THE EFFECT OF COW AND GOAT MANURE ON SOIL

FERTILITY AND MAYS GROWTH IN THE ACADEMIC

GARDEN OF THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
TADULAKO UNIVERSITY

COMPELETE REPORT

NURASYKIN SYAFIKA

AGROTECHNOLOGY STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CULTIVATION
TADULAKO UNIVERSITY
PALU
2023

i
THE EFFECT OF COW AND GOAT MANURE ON SOIL
FERTILITY AND MAYS GROWTH IN THE ACADEMIC
GARDEN OF THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
TADULAKO UNIVERSITY

COMPELETE REPORT

`“Compiled as one of the requirements completing

the Fertility and Fertilization of Agricultural Land the Faculty
of Agriculture Tadulako University”

By:

Nurasykin Syafika
E 281 21 191

AGROTECHNOLOGY STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CULTIVATION
TADULAKO UNIVERSITY
PALU
2023

ii
 VALIDATION SHEET
Title : “The Effect of Cow and Goat Manure On Soil
Fertility And Mays Growth In The Academic Garden
Of The Faculty Of Agriculture Tadulako University”

Name : Nurasykin Syafika

NIM : E28121191

Class : International Class

Palu, May 2023

Knowing,

Assitant Coordinator Responsible Assitant,

Fani Purnama Sari Widya Ningrum Anggraini

E 281 20 170 E 281 20 190

Aproving,
Lecturer Responsible of Practicum
Fertility and Fertilization of The Soil Course

Prof. Dr. Ir Abd. Rahim Thaha,MP

NIP. 19571030 198403 1 003

iii
 SUMMARRY

Nurasykin Syafika (E 281 22 191) The Effect of Cow and Chicken Manure On
Soil Fertility And Mays Growth In The Academic Garden of The Faculty of
Agriculture Tadulako University
Land is everywhere, but people's interests about land vary. In agriculture, soil is
defined more specifically, namely as a medium for the growth of land plants, soil is very
important for agricultural business because the life and development of plants and all living
things in the world really need land. However, this significance is sometimes ignored by
humans, so that the soil no longer functions as it should. The land becomes arid and can cause
a share of disasters, no longer being the source of all life. The purpose of this practicum is to
enable us to know field experiments, how to take soil samples, determination of soil reaction
(pH), determination of soil C-organic and organic matter (BO), determination of soil N-total,
determination of P2O5 and K2O of 25% HCL extract, and determination of cation exchange
capacity. The method used in this experiment In the experiment of determining soil pH using
the Coloniment method, which is a method that uses litmus paper and the Electrometry
method to determine the pH meter, in the experiment of determining C-organic using the
Walkley and Black method which means the content of organic matter determined by the
magnitude of the titrated C-organic which is then multiplied by a certain constant, in the
determination of soil N-total using the K-Jedhal method for determining organic nitrogen in
chemicals. The results of the analysis that have been obtained can be concluded that the level
of soil fertility in the academic garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University,
namely :p H soil is classified as low (Somewhat Alkaline), C-Organic content is classified as
low, N-total is classified as low, P-total is very high, CEC is classified as low-medium, the
status of Soil Chemical Fertility in the academic garden of the Faculty of Agriculture,
Tadulako University is classified as medium.

iv
 PREFACE

Praise the presence of God Almighty for his grace and guidance so that the

constituents can complete the preparation of the Complete Report of Fertility and

Fertilization of The Soil practicum. This report is compiled as one of the requirements

for completing Soil Science courses.

On this occasion constituents of the constituents expressed their deepest

gratitude to all those who have helped in the preparation of this report, especially to:

1. Prof. Dr. Ir Abd. Rahim Thaha,MP as a Responsible Lecturer of

Fertility and Fertilization of The Soil course.

2. Fani Purnama Sari as a Assistant Coordinator of Practicum Fertility and

Fertilization of The Soil course.

3. Widya Ningrum Anggraini as a Responsible Assistant of Practicum Fertility

and Fertilization of The Soil course.

The constituents have tried their best in the preparation of this report, but as a

human being do not escape mistakes and errors. Therefore, it is full of humility that

the constituents accept criticism and constructive advice. Hopefully this report can

benefit its readers.

