional benefits (the majority of biomass resources are located
in rural and regional areas and their development could be
expected to provide a major economic, employment and social
stimulus to these areas).
Therefore, biofuels have been attracting attention from both

government and industry. Several research and development
(R&D) and demonstration projects have been conducted recently
at national platforms

Technology Options

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Integrated Approaches with Bioenergy

options
•Treatment of Waste
• Energy production
• Valuable Products
- Protein -Biogas Production

- Antioxidants -Algal Biodiesel
-Glycerine Production
-Biofertilizers - Biohydrogen Production
--Compost

Biogas : 2 F’s approach
F:Fuel F:Fertilizer

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Process Route for Biogas Production

Biogas potential from different industrial

wastewaters
Energy recovery
potential from
different waste
water in (MWeq)

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Substrates Advantages and Disadvantages
Brewery and Winery Advantages:

Sugar processing •The technology is cheaper and much simpler.
Starch (barley, corn, potato, wheat, •Any biodegradable matter can be used as
tapioca) substrate
Waste from textile industry • Dilute waste materials (2-10% solids) can be
Food processing used as substrate.
Bakery plant • Organic pollutants are removed.
Pulp and paper • Anaerobic digestion inactivates pathogens and
Dairy parasites, and is quite effective in reducing the
Slaughterhouse incidence of water-borne diseases.
Petrochemical waste
Disadvantages:
•Biogas contains some gases as impurities,
which are corrosive to the metal parts of
internal combustion engines.
•Environmental conditions affects the
production rate.
 Temperature:
 Mesophilic (30-44oC) and thermophilic (45- 60oC) temperature for optimum biogas
production compare to psychrophilic (<30oC).
 Constant temperature is important for preventing negative effects on biogas production.
 pH: Optimal pH range from 6.5 to 8.5.
 Solid Concentration:
 Normally 7-9% solid concentration is best suited.
 The Volatile Solid (VS) should be 90 % of the Total Solid (TS) and we can maintain the TS
of the feedstock by addition of water.
 TS vary with the types of feedstock and digesters.
 Mixing: Mixing doesn’t always take place continuously because excessive mixing can
reduce biogas production.
 It is reported that slow mixing allow the digester to better absorb the disturbance of shock
loading than high mixing of the reactor contents.
 Excessive mixing can disrupt the granules (microbial biomass) structure; reduce the rate of
oxidation of fatty acids which can lead to digester instability .

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 C:N ratio:
 High level of nitrogen as undissociate ammonia with low C/N ratio can cause toxicity, and
low level of nitrogen with high C/N ratio can inhibit the rate of digestion.
 It was investigated that during biomethanation process microorganisms utilize carbon 25-30
times more than nitrogen .
 Fatty Acids:
 Fatty acids are a key intermediate in biomethanation process which is also capable of
inhibiting methanogensis in high concentrations.
 Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT):
 Number of days the materials stays in the digester is called the Hydraulic Retention Time
or HRT .
 In tropical countries like India, HRT varies from 30-50 days or vary according to weather
changes
 HRT is important since it establishes the quantity of time available for bacterial growth and
subsequent conversion of the organic material to gas.

Materials Total Solid content (%) Water content (%) C/N Ratio
Dry rice straw 83 17 70
Dry wheat straw 82 18 90
Green grass 24 76 37
Human excreta 20 80 8
Pig excreta 18 82 18
Cattle excrement 17 83 24
Poultry waste 47 53 10
Water hyacinth 18 82 25
Pongamia deoiled cake 92.5 7.5 8.7

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Floating dome design:
 Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and Khadi & Village Industries Commission
(KVIC) type design for family, community, institutional and industrial biogas plants.
Advantages:
 Constant gas pressure and higher gas production.
 No problem of gas leakage.
 Scum problem is less.
 No danger of mixing between biogas and external air.
Disadvantages:
 Higher initial and maintenance cost.
 The outlet pipe should be flexible, requires rwgular attention.
 Heat is lost through gas holder.

Fixed dome design:

 Janata and Deenbandhu designs for family size
biogas plants.
Advantages:
 No moving parts, therefore no maintenance

problem.
 Low operating and maintenance cost & longer
working life.
 No corrosion problem.
 Amount of gas produced is higher than floating.
 Due to underground construction heat insulation is
better and therefore rate of gas production is
uniform during night and day.
 Space above plant can be used for other purposes.
Disadvantages:
 Required skilled masons for construction.

