Chapter3 2 Resistance Current Measurement

APLLIED ELECTRONICS
(EE3129)
Chapter 3-2: Resistance and Current Measurement
Methods
HIEU NGUYEN
Department of Electronics
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 1 / 74

Table of Contents
1 Resistance Measurement Methods

Circuit for Measuring Resistance
Linearization Methods
2 Current Measurement Method
3 Reference

Table of Contents

3 Reference

Table of Contents


Measure Methods
Two methods:
Use Wheatstone bridge
Use a current source and measure voltage across it

Measure Methods
Two methods:
Use Wheatstone bridge
Use a current source and measure voltage across it
In this section, consider RTD (output is resistor) has the
formula:
RT = R0 (1 + α(T − T0 )) = R0 + ∆R
Which:
R0 : resistor at no stimulus (at T0 )
∆R: change in resistor

Measure Methods
Use Wheatstone Bridge:
Formula:
RT 1
Vm = Es ( − )
R0 + RT 2
∆R
→ Vm = E s
2(2R0 + ∆R)
Choose: Then:
R1 = R2 = R4 = R0 Es ∆R
Vm = .
4 R0
Assume that 2R0 >> ∆R
Measure Methods
Use Current Source:

Has offset
Commonly used in industry
With high current I
→ increasing heat dissipated
by RT
Vm = IxR0 + Ix∆R → increasing RT
To avoid, choose I < 1mA

Measure Vm
Use IC Instrumentation Amplifiers: INA128, INA129,
INA333,...

Example: Measure Vm
Example:
Consider a circuit to measure RT using INA128.
a. Find the sensitivity S of the circuit.
b. Assume R0 = 100Ω, Vcc = 5V . Choose RG to have
V
S = 1.25 .
Ω

Example: Measure Vm
Example:
a. Find the sensitivity S of the circuit.
a.
50k 50k Vcc ∆R
Vo = (1 + )Vm = (1 + )
RG RG 4 R0
Vo 50k Vcc 1
→S = = (1 + )
∆R RG 4 R0

Example: Measure Vm
Example:
b. Assume R0 = 100Ω, Vcc = 5V . Choose RG to have
V
S = 1.25 .
Ω
a.
Vo 50k Vcc 1 50k 1
S= = (1 + ) = (1 + )
∆R RG 4 R0 RG 80
b.
S = 1.25 → RG = 200Ω
Effect of Lead Wire Resistance
Sensor with resistance output (Ex: RTD) generally use
copper leads bonded to the metal element. These leads
normally connect close to the element and close to each
other (both junctions are at the same temperature), to
prevent Seebeck voltage from affecting the measurement.

Lead wire resistance
Assume that resistance of lead wires are Rf .

Circuit for measuring resistance:

3-wire lead compensation
Commonly used in industry !!! (Ex: RTD)

First method
Choose: (Balance Bridge)
R1 = R2 = R4 = R0
Then:
Connect Vm to third wire. Es ∆R
Vm = .
4 R0
Assume that
2R0 >> 2Rf + ∆R
Second method
Choose: (Balance Bridge)
R1 = R2 = R4 = R0
Then:
Es ∆R
Connect pin − of Es to Vm = .
third wire. 4 R0
Rf << Rs Assume that
(source resistor) 2R0 >> 2Rf + ∆R

Use two current sources:
Choose: I1 = I2 = I
Then:
V+ = IRT + 3IRL + 2IRBias
V− = 3IRL + 2IRBias
Op Amp is difference amplifier:
V = V+ − V− = IRT
→ V = IR0 + I .∆R
V has offset !!!
Use one current source:
V+ = I .RT + I (2RL + RBias )
V− = I (RL + RBias )
Op Amp is difference amplifier:
→ V = I .RT + I .RL
V still depend on RL (wire resistance) !!!