Palu, May 2023

Compilers,

Kamalia Rahmah

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

COVER PAGE.............................................................................................................i
TITLE PAGE..............................................................................................................ii
VALIDITY SHEET...................................................................................................iii
SUMMARY.................................................................................................................iv
PREFACE.....................................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................vi
TABLE LIST...............................................................................................................x
ATTACHMENT LIST..............................................................................................xi

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background..........................................................................................................1
1.2 Purpose and Benefit.............................................................................................2

II. LITERATURE

2.1 Past Research................................................................................................ 3

2.2 Botany and Corn Plant Growing Terms....................................................... 4
2.3 Manure................................................................................................................5
2.4 Soil Nitrogen (N-Total)................................................................................ 6
2.5 Soil Phospor (P-Total).................................................................................. 7
2.6 C-Organic and Organic Matter of Soil................................................................8
2.7 Cation Exchange Capacity..................................................................................8
2.8 Soil Reaction (pH)........................................................................................ 9
2.9 Soil Electrical Transmission Power...................................................................10

III. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Time and Place.................................................................................................12

3.2 Tools and Materials.........................................................................................12
3.3 Procedures........................................................................................................13
3.3.1 Land Processing & Soil Sampling..........................................................14
3.3.2 Fertilization.............................................................................................15
3.3.3 Planting Distance....................................................................................15
3.3.4 Planting...................................................................................................18
3.3.5 Maintenance............................................................................................18
3.3.6 Soil Nitrogen...........................................................................................18
3.3.7 Soil Phospor (P-Total)............................................................................18
3.3.8 C-Organic and Organic Matter of Soil...................................................19
3.3.9 Cation Exchange Capacity......................................................................19

vi
 3.3.10 Soil Reaction (pH)................................................................................19
3.3.11 Soil Electrical Transmission Power......................................................19

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Preliminary Analysis........................................................................................21

4.1.1 Soil Nitrogen (N-Total)...........................................................................22
4.1.2 Soil Phospor (P-Total)............................................................................23
4.1.3 C-Organic and Organic Matter of Soil...................................................25
4.1.4 Cation Exchange Capacity......................................................................25
4.1.5 Soil Reaction...........................................................................................26
4.1.6 Soil Electrical Transmission Power........................................................26
4.2 Mays Growth...................................................................................................27
4.2.1 Height of Plant........................................................................................27
4.2.2 Total of Leaf...........................................................................................28
4.3 Final Analysis..................................................................................................31
4.3.1 Soil Nitrogen (N-Total)...........................................................................31
4.3.2 Soil Phospor (P-Total)............................................................................32
4.3.3 C-Organic and Organic Matter of Soil...................................................33
4.3.4 Cation Exchange Capacity......................................................................34
4.3.5 Soil Reaction...........................................................................................35
4.3.6 Soil Electrical Transmission Power........................................................36

V. CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions......................................................................................................37
5.2 Reccomendations.............................................................................................37
5.3 Message and Impression..................................................................................37

REFERENCES
ATTACHMENT
BIOGRAPHY

vii
 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Soil is a material consisting of aggregates (granules) of solid minerals that are

not cemented (chemically bonded) to each other and from organic matter that has

weathered (which has solid particles) accompanied by liquids and gases that fill the

empty spaces in these solid particles (Sompie 2018.)

Soil is made up of particles of rock fragments that have been altered by

chemical and environmental processes that include weathering and erosion. Soil is

different from its parent rock because of the interaction between the hydrosphere,

atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere is a mixture of mineral constituents that are

in the solid, liquid and gas states that always experience the dynamism of

evaporated water mineral soils (Hanafiah, 2014).

Physical properties of soil are soil properties determined by its constituent

materials, and are environmental elements that affect the availability of plant

nutrients. These properties include texture, structure, porosity, soil color and

temperature and others (Ainun, 2021).

The physical properties of soil are the application of physical concepts and

laws to the soil continuum of atmospheric plants. The physical properties of soil play

an important role in supporting plant growth. Physical properties of soil, such as

content density and soil strength have long been known as the main parameters in

assessing the success of tillage techniques (Arsyad, 2006).