 Variable gas pressure.
 Problem of scum formation.
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 Khadi Village Industries Commission (KVIC)
 This mainly consists of a digester or pit for fermentation and a floating drum for the
collection of gas.
 Digester is 3.5-6.5 m in depth and 1.2 to 1.6 m in diameter.
 The gas generation takes place slowly and in two stages. In the first stage, the complex,
organic substances contained in the waste are acted upon by a certain kind of bacteria,
called acid formers and broken up into small-chain simple acids. In the second stage, these
acids are acted upon by another kind of bacteria, called methane formers and produce
methane and carbon dioxide.
 Gas holder is a drum constructed of mild steel sheets


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University of Jammu, J&K 47
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12,000 m3 Biogas per day

Biomethanation Project from Starch
Industry Liquid Waste in Salem,
Tamilnadu
8.25 MW biogas based Power Project in a

Distillery at Banur, Dist. Patiala, Punjab
A 30 Tonne/day capacity vegetable

market based biogas plant at Chennai
A 1 MW distillery effluent based biogas

plant at Sugar mill in West Godavari
Andhra Pradesh

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Biohydrogen : Future Energy Source for

Society

Biohydrogen: Future Energy Source for

Society
Hydrogen has been identified as a clean energy carrier and
is found to be one potential alternative to fossil fuel, can
be potentially harvested from waste water.
Utilization of wastewater as fermentable substrate and

feasibility to operate with mixed culture at ambient
temperature and pressure make this process less energy
intensive and more environmental friendly.

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Fuel Type Energy per unit mass Energy per unit

(J/kg) volume (J/m3)
Liquid hydrogen 141.90 10.10
Gaseous hydrogen 141.90 0.013
Oil 45.50 38.65
Gasoline 47.40 34.85
Methanol 22.30 18.10
Ethanol 29.90 23.60
Bio diesel 37.00 33.00
Natural gas 50.00 0.04

Biological Hydrogen Production

Processes
Metabolic Process Organism Advantages Hydrogen yield Product
(mmolH2 l-1h-1)
Direct Green algae Can produce H2 0.07 H 2, O 2

biophotolysis directly from water
Indirect Cyanobacteria Can produce H2 0.36 H 2, O 2

biophotolysis directly from water
Photofermentation Phototrophic A wide variety of 0.16 H2,CO2

bacteria spectral light energy
can be used by
bacteria
Dark fermentation Fermentative A wide variety of 65-75 H2,CO2,

bacteria carbon source can be VFA
used as substrate
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Biohydrogen production from organic wastes by Continuous

Dark Fermentation
G bala Chander, Namita Khanna, Debrata Das. Chapter 6, Biohydrogen Production From Organic Waste , Elseivier Publication , June 2013
Parameters Concentrations
25% 50% 75% 100%
Initial Final R* Initial Final R* Initial Final R* Initial Final R*
pH 5.5 4.2 23 5.5 4.2 23 5.5 4.2 23 5.5 4.2 23

Chloride 96.25 4.2 48 192.5 73.21 61 228.75 93.5 59 385 83.65 78
Nitrate 16.6 3.91 76 33.25 8.12 75 49.85 15.23 69 66.4 16.12 75
Nitrite 0.25 - 100 0.5 - 100 0.7 - 100 0.94 - 100
Ammonium 6 4.67 22 12 - 32 18 12.96 28 24 21.11 12

Phosphate 5.25 2.12 59 10.5 2.64 74 16 2.73 82 21 2.8 86
Sulphate 34.25 - - 68.5 30.26 55 102.7 38.3 62 137 77.32 43
COD 2800 280 90 5600 1689 96 8400 3000 97 11200 4200 80
Except pH all parameters are in mg/L, R*= Reduction in %
Richa Kothari, Virendra Kumar, S.K.Tyagi, Dual benefits from dairy wastewater using Dr.Richa Kothari,
E.aerogens Centralreduction and biohydrogen production: a
in pollutant
cost-effective approach, International Journal of Applied Energy , 2015 (Submitted) University of Jammu, J&K 7/18/2020 54
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Substrates Advantages and Disadvantages