Use one current source:
If Op Amp acts the function:
V = V+ − 2V−
→ V = I .RT − I .RBias
Choose RBias = R0 :
V = I .RT − I .R0 = I .∆R
V is NOT depend on RL and does NOT has offset

Example: 3-wire lead compensation
Use 1 Source current:
Find Vo depend on ∆R ?
r1 = r2 = r3 = r : lead wire resistance
VR
I =
R1
V1 = (Rx + 2r + R1 )I
V2 = (r + R1 )I
Example: 3-wire RTD lead compensation
R6 R4 R4
V = (1 + )V1 − V2
R5 + R6 R3 R3
R4 R6 1
Choose: =2→ = → V = V1 − 2V2
R3 R5 + R6 3
Then:
V = V1 − 2V2 = (Rx + 2r + R1 )I − (2r + 2R1 )I

VR
V = Rx .I − R1 .I With: I =
R1
Assume that: Rx = R0 + ∆R
VR
V = (R0 + ∆R). − VR
R1
Choose: R1 = R0 to remove offset. Then:
∆R VR
V = VR = ∆R
R0 R0

VR
V = ∆R
R0
VR VR
Because: I = = must < 10mA.
R1 R0
How to increase V gain???

VR
V = ∆R
R0
VR VR
Because: I = = must < 10mA.
R1 R0
How to increase V gain???
Choose: V = K (V1 − 2V2 )
VR
Then: V = K ∆R
R0
R4 R6 K
Choose R: = 2K → =
R3 R5 + R6 1 + 2K
R5 , R6 >> Rx → Choose first.
Then choose: R3 = R5 ∥ R6 → R4

Another method: From:
R6 R4 R4
V = (1 + )V1 − V2
R5 + R6 R3 R3
And:
VR
I =
R1
V1 = (Rx + 2r + R1 )I
V2 = (r + R1 )I
Choose R5 = R6 and combine all:

VR Rx R4 R 4 VR VR VR r
V = (1 + ) − + +
2R1 R3 R3 2 2 R1
Assume that: Rx = R0 + ∆R and choose: R1 = R0 >> r
VR R4
V = (1 + )∆R + VR
2R0 R3
Has offset!!!
Easy to choose gain (depend on R4 , R3 )
VR
Choose I = , and R: similar to previous part
R0
Comparing two methods used to measure resistor 3

wires:
Wheatstone Bridge method measures exactly only in
a short range of temperature.
Current Source method can be used in a long range
of temperature.
Both methods require 3 RL having the same values → 3
wires have the same length.

Comparing with 3 wires:

More accuracy
More expensive
→ Not worthy with extra cost
→ Less commonly used in industry
Using Wheatstone Bridge:
Rf << Rs (source resistor)

Too complex to calculate
→ Don’t use Wheatstone Bridge to measure ∆R
Wheatstone Bridge is used to measure R0 :
Assume that:
RT = R0 + ∆R
Choose:
R2 = R4 = R0
Then:
Rstep1 + Rstep2
R0 =
2

Using Current Source:
Assume that:
RT = R0 + ∆R
Then:
V = IRT = I (R0 + ∆R)
Have offset !!!

4 RL of 4 wires don’t
need to be the same
Only use 4-wire with Current Source method

The advantage of using a 4-wire:
The wires can be very long.
Used in an environment where the wires may be
exposed to a temperature gradient.

Table of Contents


Linearization methods
In previous part, the sensors with output resistance need
to be linear. If not, we need linearization methods.
Use parallel resistor
Use series resistor
Use ADC
...
This method can be used for any nonlinear resistors.
In this part, consider a sensor with output resistance (Ex:
Thermistor) is not linear. The formula is:
1 1
RT = R0 exp(β( − ))
T T0
Linearization method using parallel res
With RT : Vm = I .RT
RT RP
With RP ∥ RT : VmL = I . = I .R∥
RT + RP
Change RP , sketch VmL : RT ↓→ VmL ↓
Requirement: Choose RP → VmL is linear in range

[T1 , T2 ]
From graph: Gain of linear equation < 0

d 2 VmL
RP satisfy: = 0 in range [T1 , T2 ]
dT 2
d 2 R∥ 2(RT′ )2
→ = 0 → RP = − RT
dT 2 RT′′
Choose RT , RT′ and RT′′ at any point in range [T1 , T2 ]
To reach symmetry in error
T1 + T2
→ usually choose at TM =
2
=> Need to know RT equation

