Homework Task-6

Properties of materials-1
Magnetic properties

1. A coil of wire 0.20 m long and having 200 turns carries a current of 10 A.
(a) What is the magnitude of the magnetic field strength H?
(b) Compute the flux density B if the coil is in a vacuum.
(c) Compute the flux density inside a bar of titanium that is positioned within
the coil.The susceptibility for titanium is given in Table 18.2.
(d) Compute the magnitude of the magnetization M.

2. It is possible to express the magnetic susceptibility xm in several different units.

For the discussion of this chapter, xm was used to designate the volume
susceptibility in SI units, that is, the quantity that gives the magnetization per
unit volume (m3) of material when multiplied by H. The mass susceptibility xm
(kg) yields the magnetic moment (or magnetization) per kilogram of material
when multiplied by H; similarly, the atomic susceptibility xm(a) gives the
magnetization per kilogram mole. The last two quantities are related to xm
through the relationships

When using the cgs–emu system, comparable parameters exist, which may be
designated by xmʹ, xmʹ(g), and xmʹ (a); the xm and xmʹ are related in accordance
with Table 18.1. From Table 18.2, xm for silver is -2.38 x 10-5; convert this value
into the other five susceptibilities.

3. The magnetic flux density within a bar of some material is 0.435 tesla at an H
field of 3.44 x 105 A/m. Compute the following for this material: (a) the magnetic
permeability and (b) the magnetic susceptibility. (c)What type(s) of magnetism
would you suggest is (are) being displayed by this material? Why?
4. The magnetization within a bar of some metal alloy is 3.2 x 105 A/m at an H field
of 50 A/m. Compute the following: (a) the magnetic susceptibility, (b) the
permeability, and (c) the magnetic flux density within this material. (d)What
 type(s) of magnetism would you suggest as being displayed by this material?
Why?
5. Compute (a) the saturation magnetization and (b) the saturation flux density for
cobalt, which has a net magnetic moment per atom of 1.72 Bohr magnetons and
a density of 8.90 g/cm3.
6. Confirm that there are 2.2 Bohr magnetons associated with each iron atom, given
that the saturation magnetization is 1.70 x 106 A/m, that iron has a BCC crystal
structure, and that the unit cell edge length is 0.2866 nm.
7. Assume there exists some hypothetical metal that exhibits ferromagnetic
behavior and that has (1) a simple cubic crystal structure (Figure 3.43), (2) an
atomic radius of 0.153 nm, and (3) a saturation flux density of 0.76 tesla.
Determine the number of Bohr magnetons per atom for this material.
8. Estimate (a) the saturation magnetization and (b) the saturation flux density of
nickel ferrite [(NiFe2O4)8], which has a unit cell edge length of 0.8337 nm.
9. The chemical formula for manganese ferrite may be written as (MnFe2O4)8
because there are eight formula units per unit cell. If this material has a saturation
magnetization of 5.6 x 105 A/m and a density of 5.00 g/cm3, estimate the number
of Bohr magnetons associated with each Mn2+ ion.
10.The formula for yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12) may be written in the form where
Yc3Fea2Fed3O12, the superscripts a, c, and d represent different sites on which the
Y3+ and Fe3+ ions are located. The spin magnetic moments for the Y3+ and Fe3+
ions positioned in the a and c sites are oriented parallel to one another and
antiparallel to the Fe3+ ions in d sites. Compute the number of Bohr magnetons
associated with each Y3+ ion, given the following information: (1) each unit cell
consists of eight formula (Y3Fe5O12) units; (2) the unit cell is cubic with an edge
length of 1.2376 nm; (3) the saturation magnetization for this material is 1.0 x
104 A/m; and (4) there are 5 Bohr magnetons associated with each Fe3+ ion.
11.A coil of wire 0.1 m long and having 15 turns carries a current of 1.0 A.
(a) Compute the flux density if the coil is within a vacuum.
(b) A bar of an iron–silicon alloy, the B–H behavior for which is shown in Figure
18.29, is positioned within the coil. What is the flux density within this bar?
(c) Suppose that a bar of molybdenum is now situated within the coil. What
current must be used to produce the same B field in the Mo as was produced
in the iron–silicon alloy [part (b)] using 1.0 A?
12.A ferromagnetic material has a remanence of 1.25 teslas and a coercivity of
50,000 A/m. Saturation is achieved at a magnetic field intensity of 100,000 A/m,
 at which the flux density is 1.50 teslas. Using these data, sketch the entire
hysteresis curve in the range H= -100,000 to +100,000 A/m. Be sure to scale and
label both coordinate axes.

13.The following data are for a transformer steel:

(a) Construct a graph of B versus H.
(b) What are the values of the initial permeability
and initial relative permeability?
(c) What is the value of the maximum permeability?
(d) At about what H field does this maximum permeability
occur?
(e) To what magnetic susceptibility does this maximum
permeability correspond?
14.An iron bar magnet having a coercivity of 4000 A/m is to be demagnetized. If
the bar is inserted within a cylindrical wire coil 0.15 m long and having 100 turns,
what electric current is required to generate the necessary magnetic field?
15.A bar of an iron–silicon alloy having the B–H behavior shown in Figure 18.29 is
inserted within a coil of wire 0.20 m long and having 60 turns through which
passes a current of 0.1 A.
(a) What is the B field within this bar?
(b) At this magnetic field, (i) What is the permeability?
(ii) What is the relative permeability? (iii)
What is the susceptibility? (iv) What is the magnetization?
16.Estimate saturation values of H for single-crystal iron in the [100], [110], and
[111] directions.
17.The energy (per unit volume) required to magnetize a ferromagnetic material to
saturation (Es) is defined by the following equation:

That is, Es is equal to the product of μ0 and the area under an M versus H curve,
to the point of saturation referenced to the ordinate (or M) axis— for example, in
Figure 18.17 the area between the vertical axis and the magnetization curve to
Ms. Estimate Es values (in J/m3) for single-crystal nickel in [100], [110], and
[111] directions.
18.Assume that the commercial iron (99.95 wt% Fe) in Table 18.5 just reaches the
point of saturation when inserted within the coil in Problem 18.1. Compute the
saturation magnetization.
19.Figure 18.30 shows the B-versus-H curve for a steel alloy.
(a) What is the saturation flux density?
(b) What is the saturation magnetization?
(c) What is the remanence?
(d) What is the coercivity?
(e) On the basis of data in Tables 18.5 and 18.6, would you classify this material
as a soft or hard magnetic material? Why?
 20. For a superconducting material at a temperature T below the critical
temperature TC, the critical field HC(T) depends on temperature according to the
relationship

where HC(0) is the critical field at 0 K.

(a) Using the data in Table 18.7, calculate the critical magnetic fields for tin at
1.5 and 2.5 K.
(b) To what temperature must tin be cooled in a magnetic field of 20,000 A/m
for it to be superconductive?

20.Using Equation 18.14, determine which of the superconducting elements in

Table 18.7 are superconducting at 3 K and in a magnetic field of 15,000 A/m

21.A cobalt–nickel alloy is desired that has a saturation magnetization of 1.3 x 106
A/m. Specify its composition in weight percent nickel. Cobalt has an HCP crystal
structure with c/a ratio of 1.623, whereas the maximum solubility of Ni in Co at
room temperature is approximately 35 wt%. Assume that the unit cell volume for
this alloy is the same as for pure Co.

22.Design a cubic mixed-ferrite magnetic material that has a saturation

magnetization of 4.6 x 105 A/m.