1
 Soil chemical properties are chemical soil properties, such as soil pH and

organic matter content in the soil such as Carbon, Nitrogen, Posfor, Potassium (Ainun

2021). Soil chemistry is one of the soil properties that is often used as a reference for

soil fertility. Some important soil chemical properties include pH and nutrient

availability. Soil chemical properties are all chemical events that occur in the soil both

on the soil surface and those that occur in the soil (Nusan., 2016).

Soil fertility is the ability or quality of a soil that provides plant nutrients in

sufficient quantities for plant needs, in the form of compounds that can be utilized by

plants, and in a balance that is suitable for the growth of certain plants if temperature

and other growth factors support normal plant growth (Roidah, 2013).

Soil fertility is the quality of soil for plants, determined by the interaction of

various physical, chemical, and biological properties in the soil that is the active

habitat of plant roots. Some roots absorb water and nutrient solutions, others act as

plant anchors. The fertility of root media can be specific to the affected part of the soil

and/or due to the nature of other parts of the soil and/or due to the influence of other

parts of the soil, namely soil type, climate and season (Notohadiprawiro, 2006).

Nutrient needs for plants are divided into two groups, namely macronutrients

and micronutrients, and plants require more macronutrients than micronutrients. Every

plant, whether annual or seasonal, absolutely needs nutrients to grow, develop and

bear fruit. In fact, these nutrients can be obtained locally or externally in the form of

product inputs (Muntahanah, 2020).

Nutrient needs are one of the requirements for plant breeding at the beginning

of the growing season. Nutrient needs can be met by adding nutrients through

2
fertilization. Plant nutrient management can be done by looking at the symptoms

caused by plants. Lack of nutrients indicates, for example, symptoms that occur in

plant parts such as leaves (Qur'ania, 2023).

Fertilization is one of the production factors that plays an important role in

the management of acidic dry soil. Balanced fertilization depends on the properties of

the soil and the nutritional needs of the plant to be developed (Kasno, A. 2019).

Fertilization is the release of substances into the soil with the aim of

improving or increasing soil fertility. This substance does not contain water, the

release of which is called irrigation. In fact, watering can also play a role with certain

fertilizers, because water contains dissolved or suspended nutrients (Notohadiprawiro,

2006).

NPK fertilizer is an artificial fertilizer that contains nitrogen, phosphorus and

potassium nutrients as its main ingredients. Compost is an organic fertilizer derived

from the remaining organic matter such as animal manure that has been mixed with

plant residues and then decomposed by microorganisms that have been given (Purwati,

2023).

Chicken manure is an organic fertilizer mixed with chicken feed and rice husks

as a chicken filler. Chicken manure has the ability to improve soil structure to help

plant roots absorb nutrients better. The results showed that 10ton ha-1 chicken manure

had the best influence on the growth and development of corn plants (Irawan, 2023).

Chicken manure is a solid fertilizer that contains a lot of water and mucus.

Chicken manure is a cold fertilizer because the ingredients contained in the fertilizer

3
are only slowly available into the soil. In chicken manure, there are nutrients N 3.21%,

P2O 53.21%, K2O 1.57%, Ca 1.57%, Mg 1.44%, Mn 250 ppm and Zn 315 ppm

(Andayani, 2013).

1.2 Purpose and Benefits

The purpose of the practicum of the Field Experiment is to know several types of

fertilizers and their use doses correctly, introduce good soil to plants and find out how many

doses are good. Learn how to take good soil for samples and be able to know the arrangement

of the soil. Learn what soil pH is good for plants, as well as find out the elements that help

improve soil pH. Learn about C-organic and the difference between C-organic and organic

matter how to determine P2O5 and K2O when extracted using HCL 25%. Know what is

meant by CEC and what cations are in it.

The benefit of all practicums this time is to help practitioners to find out the elements

in the soil, cation cations contained in the soil, the use of elements for plants, good pH levels

for plants and various types of fertilizers that are often used in planting.

4
 CHAPTER II. LITERATURE

2.1 Past Research

2.2 Botany and Corn Plant Growing Terms

Corn Morphology

a. Seed

Corn is a plant of the order Poales, monoecious (monoius) and fibrous rooted.

