EE4511

Renewable Generation and

Smart Grid
Smart Grid and Microgrid
mm& NUS
~ National University
~ of Singapore
Learning outcomes:

1. Understand what is a Smart grid

2. Summarize the key features and potential advantages of
future smart grid
3. Understand what is a Micro grid
4. Understand the roles of smart grid and DSM towards
enhancing the sustainability of electric energy systems.
Present Day Grid Perception
 SCADA
Supervisory control and data acquisition
• Interfaces in the field (substations) to equipment and devices.
• Provides information on real and reactive power, current,
voltage, and switch and circuit breaker positions.

SCADA RTU
RTU
Architecture

0 OAS
 EMS – Energy Management System
EMS is a system of computer-aided tools used by system
operators to monitor, control, and optimize the performance of
the generation and transmission systems.
CIM Voltage
Interface Stability
Analysis
Topology
Processor
Short
Circuit
Analysis
Energy
Management
System
Contingency
Analysis

Optimal
Plower Flow Transient
Stability
State Analysis Operator
Estimator Training
Simulator
Voltage/ Security Network
VAR Constrained Sensitivity
Scheduler Dispatch
 Smart Grid
• The Grid has always been smart
• It’s getting smarter !!!

• Significant change in the way power supply system is designed

and operated
– Improved operational efficiency
– Reduced environmental impact
– More customer choice
Through application of new technology
 Growing complexity of modern grids

-
Wind Turbine

Transmission
Substation
City B
Network
Operating
Center Generation

Transmission
Company Operations
t 1 1 Distribute,
Generatio

Distribution
Distributed Substation
Generation

Distribution
Company
Operations

Battery Energy
Storage Systems

Distribution
Substation
t Smart Lighting

Smart Appliances

PHEV Lot

FJ
 Driving Forces of Change
• Rising Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2) have the potential to seriously
impact the environment and local economies.

• Power Outages wreak havoc and cost billions of dollars in lost productivity
and revenue.

• Security Threats are constant to the electric infrastructure. The physical

and cyber security risks, from terrorists and hackers continue to grow
exponentially.

• Innovative Technology holds significant promise as a “game changer.”

Innovation is pervasive across the electricity value chain (from smart
appliances to advanced energy storage technologies).

• Evolving Standards hold the key to the pace of development. Technical

interoperability will be vital to ease of use, adoption rates, cyber security and
avoiding stranded costs.
So…
What is a Smart Grid?
 The smart grid concept
There are many views of what is a Smart Grid

In reality, a smart grid is not a single concept but rather a

combination of technologies and methods intended to modernize
the existing grid in order to improve flexibility, availability,
energy efficiency, and costs.
What does the concept of Smart Grid
look like?

Electrical Infrastructure

“Intelligence” Infrastructure

(!) (!)

O·····················O uu ~
 The Smart Grid will be Realized at the Microgrid Level and
then Aggregated
1.Power Infrastructure

Data netw. rk Users

Distribution Receivin Distribution

Control Center Substation Gas
Station Substation
Turbine Recip
Engine

Micro-
turbine

Cogeneration

Industrial Commercial
Residential
 Microgrid
A microgrid is an islandable part of a power delivery system that:
• Serves one or more consumers
• Incorporates DERs and/or is connected to the utility grid
• May range in size from a city block to a small city

What are, Micr,o,- rids? Com erc,al

lndustnal

Utility Grid
Electric eh cles

Energy Storage
 Microgrid
Future electricity infrastructure will be highly decentralized, with
many microgrids catering to clusters of end-user loads, as
opposed to one centralized generating station serving as the
supply center
• Multiple microgrids, each serving their local areas will emerge.
• They will allow for optimal utilization of renewable energy
resources and facilitate advanced energy management,
efficiency programs and demand side management solutions.

Utility Grid
Mic rogrid can be " islanded"
trom the Util ity Grid.

