Course: EEE251: Measurement and Instrumentation

Lecture-4: Resistance, Inductance, and Capacitance Measurements.

Text Book: (1) Measurement and Instrumentation by A. K. Sawhney.
Reference Books:
(2) Electronic Instrumentation and measurement
Techniques by W.D. Cooper.
(3) A Text Book of Electrical Technology by B.L. Theraja.
C.T. by--
Dr. Mohammad Asaduzzaman KHAN,
Room # 305.

Department of EEE, BSMRSTU,

arzu1013@Hotmail.com.
 SYLLABUS
EEE251 Measurement and Instrumentation
Prerequisite: EEE211 AVO-meter stands for Ampere, Volt and Ohm meter.
3 Credits, 3 hours/week
Introduction:ch1, 2, 3
Applications, functional elements of a measurement system and classification of instruments (Ammeter,
Voltmeter, wattmeter, AVO meter, Energy meter, Ampere-hour meter, CRO).
Measurement of Electrical Quantities: ch8, 9
Current and voltage, power and energy measurement. Current and voltage, power and energy measurement
Current and potential transformer.
Transducers: ch25
Mechanical, electrical and optical transducers.
Measurement of Non-Electrical Quantities: ch29
Temperature, pressure, flow, level, strain, force and torque, earthquake, speed, frequency, phase difference.
Basic Elements of DC and AC Signal Conditioning: ch26
Instrumentation amplifier, noise and source of noise, noise elimination compensation, function generation and
linearization, A/D and D/A converters, sample and hold circuits.
Data Transmission and Telemetry: ch27, 28
Methods of data transmission, DC/AC telemetry system and digital data transmission. Recording and display
devices. Data acquisition system and microprocessor applications in instrumentation.
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Bridge Circuit

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R, L, C-- Measurements

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 4

Measurement of resistance

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 5

Measurement of Resistance

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 6

A-V Method

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A-V Method

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A-V Method

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Wheatstone Bridge

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Kelvin Bridge

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CRT

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High Resistance Measurement

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Megohm Bridge

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AC Bridge

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AC Bridge example

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AC Bridge

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AC Bridge

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AC Bridge

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Continue

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AC Bridge

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AC Bridge

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AC Bridge

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AC Bridge (Owen’s Bridge)
• This Bridge is used for measurement of Inductance in terms
of Capacitance.

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Measurement of Mutual Inductance

*L1 must be known to measure M.

Introduction…

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Introduction…

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 Cable fault location
Cable fault location is the process of locating periodic faults, such as insulation faults in underground cables,
and is an application of electrical measurement systems. In this process, mobile shock discharge
generators are among the devices used.

What is cable Fault?

Cable faults are damage to cables which effect a resistance in the cable. If allowed to persist, this can lead to
a voltage breakdown. There are different types of cable faults, which must first be classified before they can be
located. The insulation of the cable plays a significant role in this. While paper-impregnated cables are
particularly susceptible to external chemical and thermal influences, in high-
voltage PE (Polyethylene or polythene)or XLPE cables the polyethylene insulation of the conductor is affected,
leading to partial breakdowns and cracks that “eat away” the insulation.

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Cable fault location

What is Faults in Cables?

• When electrical energy is generated in the
generations’ stations, it is distributed to the
different loads, i.e. cities, towns and villages for
consumption then.
• The process involves stepping up the voltage
to minimize the loss of energy in the form of
heat. The stepped up voltage is distributed to
grid stations where it is stepped down for
distribution to the local transformers where it is
finally stepped down and distributed to the
consumers.
• Distribution of the electrical energy is done via
electrical cables. The cables are either insulated
or uninsulated.
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Cable fault location
Types of Cable Faults
1. Open-Circuit Faults: Open circuit fault is a kind of fault that occurs as
a result of the conductor breaking or the conductor being pulled out
of its joint. In such instances, there will be no flow of current at all as
the conductor is broken (conveyor of electric current).
2. Short-circuit or cross fault: This kind of fault occurs when the
insulation between two cables or between two multi-core cables
gets damaged. In such instances, the current will not flow through
the main core which is connected to load but will flow directly from
one cable to another or from one core or multi-core cable to the
other instead. The load will be short circuited.
3. Ground or earth faults: This kind of faults occurs when the insulation
of the cable gets damaged. The current flowing through the faulty
cable starts flowing from the core of the cable to earth or the sheath
(cable protector) of the cable. Current will not flow through the load
then.
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 Cable testing
To locate a fault in the cable, the cable must first be tested for faults. Cable testing is therefore usually
performed first in cable fault location. During the cable test, flash-overs are generated at the weak points in
the cable, which can then be localized.

Locating the cable fault

The measures necessary for determining fault locations can be subdivided into individual steps.

Fault classification
Insulation and resistance measurement provides information on the fault characteristics. An insulation test
measures the insulation resistance between conductor and screen; from the periodic measurement of
resistance you can derive the absorption properties of the insulating material.
Pre-location
Pre-location is used to determine the fault distance. There are predominantly two methods for this.
Pulse reflection method
A pulse induced at the starting end of the cable reaches the cable fault with a speed of v/2 and then is
reflected back toward the starting end of the cable. The elapsed time multiplied by the diffusion speed v/2
gives the distance to the source of the fault. See also: Time-domain reflectometer. 31
Loop tests for locating faults in underground cables
In addition to pulse reflection method and transient method, there are two popular loop tests for finding the
location of faults in underground cables.

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 32

Cable fault test

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Murray Loop Test

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Varley Loop Test

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Varley Loop Test

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END

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