Corn plant height reaches 60-300 cm. The stem of a dense corn plant that has a

thickness of about 2-4 cm depending on the variety and has a number of internodes of

about 10-40 internodes. Corn kernels are classified as cariopsis because corn kernels

have a perfect embryonic structure. While the corn seed skin is thin, corn seeds consist

of three main parts, namely seed coat, endosperm, and embryo. Corn fruit consists of

leaves, seed wrappers and cobs. Corn kernels are arranged in winding or straight rows

and the number of seed rows is between 8-20 (Hidayat et al., 2020).

b. Leaf

Corn leaves have a structure consisting of three parts, namely petals, leaf

tongue and leaf blades. Between the midrib and the petiole are tongues (ligula). The

leaf bone is parallel to the mother leaf bone. Corn leaves are located between the stem

knuckles (Abdiana, 2017).

c. Flower

Corn plants also have separate male and female flowers (diklin). The type of

sweet cornflower is monoecious whose pollination is cross-pollinating. The pollen

produced by male flowers is so numerous that there are millions that can pollinate

prospective kernels on sweet corn cobs. Pollination of male and female flowers is

5
assisted by gravity and wind is also influenced by temperature (Wartapa et al., 2020).

Scientific Classification of Maize:

According to (Mauliasari, 2023), the scientific classification of maize is as

follows: Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Tracheophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Poales

Family: Poaceae

Genus: Zea

Species: Zea mays L.

Corn Plant Growing Requirements:

Corn plants have land suitability criteria in cultivating them. Maize plants

come from the tropics that can adapt to the environment outside the area. Corn is not

demanding to too strict environmental requirements, it can grow on a wide variety of

soils even on slightly dry soil conditions. But for optimal growth, corn requires several

requirements, including:

a. Climate

The desired climate of most maize plants is temperate to humid sub-

tropical/tropical climates. Corn can grow in areas located between 0-50 degrees N to

0-40 degrees LS. On non-irrigated land, the growth of this plant requires ideal rainfall

of around 85-200 mm / month and must be evenly distributed. In the phase of

flowering and filling of seeds of corn plants need to get enough water. Corn should be

planted at the beginning of the rainy season, and before the dry season. The growth of

6
corn plants is in dire need of sunlight. Corn plants that are shaded, their growth will be

inhibited / languishing, and give poor seed yields that cannot even form fruit. The

desired temperature of corn plants is between 21-34 º C, but for ideal plant growth

requires an optimum temperature between 23-27 º C. In the process of germination of

corn seeds requires a suitable temperature around 30 º C. When the corn harvest falls

in the dry season will be better than the rainy season, because it affects the time of

seed ripening and drying of results (Tiara, 2023).

b. Soil

Corn does not require special soil requirements. In order for it to grow

optimally, the soil must be loose, fertile and rich in humus. Types of soil that can be

planted with corn include: andosol (derived from volcanoes), latosol, grumosol, sandy

soil. On soils with heavy texture (grumosol) can still be planted with corn with good

yields with good tillage. As for soils with dusty loam/clay texture (latosol) is the best

for growth. The acidity of the soil is closely related to the availability of plant nutrients.

Good soil acidity for the growth of corn plants is pH between 5.6 - 7.5. Corn plants

need soil with aeration and water availability in good condition. Land with a slope of

less than 8% can be planted with corn, because there the possibility of soil erosion is

very small. While areas with a slope level of more than 8%, it is better to form a

terrace first (Tiara, 2023).

C. Altitude of Place

The altitude of the place also affects the temperature produced in the place

where corn can only grow well through temperatures of 21-34 ºC. Corn can be planted

in Indonesia from lowlands to mountainous areas that have an altitude between 1000-

7
1800 m above sea level. Areas with optimum altitudes between 0-600 m above sea

level are good altitudes for maize plant growth (Tiara, 2023).

2.3 Manure

One of the known organic fertilizers is manure. Manure is a mixture of animal

manure with food waste and animal bedding. This mixture undergoes decay until it is

not shaped like the original anymore and has enough nutrients to support plant growth.