Community Mlcrogrid

Community Mic,rogl'll'd

Community Mlcrogrid
 Microgrid
Microgrid
Microgrids is aavoid
part ofsingle-points-of-failures
the electrical power distribution
in the network with:
electricity
• grid,
Multiple
thusDistributed Energy
increasing Resources
the (DER)
reliability and security of
• electricity
Multiple loads
supply to the end-users.
• Additionally,
The capability of islanding
they allowand operating
higher independently
penetration of from the grid
renewables
~Grid

PCC Sub~

MiaoGrid

DS+OG

A smaller electricity grid with access to all the essential assets of a larger grid
such as generators, transmission lines, substations and switchgear.
 Smartgrid will have diverse generating
sources with high percentage of renewables

Switches &
Powe,r Electronics

ring,
cation
. l(M
Ene gy Storage
~

Micwturbine

Fuel Ce 1.s
E ectric Vehicles (EV)

Distributed Generation Distributed Generation

 Demand Aspects of a Microgrid:
Consumer Participation and Demand Response
• In a microgrid, the consumer will be an integral part of the grid.
• Opportunities for demand response, real-time pricing, outage
detection, remote connect/disconnect and improved customer
information are available through:
– Smart appliances
– Intelligent circuit breakers

• Microgrid can be used to provide load – generation balance at

the local level <6000

.5000

4000

3000

2000

]000

0
l
 Demand Side Management
Demand side management (DSM), is the process of balancing
the supply of electricity on the network with the electrical load by
adjusting or controlling the load rather than the power station
output.
6L - - - - - - - - - -
s L - - - - -~;;-- --
6L - - - - - - - - --
Demand
(MW) Peak Shaving
sL- - -~ ~ .-..;----
2L - - - --,
Demand
(MW)

2
Tlme (Hours)

Time (Hours)
 Demand Side Management
Demand side management (DSM), is the process of balancing
the supply of electricity on the network with the electrical load by
adjusting or controlling the load rather than the power station
output.

Energy storage can be used for load management and reduce

demand for electricity during peak usage times
Peak Shav,· ng

Energy Storage

DayTime

Night Time
5 19
3
21
 Demand charge reduction
Reducing the cost of electricity for large industrial/commercial
customers
Peak Shaved peak ESS discharge
d m nd demand

Peak load _, .
_tf_a_n~f~r_ ___ -.,. - - -

I..
r
® ® ESS charge

Grid fees Customer who are charged according to

their peak demand can make huge
savings on their electricity bills
 Optimal Management and Control of future Microgrids
Smart Grid will be implemented in stages, from microgrids to
larger “intelligent” grids.

[Jj..

\ I
'
------------------ ,✓ Microgrid Controller
 SmartGrid = Network of Networks
Neighborhood Distribution
HAN Area Network Area Network Core Network

AMI
Network Distribution
Area Network Utility Core
Systems

Demand
Response

Home ~ -· ······...ei
area ~ -_,A·. . . . .

network Mobile
PHEV Station Applications
(HAN) Outage
Management
Power Quality
Sensors Distribution
Automation
Smart grid conceptual model (NIST)

Secure Communication Interface

-J . J . J -J Electr cal lnterface

Doma' n
 Smart Grid and Bulk Generation

Biomass Geothermal

Wi1r1fJ

So-1.ar

IL
(
Control
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r.le-aa.ura
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9
P ro lect
I
•

Record
I

- - ~ Extorn C::~mmtJnh: 01n ln tci,rfacg

ntHnal ,communit:aa1:ion I11terf1:1ce
EJedrical lnmrfacG
Domain
 Smart Grid and Transmission
• A smarter, more renewable intensive grid would be more
complex with both more control (at the load) and potentially less
control (at the renewable generation)
• Overall transmission loading may also increase
• From a transmission perspective this will result in more
challenging operations and planning
• Much of existing smart grid transmission system investments over the last
two years have focused on phasor measurement unit (PMU) installations
Transmission

S t orage

C(lr1hol r.-i c.-i5 1,,1 r..;i, i=an>to..::l Rocotd Slabi li:,c11,11 Oplimia111
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lnt or-lUII C ommunic ation ln1erfeice
E lech~al Interface
Domain
 Smart Grid and the Distribution System
• Distribution system automation has been making steady
advances for many years, a trend that should accelerate with
smart grid funding
Distribution
• Self-healing is often
used to refer to
automatic distribution --
N.O. Switch