Another solution: 3-point method
RT1 RP
At T1 : VmL1 = I .
RT1 + RP
RT2 RP
At T2 : VmL2 = I .
RT2 + RP
T1 + T2 RTM RP
At TM = : VmLM = I .
2 RTM + RP
VmL1 + VmL2
RP satisfy: VmLM =
2
RT (RT1 + RT2 ) − 2RT1 RT2
→ RP = M
RT1 + RT2 − 2RTM
=> Don’t need to know RT equation
Example:
Thermistor TTC3A102X39D has R0 (25o C ) = 1kΩ,
β = 3935K . Linearize the output in range of temperature
from 20o C to 40o C . The input resolution is 2o C .
1 1
Equation: RT = exp(3935( − )) (kΩ)
T 298
2(RT′ )2
First method: RP = − RT
RT′′
β − 2T
→ RP = RT
β + 2T
Choose T = TM = 30o C :
1 1
RTM = exp(3935( − )) = 804, 21Ω
HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT)
303 298
APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 39 / 74
3935 − 2.303
→ RP = 804, 21 = 598, 57Ω
3935 + 2.303
Calculate R∥ at each temperature.
From table, linearization equation of R∥ is:

R∥(Eq) = −6, 075T + 522, 4(R : Ω, T :o C ): line pass two
point T1 = 293K and T2 = 313K
Calculate: Error (%) = (R∥(Eq) − R∥ )/R∥ .100%
Example:
1 1
T 298
RT (RT1 + RT2 ) − 2RT1 RT2
Second method: RP = M
RT1 + RT2 − 2RTM
o
At T = T1 = 20 C : RT1 = 1257, 7Ω
At T = T2 = 40o C : RT2 = 531, 1Ω
At T = TM = 30o C : RTM = 804, 21Ω
→ RP = 592, 42Ω
Calculate R∥ at each temperature.
From table, linearization equation of R∥ is:

R∥(Eq) = −6, 109T + 524, 4(R : Ω, T :o C ): line pass two
Calculate: Error (%) = (R∥(Eq) − R∥ )/R∥ .100%
Linearization method using series res
RT
VmL = E .
RT + RS
Requirement: Choose RS → VmL is
linear in range [T1 , T2 ]
RT ↓→ VmL ↓ → Gain of linear
equation < 0

d 2 VmL
RS satisfy: = 0 in range [T1 , T2 ]
dT 2
2(RT′ )2
→ RS = − RT
RT′′
(similar equation with using parallel res)
Choose RT , RT′ and RT′′ at any point in range [T1 , T2 ]
To reach symmetry in error
T1 + T2
→ usually choose at TM = => Need to know
2
RT equation

Using: 3-point method
RT1
At T1 : VmL1 = E .
RT1 + RS
RT2
At T2 : VmL2 = E .
RT2 + RS
T1 + T2 RTM
At TM = : VmLM = E .
2 RT M + RS
VmL1 + VmL2
RS satisfy: VmLM =
2
RT (RT1 + RT2 ) − 2RT1 RT2
→ RS = M (Still similar)
RT1 + RT2 − 2RTM
=> Don’t need to know RT equation
Example:
1 1
T 298
2(RT′ )2
Similar to parallel res method: RS = − RT
RT′′
→ RS = 598, 57Ω

VmL RT
Calculate = at each temperature.
E RT + RS
VmL
From table, linearization equation of is:
E
VmL
(Eq) = −0, 01T + 0, 886(T :o C ): line pass two
E
Calculate: Error (%)
Another circuit:
RS
VmL = E .
RT + RS
Requirement: Choose RS → VmL is
d 2 VmL
linear in range [T1 , T2 ] → =0
dT 2
→ RS has different equation

Change RS , sketch VmL : RT ↓→ VmL ↑
→ Gain of linear equation > 0

Linearization method using ADC
Divide R-T graph into many short spans by using ADC

Using ADC with high resolution bit to linearize Vm :
Voltage range: Vref − < Vm < Vref +