Food processing industries Advantages
•Efficient technology.
•Less costly than other hydrogen production processes.
Chemical industries •All types of organic wastes can be used as feed stocks.
•No input of energy required.
•Process is feasible at atmospheric condition and at
Paper mill industries mesophilic temperature.
•Produced hydrogen can be used in fuel cell for direct
Distillery industries electricity generation.
Disadvantages
Sugar industry •The yield of H2 from any other processes is low for
commercial application.
•Lack of the appropriate bioreactor design for H2
production, interspecies H2 transfer in non sterile
conditions and separation/purification of H2
• Insufficient knowledge on the metabolism of H2
producing bacteria and the levels of H2 concentration
tolerance of these bacteria.
•A lack of understanding on the improvement of
economics of the process by integration of H2 production
with other processes
Algal biofuel: Sustainable Green Approach

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Biodiesel potential from various substrates:

comparative analysis

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Algal growth potential in wastewater for

biodiesel production
Logan Christenson, Ronald Sims ,Research review paper ProductionDr.Richa

and harvesting of microalgae for wastewater
Kothari, Central
treatment, biofuels, and bioproducts, Biotechnology Advances 29 (2011) 686–702
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Integrated approach for removal of pollutant

in wastewater by using algal strains
Algal biofuel production and mitigation potential in India H. N. Chanakya & Durga Madhab Mahapatra & R. Sarada
& R. Abith, Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change (2013) 18:113–136 Dr.Richa Kothari, Central
Dairy industry wastewater as substrate using various algal strain

Algal Strain 1 Algal Strain
2
Substrate Fresh Dry Extracted Residual Biodi

weight weight oil Biomass esel Batch (10th day)
(g) (g) (g) (g) (ml) Sample Fresh Lipid Residual Calculated bio- oil
weight content biomass yield
Influent 18.8 6.8 3.5 3.0 6.7
(g) (g) (g) (ml)
Effluent 14.1 4.9 2.0 1.58 4.9 *DWW 7.7 1.6 2.2 1.6 ml
(42%) (58%)
Medium 10 1.55 1 0.53 1.73
Batch (15th day)
*DWW 6.3 1.2 1.9 1.3ml
(40%) (60%)

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Wastewater Advantages and Disadvantages

Food processing Advantages
industries •Production of biodiesel from biomass can
provide non-polluting and environment
Distillery industries friendly source of energy
•Microalgae, third generation feedstock and
Sugar industry are suitable agent for conversion to biodiesel
as they synthesize TAGs (triglycerides).
Municipal wastewater • A great source carbon sequestration
approach.
Textile industry • Effective in mitigate concentration of CO2, if
algal biomass is used as feedstock.
Tannery industry Disadvantages
•Transesterification process is complicated as
effective catalysts are not available.
•Initial cost is high.
•Algae have higher biomass productivity than
the crop plant in terms of land area required
for biomass generation and lower cost of
growth. University of Jammu, J&K 7/18/2020 63

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 The Swachh Bharat Mission had

committed to ensuring that all organic
waste produced in Indian cities is
processed into making compost by
October 2019, but it doesn’t seem likely.
Currently, not even 5 per cent of organic
waste generated by cities is converted
into compost.
 To meet the ambitious target, the
Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers had
announced a Policy on Promotion of City
Compost to promote city compost in
February 2016. The advertisements and
punch line ‘Compost Banao, Compost
Apnao’ (Make compost, use compost)
did catch on but the lack of an
appropriate market and ineffective
implementation didn’t give this much-
needed practice the desired popularity.
 .
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/agriculture/india-s-city-compost-policy-needs-
overhauling-63248
https://twitter.com/swachhhyd/status/94878899561
3376512
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 The advertisements and punch line ‘Compost Banao, Compost Apnao’ (Make
compost, use compost) did catch on but the lack of an appropriate market and
ineffective implementation didn’t give this much-needed practice the desired
popularity.

https://thelogicalindian.com/amp/environment/how-to-do-composting-at-domestic-and-community-level-to-
minimise-waste

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Opportunities and Mutual Future

Benefits from Bioenergy

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Environmental issues
 The mean temperature of Earth has clearly

risen during the last century
◦ ~1C in 100 years
 Largest reason the enhanced greenhouse
effect

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 Climate change  Greenhouse effect