~ t -i--t Di stributed

system reconfiguration Generation

• Some EMSs already 'f-t Sub5tation

monitor portions of the Reclosers G. Relays

Cap Bank

distribution system ·( 9 Co ti tr o l
t_
Mo a$ Ur9 Protect
I I I

E )llo rnal Co mmunk:::iition lnlo l'fac o

Intern.al Commu'1i~tion lnterfac.
E leetrlca.1 In terface
Dom ain
 Smart Grid and the Customer
• Initially for some consumers the smart grid may mean just being able
to see how they use electricity; but this requires dollars for smarter
meters
• How quickly and to what extent consumers will accept more load
management is still unknown
• A recent pilot study by indicated that most consumers (71%) adjusted
their energy usage when presented with displays showing their
consumption Customer
Thermal
Storago

Di:stributod
Wind

Multi-
Dwolllng

Solar
Gon ration Lighting

Ext•m•I Communication lna.rbce

lnlenlal Communlc.ahon lnterfac:e
Ei.cttlc l l n - -
Galeway
Domaln
(ESI)
 Energy Management in a Smart Home
• Residential energy management to facilitate consumer adoption of energy
conservation and management options

Microgeneration
management

......_
......_
......_

a
Appliance controls
EB

The home-area network (HAN) consists of the smart meter with its communications link back to the utility and the
connections to the HVAC thermostat as well as the many appliances and other devices whose energy is to be
monitored and controlled. Solar panels or the batteries in the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) can provide
"microgeneration" energy back to the grid. (courtesy of Parks Associates)
 Smart Grid
Demand
Response

AMI
Advanced Renewable
Integration
Metering
Infrastructure

Field Data SMART GRID Distribution

Applications Automation

AAJ "
...........
T,_

Outage Power Quality and

Management PHEV Planning
Management

Distributed Intelligence, Automated Controls, advanced sensing technologies,

and Integrated Broadband Communications
How the Smart Grid is Key to a Sustainable
Energy Future?
1. Key enabling technology
Smart grids will play a significant role in enabling:
• nearly all clean energy technologies, including renewables
• electric vehicles, and
• energy efficiency

2. Deployment of new electricity infrastructure in developing

countries and emerging economies.

3. As well as enabling more efficient operations, smart grids

can also help to keep downward pressure on the cost of
electricity
 Current challenges to Smart Grid Widespread Adoption

• Lack of comprehensive, long-term and integrated Smart Grid strategies and

roadmaps tied to quantifiable benefits
• Substantial capital investment required up front
• Interoperability and the need for faster, more comprehensive development of
standards, including physical and cyber security

Not created all at once – will evolve over many years

Created through the incremental deployment and integration of system intelligence

Efficient
Utillllty Building
Communilca:Uons Systems
Internet
Rce:ne,w ables

DlstrlbuUon
qperauons Advanced
Me:tel'lng

7 ~

Dlstnlbuted Smart
Data Generatilon End-Use
~Manag:ement and Storage Devil ces
 Smart Grid Projects in Singapore

Singapore – Recent announcement of Smart Grid trial

The pilot project includes the installation of more than 4,500 smart meters in residential,
commercial and industrial locations to test and evaluate workable solutions

– Includes smart meters

– Grid side & Customer side
– EVs
– Integration of intermittent generation
Singapore grid already deploys advanced Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
 Smart Grid in Singapore
– Intelligent
- Energy
- . System (IES) project
- -IF

The IES Pilot project conceptual overview – An energy ecosystem connecting intelligent homes,
vehicles, communities, electricity network sensors and sources of green generation to promote
reliability, sustainability and energy efficiency
Smart meters Intelligent homes empower
relay energy usage and households with home
Intelligent communications pricing information automation systems centrally or
Use wireless technologies for remotely to control energy
realtime interactions consumption
Intelligent electric vehicles
can be recharged from Demand response
green sources; or when management system in
energy is cheapest homes, offices and industries
enable users to monitor and
optimize energy use

Intelligent offices
adjust cooling and
Intelligent generation lighting depending on
can reduce overall realtime cost and
demand by making use needs
of intermittent solar gen
Intelligent storage devices
store electricity generated
at off-peak for later use
 Smart Grid in Singapore
– Intelligent
- Energy
- . System (IES) project
- -IF

The IES Pilot project conceptual overview – An energy ecosystem connecting intelligent homes,
vehicles, communities, electricity network sensors and sources of green generation to promote
reliability, sustainability and energy efficiency
Smart meters Intelligent homes empower
relay energy usage and households with home
Intelligent communications pricing information automation systems centrally or
Use wireless technologies for remotely to control energy
realtime interactions consumption
Intelligent electric vehicles
can be recharged from Demand response
green sources; or when management system in
energy is cheapest homes, offices and industries
enable users to monitor and
optimize energy use

