Chapter1 3 - Application Circuit OPAMP

APLLIED ELECTRONICS
(EE3129)
Chapter 1-3: Op Amp Circuits and Application
HIEU NGUYEN
Department of Electronics
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 1 / 64

Table of Contents
1 V-I, I-V converter
2 Precision Rectifier Circuit
3 Comparator Circuits and Pulse Creating Circuits
4 Function Create Circuit

Table of Contents

The role of V-I, I-V converter
In transmit data:
Standard current: 4 − 20mA,...
Standard voltage: 0 − 10V , 0 − 24V ,...

The role of V-I, I-V converter

V-I Converter
Two types:
Floating load type
Load connected mass (or voltage source) type
V-I converter sometimes called: Voltage Controlled
Current Source or VCCS.
If input voltage is constant → current source.

Ideal and Practical Current Source
Ideal: no output resistor, output current is always a

constant
Practical: output resistor is high, output current
depends on voltage output
I-V characteristics
"Broken" appears when the main BJT, MOSFET ,

OPAMP, ... inside current source turns to another region.

V-I converter
Floating Load Type

Non-inverting Vi
Vi
IL =
R
IL don’t depend on RL and VL

VL = IL .RL
VOL − Vi < VL < VOH − Vi

V-I Converter
Floating Load Type
Inverting Vi
Vi
IL =
R
IL don’t depend on RL and VL

VL = IL .RL
VOL − Vi < VL < VOH − Vi
V-I Converter
Load Connected Mass Type

Choose:
R2 R3
=
R1 R4
Then:
Vi
IL =
R
R1 R1
VOL < VL < VOH
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
V-I Converter
Floating Load Type

VR1
VR1 = Vi ⇒ IR1 =
R1
Then:
IL = IR1
VL ≤ Vcc − VDSsat − Vimax

V-I Converter
Load Connected Mass Type

V-I Converter
Choose: R1 = R3
Q1 has:
ID1 = IS1 ⇒ VR3 = VR1
Ideal Op Amp: V+ = V−
⇒ VR = VR3 = VR1 = Vi
Vi
⇒ IR =
R
Q2 has:
Vi
ID2 = IS2 ⇒ IRL = IR =
R
Exercise 1
Prove that: If VIN = const, the following circuit is a
current source. Choose VIN and resistors to create
IOUT = 10mA.

Exercise 2
Given the voltage input signal is from 0 − 5V . Design a
circuit to convert it to current output signal from
4 − 20mA. Assume that all the devices are ideal.

Exercise 2
I = 3.2V + 4(I : mA, V : Volt)
→ I = 3.2(V + 1.25)
V + 1.25
→I =
0.3125

Exercise 2
I = 3.2V + 4(I : mA, V : Volt)
→ I = 3.2(V + 1.25)
V + 1.25
→I =
0.3125
Need a summing circuit and a V-I converter

Need Vref = 1.25V
Create Vref more stable
Using Diode or Diode Zenner

I-V Converter
Two types:
Direct type
Indirect type
I-V converter sometimes called: Current Controlled
Voltage Source or ICVS.
Use to measure current and convert it to voltage.

I-V converter - Direct type
Low sensitivity
V0 = −Rf Is
Sensitivity: −Rf
Cf is used to filter noise

High sensitivity
V0 = −KRF II
RL RL
K =1+ +
RI RF
Sensitivity: −KRf

High sensitivity
V0 = −KRF II
RL RL
K =1+ +
RI RF
Sensitivity: −KRf
Input current is limited by rated output current of

OP AMP.
If the input current is small, it is affected by Iio , Iib .
I-V converter - Indirect Type
Measure current through voltage of a resistor (This

resistor must have small error).
Use differential amplifier to decrease noise.
Exercise 3
Vref
An 8-bit DAC has the current output Iout from 0 to .
R1
Design a circuit to convert it to output voltage from
0 − 5V . Assume that Vref = 3.3V and R1 = 330Ω.

Exercise 3
Vref 3.3
IoutMax = = = 10mA.
R1 330
Need to convert from 0 − 10mA to 0 − 5V
→ RF = 500Ω

Exercise 4
A photodiode has current output from 50 − 150nA.
Design a circuit to measure and convert it to voltage
from 10 − 30mV . Assume that the OPAMP has
Vio = 13mA, Iio = 0, Iib = 20nA. Give comment about
the effect of reality OPAMP to the output.