 Most of the radiation from the sun
is absorbed by the surface of Earth,
which is heated
 Part of the radiation is reflected
from the atmosphere and the
surface of the Earth
 Part of the heat from the surface is
absorbed by the atmosphere
 The gases in the atmosphere keeps
the heat from escaping into the
space
◦ Called “greenhouse gases”
 Without the greenhouse effect, the
mean temperature would be -18C
(instead of +15C)
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 When the content of greenhouse

gases increase in the
atmosphere, more heat is
trapped
 Temperature rises
 Emissions from human activity
increase greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere
◦ The content of greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere has increased
during the last 150 years
◦ The largest reason is the
combustion of fossil fuel
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[http://www.greenhouse.gov.au] 74
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 Carbon dioxide (64% of all GHGs)

◦ Emitted from combustion of solid waste, fossil
fuels and wood
 Methane (19%)
◦ Emitted from leakages of industry and landfills
 Flour-containing gases (11%)
◦ Generated in a variety of industrial processes
 Nitrous oxide (6%)
◦ Emitted from agriculture and industry

 Rain forests decrease and

deserts increase
 The vegetation zones move
to the north
 Serious effects to food
production
 Slowly adapting organisms
become extinct
 Ice covers melt  sea level
rises
 More heat waves, dryness
and tropical storms
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 Reducing the
emissions of
greenhouse gases into
the atmosphere by:
◦ Using renewable energy
sources instead of fossil
fuels
 Solar power & heat
 Wind power
◦ Capture and store
greenhouse gases from
fossil fuels
 Planting more forests
 Saving electricity
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 NOx
 SOx
 Solid ash and soot particles

 Biomass ash as fertilizer

 Substituting energy plantations arable crops
=> erosion reduction, less chemicals
 Sewage sludge and other waste treatment Etc.

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 Emissions
 Energy crops
◦ agricultural problems
 Construction
◦ environmental impacts typical of any engineering
project of similar scale
 Nutrient loss and erosion in forests

The energy strategy of country aims to chart the way forward to meet the
Government’s recent ambitious announcements in the energy domain such as
*electrification of all census villages by 2019,
*24x7 electricity & 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022,
*reduction in energy emissions intensity by 33%- 35% by 2030 and
*share of non-fossil fuel based capacity in the electricity mix is aimed at
above 40% by 2030.
However, conventional or fossil fuel resources are limited, non-renewable,

polluting and, therefore, need to be used prudently.
On the other hand, renewable energy resources are indigenous, non-polluting
and virtually inexhaustible.
India is endowed with abundant renewable energy resources. Therefore, their
use should be encouraged in every possible way. This National Policy on
Biofuels - 2018 builds on the achievements of the earlier National Policy on
Biofuels and sets the new agenda consistent with the redefined role of
emerging developments in the Renewable Sector.
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 The Policy aims to increase usage of biofuels in the energy and

transportation sectors of the country during the coming decade. The
Policy aims to utilize, develop and promote domestic feedstock and
its utilization for production of biofuels thereby increasingly
substitute fossil fuels while contributing to National Energy
Security, Climate Change mitigation, apart from creating new
employment opportunities in a sustainable way. Simultaneously, the
policy will also encourage the application of advance technologies
for generation of biofuels.
 The Goal of the Policy is to enable availability of biofuels in the
market thereby increasing its blending percentage. Currently the
ethanol blending percentage in petrol is around 2.0% and biodiesel
blending percentage in diesel is less than 0.1%.
 An indicative target of 20% blending of ethanol in petrol and 5%
blending of biodiesel in diesel is proposed by 2030. This goal is to be
achieved by Dr.Richa Kothari, Central
(A) Reinforcing ongoing ethanol/biodiesel supplies through increasing

domestic production
(B) Setting up second generation (2G) bio refineries
(C) Development of new feedstock for biofuels
(D) Development of new technologies for conversion to biofuels.
(E) Creating suitable environment for biofuels and its integration with
the main fuels.

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Government is adopting a multi-pronged approach to promote and

encourage use of biofuels by:
 Blending ethanol in petrol through Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP)