Intelligent offices
adjust cooling and
Intelligent generation lighting depending on
can reduce overall realtime cost and
demand by making use needs
of intermittent solar gen
Intelligent storage devices
store electricity generated
at off-peak for later use
 Smart Grid in Singapore
– Intelligent
- Energy
- . System (IES) project
- -IF

The IES Pilot project conceptual overview – An energy ecosystem connecting intelligent homes,
vehicles, communities, electricity network sensors and sources of green generation to promote
reliability, sustainability and energy efficiency
Smart meters Intelligent homes empower
relay energy usage and households with home
Intelligent communications pricing information automation systems centrally or
Use wireless technologies for remotely to control energy
realtime interactions consumption
Intelligent electric
vehicles can be Demand response
recharged from green management system in
sources; or when homes, offices and industries
energy is cheapest enable users to monitor and
optimize energy use

Intelligent offices
adjust cooling and
Intelligent generation lighting depending on
can reduce overall realtime cost and
demand by making use needs
of intermittent solar gen
Intelligent storage devices
store electricity generated
at off-peak for later use
 Smart Grid in Singapore
– Intelligent
- Energy
- . System (IES) project
- -IF

The IES Pilot project conceptual overview – An energy ecosystem connecting intelligent homes,
vehicles, communities, electricity network sensors and sources of green generation to promote
reliability, sustainability and energy efficiency
Smart meters Intelligent homes empower
relay energy usage and households with home
Intelligent communications pricing information automation systems centrally or
Use wireless technologies for remotely to control energy
realtime interactions consumption
Intelligent electric vehicles
can be recharged from Demand response
green sources; or when management system in
energy is cheapest homes, offices and industries
enable users to monitor and
optimize energy use

Intelligent offices
adjust cooling and
Intelligent generation lighting depending on
can reduce overall realtime cost and
demand by making use needs
of intermittent solar gen
Intelligent storage devices
store electricity generated
at off-peak for later use
 Smart Grid in Singapore
– Intelligent
- Energy
- . System (IES) project
- -IF

The IES Pilot project conceptual overview – An energy ecosystem connecting intelligent homes,
vehicles, communities, electricity network sensors and sources of green generation to promote
reliability, sustainability and energy efficiency
Smart meters Intelligent homes empower
relay energy usage and households with home
Intelligent communications pricing information automation systems centrally
Use wireless technologies for or remotely to control energy
realtime interactions consumption
Intelligent electric vehicles
can be recharged from Demand response
green sources; or when management system in
energy is cheapest homes, offices and industries
enable users to monitor and
optimize energy use

Intelligent offices
adjust cooling and
Intelligent generation lighting depending on
can reduce overall realtime cost and
demand by making use needs
of intermittent solar gen
Intelligent storage devices
store electricity generated
at off-peak for later use
 Smart Grid in Singapore
– Intelligent
- Energy
- . System (IES) project
- -IF

The IES Pilot project conceptual overview – An energy ecosystem connecting intelligent homes,
vehicles, communities, electricity network sensors and sources of green generation to promote
reliability, sustainability and energy efficiency
Smart meters Intelligent homes empower
relay energy usage and households with home
Intelligent communications pricing information automation systems centrally or
Use wireless technologies for remotely to control energy
realtime interactions consumption
Intelligent electric vehicles
can be recharged from Demand response
green sources; or when management system in
energy is cheapest homes, offices and
industries enable users to
monitor and optimize
energy use
Intelligent offices
adjust cooling and
Intelligent generation lighting depending on
can reduce overall realtime cost and
demand by making use needs
of intermittent solar gen
Intelligent storage devices
store electricity generated
at off-peak for later use
 Smart Grid in Singapore
– Intelligent
- Energy
- . System (IES) project
- -IF

The IES Pilot project conceptual overview – An energy ecosystem connecting intelligent homes,
vehicles, communities, electricity network sensors and sources of green generation to promote
reliability, sustainability and energy efficiency
Smart meters Intelligent homes empower
relay energy usage and households with home
Intelligent communications pricing information automation systems centrally or
Use wireless technologies for remotely to control energy
realtime interactions consumption
Intelligent electric vehicles
can be recharged from Demand response
green sources; or when management system in
energy is cheapest homes, offices and industries
enable users to monitor and
optimize energy use