Exercise 4
A photodiode has current output from 50 − 150nA.
Design a circuit to measure and convert it to voltage
from 10 − 30mV . Assume that the OPAMP has
Vio = 13mA, Iio = 0, Iib = 20nA. Give comment about
the effect of reality OPAMP to the output.
Solution
Convert 50 − 150nA to
10 − 30mV
Sensitivity of the circuit:
R2
K = Rm (1 + )
R1

Exercise 4
Convert 50 − 150nA to
10 − 30mV
Sensitivity of the circuit:
R2
K = Rm (1 + )
R1
R2
→ K = Rm (1 + ) = 200K
R1
To delete the effect of Iib → Choose Rm = R1//R2

Exercise 4
R2
Case 1: Choose Rm = 20K and Av = 1 + = 10:
R1
Effect of Vio = 13mV : ∆Vo = 10.13mV = 130mV
→ Too great compared with Vo
R2
R1
→ Still greater than Vo

Exercise 4
R2
R1
→ Too great compared with Vo
R2
R1
→ Still greater than Vo
→ In this design, case 2 is easier to accept than
case 1
R2
Choose Rm = 100K = R1//R2 and =1
R1
→ R1 = R2 = 50K
Table of Contents

Half Wave Circuit
Half Wave Circuit: Positive Half Cycle
Vi ≥ 0 : Vo = Vi
Vi < 0 : Vo = 0
Half Wave Circuit
Half Wave Circuit: Positive Half Cycle
Vi ≥ 0 : Vo = 0
Vi < 0 : Vo = Vi
Half Wave Circuit
Improve Half Wave Circuit: Positive Half Cycle

Vi ≥ 0 : D1 ON
R2
Vo = (1 + )Vi
R1
Vi < 0 : D1 OFF
Vo = 0

Half Wave Circuit
Improve Half Wave Circuit: Negative Half Cycle

Vi ≥ 0 : D1 OFF , D2 ON
Vo = 0
Vi < 0 : D1 ON, D2 OFF

R2
Vo = − Vi
R1

Half Wave Circuit
Improve Half Wave Circuit: Reverse in Positive Half

Cycle
Vi ≥ 0 : D1 ON, D2 OFF
R2
Vo = − Vi
R1
Vi < 0 : D1 OFF , D2 ON
Vo = 0

Full Wave Circuit
Full Wave Circuit

Full Wave Circuit
Full Wave Circuit
R2
Choose = 2 → Vo = −Vo1 − Vi
R1

Full Wave Circuit
More detailed:
Vi ≥ 0 : D1 ON, D2 OFF
R2 R5 R5
Vo = Vi − Vi = A1 Vi
R1 R3 R4
Vi < 0 : D1 OFF , D2 ON
R5
Vo = − Vi = A2 Vi
R4
Condition: A1 = A2 ⇒ Choose R

Full Wave Circuit
Full Wave Circuit

Table of Contents

Comparator Circuit
Using OP AMP with NO NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
One level comparator circuit

Comparator Circuit
Two level comparator circuit

Comparator Circuit
Disadvantage:
Sensitive to noise
Easy to drift
⇒ Using Schmitt Trigger
In Schmitt Trigger circuit, positive feedback is used

Schmitt Trigger Circuit
Inverting Schimitt Trigger

Threshold:
R1
VLT = VOL
R1 + R2
R1
VUT = VOH
R1 + R2
Deadband:
R1
VDB = VUT − VLT = (VOH − VOL )
R1 + R2
Midband:
VUT + VLT VOH + VOL R1
VMB = =
2 2 R1 + R2

If OPAMP is supplied by Vcc and −Vcc : VOH = −VOL
Midband:
VUT + VLT
VMB = =0
2
Deadband:
R1
VDB = VUT − VLT = 2VOH
R1 + R2
VDB = 2VUT = −2VLT

To change Midband, upgrade Inverting Schimitt Trigger

Threshold:
VOL R1 + VR R2
VLT =
R1 + R2
VOH R1 + VR R2
VUT =
R1 + R2
Deadband:
R1
R1 + R2
Midband:
VUT + VLT VOH + VOL R1 R2
VMB = = + VR
2 2 R1 + R2 R1 + R2
If OPAMP is supplied by Vcc and −Vcc : VOH = −VOL

Midband:
VUT + VLT R2
VMB = = VR
2 R1 + R2
Deadband:
R1
VDB = VUT − VLT = 2VOH
R1 + R2

Non-Inverting Schimitt Trigger

Non-inverting Schimitt Trigger Threshold:
R1
VLT = −VOH
R2
R1
VUT = −VOL
R2
Deadband:
R1
R2
Midband:
VUT + VLT VOH + VOL R1
VMB = =−
2 2 R2
Pulse creating circuit using OPAMP