Programme using ethanol derived from multiple feedstocks
 Development of Second Generation (2G) ethanol technologies and
its commercialization
 Blending biodiesel in diesel through Biodiesel Blending Programme
exploring multiple feedstocks including straight vegetable oil in
stationery, low RPM engines
 Focus on drop-in fuels produced from MSW, industrial wastes,
biomass etc. o Focus on advanced biofuels including bio-CNG,
bio-methanol, DME, bio-hydrogen, bio-jet fuel etc.
 The major thrust of this policy is to ensure availability of

biofuels from indigenous feedstock. As a step in this direction,
a National Biomass Repository will be created by conducting
appraisal of biomass across the Country.
 While attempt will be made to rebalance the biofuel demand
and supply side, Government aims to undertake necessary
interventions as and when required with respect to domestic
production, storage and distribution of biofuels adopting a
consultative approach by involving all stakeholders.
 Strategy will include adopting appropriate financial and fiscal
measures periodically to support development and promotion
of biofuels thereby enlarging their utilization in different
sectors.
 Research, development and demonstration will be supported to
cover all aspects from feedstock production and biofuels
processing for various end-use applications. Thrust will also be
given to development of advanced biofuels and other new
feedstocks. Dr.Richa Kothari, Central
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Skill Development for Better Future

Our engagement in skill development sector was triggered by the increasing demand
of productive manpower for the jobs created as a result of our Clusters Initiative.


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What factors motivate individuals or a community to

adopt bioenergy option systems?
The following factors as being among the key benefits that motivate people to use new facilities
or adopt new practices:
1. Convenience: Garbage and wastewater problems that people face are usually not related to
health risks but a nuisance from filthy surroundings, rats, flies and bad odor. To motivate
people to address this situation, it is important to understand the factors or benefits that they
would value from a change in the situation rather than those that are important according to
health experts.
2. Understanding: Health experts tend to focus on concepts such as germs and transmission
routes, and disease prevention. However, health education that aims at understanding builds
on local knowledge and uses health-related beliefs and reasoning of the people themselves.
3. Prestige and Approval: People tend to adopt practices that are associated with approval from
people they respect or help them to gain prestige. A community may also institute rewards for
compliance or fines for noncompliance. However, convenience and understanding are found
to be linked to more sustainable adoption than approval or prestige alone.
4. Personnel Economic Benefits: Skill development activities in association with waste

management systems should be promoted like Production of compost from organic waste,
biogas production plants at community level, Organic farming systems, Aquaculture farms
assisted with treated wastewaters etc. Dr.Richa Kothari, Central
Yes, solid and liquid waste, if managed properly, can be a

resource to generate income and livelihood. However, the
cost of processing the waste to recover its value must be
kept in mind when computing the benefits. Some
examples of reuse of waste include:
• Compost from animal, farm and kitchen waste can be used

as manure or sold;
• Black wastewater/organic solid wastes can be treated to
generate biogas;
• Treated wastewater can be used for nondrinking uses such
as watering the kitchen garden, in agriculture, and so on;
• Plastics, if collected, segregated and shredded as per
norms can be used in road construction; and
• Waste paper, cloth, metal and glass can be recycled.

45
7/18/2020

Thank You
46
7/18/2020
The laboratory is dedicated towards integrated approach of

waste management and bio-energy generation.
Laboratory is highly motivated for collaborative research
and skill development in following thrust areas :
1. Algal based biorefinery concept with integrated
approach of wastewater treatment
2. Industrial waste for bioenergy production approaches
3. Optimization of parameters and reaction conditions to
enhance the product output.
4. Bio-materials from waste materials
47

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7/18/2020

Dr. Richa Kothari

 Biomass: basics, Conversion routes, Types of biofuel

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

Definition and Sources:

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

Asa renewable fuel

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

 Organic material which

 Biomass: renewable organic matter

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

Biomass Biofuel Bioenergy

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

 Potentially huge source of biomass

 Animal manure used as an energy source

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

 Short rotation intensive-

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

 Generated by gasification, fermentation, and

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

 Sugars are fermented into ethanol:

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

 Produced from plants using extraction

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

 Diesel fuel based on

 From residue chips and sawdust, d<6mm

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

 Solid biomass  gaseous fuels (biological

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

 Biogas can be produced by

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

 Plants capture energy from the sun through photosynthesis

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

The bioenergy cycle

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

 Biofuels are friendlier to the nature than fossil

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

Thinking to the long term

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

The sustainability concerns associated with bioenergy

• direct greenhouse gas emissions (direct emissions) and

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

 Bio-oil, bio-diesel, bio-ethanol and bio-methanol from biomass,

 Environmental benefits (reduced greenhouse emissions, reduced

Therefore, biofuels have been attracting attention from both

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

Integrated Approaches with Bioenergy

- Protein -Biogas Production

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

Biogas : 2 F’s approach

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central

Process Route for Biogas Production

Dr.Richa Kothari, Central