Intelligent offices
adjust cooling and
Intelligent generation lighting depending
can reduce overall on realtime cost and
demand by making use needs
of intermittent solar gen
Intelligent storage devices
store electricity generated
at off-peak for later use
 Smart Grid in Singapore
– Intelligent
- Energy
- . System (IES) project
- -IF

The IES Pilot project conceptual overview – An energy ecosystem connecting intelligent homes,
vehicles, communities, electricity network sensors and sources of green generation to promote
reliability, sustainability and energy efficiency
Smart meters Intelligent homes empower
relay energy usage and households with home
Intelligent communications pricing information automation systems centrally or
Use wireless technologies for remotely to control energy
realtime interactions consumption
Intelligent electric vehicles
can be recharged from Demand response
green sources; or when management system in
energy is cheapest homes, offices and industries
enable users to monitor and
optimize energy use

Intelligent offices
adjust cooling and
Intelligent generation lighting depending on
can reduce overall realtime cost and
demand by making use needs
of intermittent solar gen
Intelligent storage
devices store electricity
generated at off-peak for
later use
 Smart Grid in Singapore
– Intelligent Energy System (IES)
- ... project
The IES Pilot project conceptual overview – An energy ecosystem connecting intelligent homes,
vehicles, communities, electricity network sensors and sources of green generation to promote
reliability, sustainability and energy efficiency
Smart meters Intelligent homes empower
relay energy usage and households with home
Intelligent communications pricing information
This $30 million project involves automation systems centrally or
Use wireless technologies for remotely to control energy
consumers in the residential, commercial
realtime interactions consumption

and industrial locations, including the

Intelligent electric vehicles
Demand response
can be recharged from
green sources; or when NTU campus, the CleanTech Park atmanagement system in
energy is cheapest homes, offices and industries
Jalan Bahar and Punggol Eco-Precinct.
enable users to monitor and
optimize energy use

Intelligent offices
adjust cooling and
Intelligent generation lighting depending on
can reduce overall realtime cost and
demand by making use needs
of intermittent solar gen
Intelligent storage devices
store electricity generated
at off-peak for later use
 Smart Grid in Singapore
– Pulau Ubin Microgrid project
Recycling of Energy
The Test-bed biomass waste storage Rooftop
to produce for back solar
aims to assess energy up systems
the reliability of
electricity supply Hydrogen fuel cell
plant with facilities
within a micro-grid for hydrogen
storage
infrastructure
Concentrat
using intermittent ed solar Powergrid
to integrate
renewable energy power to
produce the system
sources such as hydrogen
Turbines
from water
solar photovoltaic Small wind
which
harvest
(PV) technology. turbines
energy from
and solar
sea
panels to
currents
provide
electricity
 Pulau Ubin Microgrid project

...........
EN().USERS SLNG1'1:1L a:,,,SE

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GENERATION S ITE

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UndergJQu nd Transrnis51Qn Ina!;)

Solar PhOtovoftaic (PV) Par11m

S.odi'8se1Generalors
~ Control Gentra & Energ'{ St orage

5ncl-'l:.tsers

The Micro-grid Test-bed will bring about more cost-competitive and cleaner
electricity, with improved scalability and reliability for both residents and
businesses in Pulau Ubin.
 Cleaner energy
 Reliable electricity supply
 Cost-competitive electricity
 Scalability
 Smart Grid in Singapore
– EPGC Microgrid and Distributed Energy facility
World’s largest pilot smart grid with a capacity of 1MW.
$38 million power grid project on Singapore’s Jurong Island.
Electricity from renewable energy sources like solar and wind also fed into the
grid system.

.--
---
-~ ----.,.
·-- ~·
 Conclusions: Microgrid and Smart Grid
Incorporates
(1) two-way communications,
(2) advanced sensors, and
(3) distributed computing technology
All these three will be essential for more efficient and
sustainable energy systems, due to:
• Increased reliability
• Smart power generation
• Greater share of renewable energy generation and storage
• Flexibility in network topology
• Better energy efficiency and load management
• Less redundancy in transmission and distribution lines, and
greater utilisation of existing generating capacity