OPAMP is ideal
At time t, assume Vo = +Vcc
R2
Comparing threshold: V+ = Vcc = αVcc
R1 + R2
C is charged from Vo then V− increases from value Vx to
αVcc

Now, Vo is changed: Vo = −Vcc
R2
Comparing threshold: V+ = −Vcc = −αVcc
R1 + R2
C discharge to Vo then V− decreases from value αVcc to
−αVcc

From these analysis: Vx = −αVcc

1+α
By calculating: T1 = T2 = RCln
1−α
1+α
Period: T = T1 + T2 = 2RCln
1−α
By choosing: R1 = R2 → T = 2RCln(3)

Pulse creating circuit using IC 555
IC 555 - introduce
PIN 8: Vcc (8-15V)
PIN 5: GND
PIN 2: Trigger (Threshold
compare: 1/3Vcc)
PIN 6: Trigger (Threshold
compare: 2/3Vcc)
PIN 3: OUT (Low: 0,
High:Vcc)
PIN 4: RESET (LOW)
PIN 7: Discharge C

T = T1 + T2 = 0.69(R1 + R2 )C + 0.69R2 C
Choose R1 << R2 ⇒ T = 1.38R2 C
Measure T, know R2 /C ⇒ calculate C /R2

Table of Contents

The Integrator Circuit
1 R
vo = − vi dx
R1 C
Low f: Av ⇒ inf
Choose R2 = R1 to neglect IB
Improved circuit
R3
Low f: Av = −
R1
Choose R2 = R1 //R3 to
neglect IB

Frequency Response
With R3 => Become
low-pass filter
Cut-off f (-3dB):
1
fc = −
2πR3 C

The Differentiator Circuit
dvi
v0 = −R1 C
dt
High f: Av ⇒ inf
Choose R2 = R1 to neglect IB
Improved circuit
R1
High f: Av = −
R3
Choose R2 = R1 //R3 to
neglect IB

Frequency Response
With R3 => Become
high-pass filter
Cut-off f (-3dB):
1
fc = −
2πR3 C

Combine Circuit
Low f => Differentiator

R1
Mid f => Av = −
R3
High f => Intergrator

Combine Circuit
Frequency Response
Become band-pass filter:
1
fH =
2πCF R1
1
fL =
2πCR3
R1 << R3
Choose R2 = R1 //R3 ≈ R1
to neglect IB

Chapter1 3 - Application Circuit OPAMP

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APLLIED ELECTRONICS

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 1 / 64

1 V-I, I-V converter

2 Precision Rectifier Circuit

3 Comparator Circuits and Pulse Creating Circuits

4 Function Create Circuit

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 2 / 64

1 V-I, I-V converter

2 Precision Rectifier Circuit

3 Comparator Circuits and Pulse Creating Circuits

4 Function Create Circuit

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 3 / 64

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 4 / 64

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 5 / 64

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 6 / 64

Ideal: no output resistor, output current is always a

"Broken" appears when the main BJT, MOSFET ,

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 8 / 64

Floating Load Type

IL don’t depend on RL and VL

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 9 / 64

IL don’t depend on RL and VL

Load Connected Mass Type

Floating Load Type

VL ≤ Vcc − VDSsat − Vimax

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 12 / 64

Load Connected Mass Type

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 15 / 64

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 16 / 64

I = 3.2V + 4(I : mA, V : Volt)

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 16 / 64

I = 3.2V + 4(I : mA, V : Volt)

Need a summing circuit and a V-I converter

Using Diode or Diode Zenner

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 17 / 64

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 18 / 64

Cf is used to filter noise

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 19 / 64

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 20 / 64

Input current is limited by rated output current of

Measure current through voltage of a resistor (This

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 22 / 64

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 23 / 64

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 24 / 64

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 24 / 64

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 25 / 64

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 26 / 64

1 V-I, I-V converter

2 Precision Rectifier Circuit

3 Comparator Circuits and Pulse Creating Circuits

4 Function Create Circuit

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 27 / 64

Improve Half Wave Circuit: Positive Half Cycle

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 30 / 64

Improve Half Wave Circuit: Negative Half Cycle

Vi < 0 : D1 ON, D2 OFF

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 31 / 64

Improve Half Wave Circuit: Reverse in Positive Half

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 32 / 64

Full Wave Circuit

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 33 / 64

Full Wave Circuit

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 1-3 34 / 64