Vref + − Vref −
Resolution: Q = < (∆Vm )Min
2B

Example:
1 1
T 298
1 1
Choose I = 1mA → Vm = exp(3935( − )) mV
T 298

Example:
Voltage range:
Vref − < VmMin = 531, 1(mV ) → Vref − = 0V
Vref + > VmMax = 1252, 7(mV ) → Vref + = 1, 3V
Resolution: (∆Vm )Min = 575, 82 − 531, 1 = 44, 72mV at
38 − 40o C
1, 3V − 0
→ < 44, 72mV → B > 4 → B = 5
2B
Example:
Vref + − Vref −
Equation: Vm = .Dout = 40, 63Dout (mV )
2B
→ Choose Voffset to have Vm = 531, 1 (mV ) at Dout = 0
→ Choose offset Voffset = 531, 1 mV
→ Vm = 40, 63Dout + 531, 1 (mV )
Need subtract circuit: Vm − 531, 1mV

Example:
Calculate:
From table → creating look up table when programming

Table of Contents

3 Reference

Current Measurement Method
- The measuring current flows through a low-value

resistor (Rsense )
- The amplifier circuitry senses the voltage drop which is
developed across the resistor
Locations for the sense resistor

High- vs. low-side sensing

Main low-side op amp implementations
Using the differential configuration can mitigate the

accuracy issues related to ground disturbance and
parasitics
Example: INA180 basic application diagram

Example: INA180 basic application diagram and key
features

Isolated Current Sense
Low-side sensing can not detect load shorts !!!

Main high-side op amp implementations
One challenge associated with the high-side

measurement location is that the amplifier must
interface with large input-voltage rails
Example: INA240 basic application diagram (low voltage)

Example: INA138 basic application diagram (high
voltage)

High-side sensing can detect load shorts !!!

- In many applications, the output of the current-sense

transducer must be electrically isolated from the rest of
the circuit
- This is required either for safety reasons, where a high
voltage at the sensing point cannot be allowed to be in
contact with lower-voltage circuitry or the user, or due to
circuit topology
Isolated current sensing technique uses proper CT
transformer

Isolated current sensing technique uses hall effect
induction

ACS712 Current Sensor uses Hall effect

Example: ACS712 Current Sensor Circuit

Table of Contents

3 Reference

Reference
Giáo trình Điện tử tương tự - Lưu Phú

System trade-offs for high- and low-side current
measurements - Texas Instruments
Basics of Current Sense Amplifiers, its Types and
Design Guide - Components101.com
Documents on Google
Internet

Chapter3 2 Resistance Current Measurement

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter3 2 Resistance Current Measurement

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

APLLIED ELECTRONICS

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 1 / 74

1 Resistance Measurement Methods

2 Current Measurement Method

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 2 / 74

1 Resistance Measurement Methods

2 Current Measurement Method

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 3 / 74

1 Resistance Measurement Methods

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 4 / 74

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 5 / 74

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 5 / 74

Use Current Source:

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 7 / 74

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 8 / 74

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 9 / 74

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 10 / 74

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 12 / 74

Assume that resistance of lead wires are Rf .

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 13 / 74

Commonly used in industry !!! (Ex: RTD)

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 14 / 74

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 16 / 74

V+ = IRT + 3IRL + 2IRBias

V+ = I .RT + I (2RL + RBias )

V still depend on RL (wire resistance) !!!

V = I .RT − I .R0 = I .∆R

V is NOT depend on RL and does NOT has offset

V = V1 − 2V2 = (Rx + 2r + R1 )I − (2r + 2R1 )I

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 23 / 74

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 24 / 74

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 24 / 74

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 25 / 74

Comparing two methods used to measure resistor 3

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 27 / 74

Comparing with 3 wires:

Rf << Rs (source resistor)

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 30 / 74

V = IRT = I (R0 + ∆R)

Have offset !!!

Only use 4-wire with Current Source method

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 32 / 74

1 Resistance Measurement Methods

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 33 / 74

Requirement: Choose RP → VmL is linear in range

From graph: Gain of linear equation < 0

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 37 / 74

From table, linearization equation of R∥ is:

From table, linearization equation of R∥ is:

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 43 / 74

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 44 / 74

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 46 / 74

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 48 / 74

→ Gain of linear equation > 0

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 50 / 74

Using ADC with high resolution bit to linearize Vm :

Voltage range: Vref − < Vm < Vref +

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 51 / 74

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 52 / 74

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 54 / 74

From table → creating look up table when programming

HIEU NGUYEN (HCMUT) APLLIED ELECTRONICS Chapter 3-2 55 / 74

1 Resistance Measurement Methods