Livestock that are widely used for manure include chickens, goats, cows, horses, and

pigs, each of which has different nutrient content to meet the needs of plants. The dirt

used can be in the form of solid or liquid feces that are used separately or

simultaneously (Zagoto, 2022).

Manure as a fertilizer is very good because it can provide benefits including

providing nutrients for plants, loosening the soil, improving soil structure and texture,

increasing soil binding to water, facilitating plant root growth, storing groundwater

longer, preventing dry layers of soil, preventing some root diseases, cheaper price,

quality and environmentally friendly, more efficient use, is multiland because it can

be used in agriculture, plantations and critical land reclamation (Zagoto, 2022).

Manure is fertilizer derived from livestock sheds, both in the form of solid

manure (feces) mixed with food waste and urine (urine). Manure not only contains

macro elements but also contains micro elements which are all needed by plants and

play a role in maintaining nutrient balance in the soil, because in the long term manure

is a food storehouse for plants (Hartati, et al 2022).

8
2.4 Soil Nitrogen (N-Total)

N nutrients are nutrients for plants that are indispensable in the formation of

vegetative parts in plants, low total N content of soil because it is influenced by three

factors, namely washing with drainage water, evaporation and absorbed by plants.

This is in line with the results of research According to Nurmegawati et al., some are

transported by harvest, some return as plant residues, are lost to the atmosphere and

come back again, lost through washing. In addition, different unreal results can also be

caused by acidic soil conditions on the study land. Hardjowigeno stated that the more

acidic the soil, it will affect the availability of N elements in the soil (Salsabila, 2023).

The total n content in the soil is influenced by the PH value, if the soil pH is

acidic then nitrogen becomes unavailable for planting. N nutrients are exposed in

small amounts to mineral soils (syofiani, et al., 2020).

The N-total parameter has low criteria, The low content of nitrogenous

elements in the soil is caused by several factors. Factors that affect low nitrogen in the

soil are: (1) leaching in conjunction with waterdrainage; (2) evaporation; and (3)

absorption by plants. In addition, the availability of nitrogen in the soil can be affected

by inundation, namely the higher the puddle of water in the land, the efficiency of

absorption of N elements decreases. The decrease in the absorption efficiency of

element N is caused by the denitrification process into N2 gas (Nopriani, et al., 2023).

Efforts to improve the N-total limiting factor can be done by applying N. This

is in line with the opinion of Sumarniasih et al. (2022), stating that the N-total limiting

factor can be improved by applying urea fertilizer (N fertilizer). According to Tando

(2018), nitrogen has an important role for rice plant organizations, namely to

9
encourage rapid plant growth and improve the level of yield and grain quality through

increasing the number of tillers, developing leaf area and grain formation, filling grain

and protein synthesis (hasanah, et al., 2023).

2.5 Soil Posfor (P-Total)

In the soil element p is found in 2 forms, namely organic phofor and inorganic

phosphor, both forms of phosphor compounds can eventually be used by plants.

Organic phosphor, found in the form of compounds such as phitin, inothysol, and so

on, solid inorganic phosphor forms are usually divided into three active forms and two

relatively inactive forms (syofiani, et al., 2020).

The factor that affects the presence of P elements in the land is the fertilization

carried out. P nutrients play an important role in plant growth. High availability will

provide good growth in plants (Salsabila, 2023).

The availability of P nutrients in the soil and the absorption of P anions

available to plants are closely related to soil pH. at pH conditions of 7.5 P ions

absorbed by plants will be bound to Ca and Mg in the form of complex compounds

while in acidic to slightly acidic pH conditions P compounds with Fe-P or Al-P. If the

pH is neutral with sufficient P nutrient conditions, the availability of P elements will

be available to plants. P elements that are entangled in the soil due to the presence of

Al, Fe, Mg, Ca elements will be dissolved by phosphate bacteria so that they become

available to plants. In acidic soils close to neutral P becomes available in the form of

HPO4 (Salsabila, 2023).

2.6 C-organic and Soil Organic Matter

1
 C organic is part of the soil which is a complex and dynamic system sourced

from plant or animal residues contained in the soil that continuously experience

content in the soil and on the soil surface derived from carbon compounds in nature

and all types of organic compounds found in the soil (Nugroho, et al., 2023).

One of the determinants of soil fertility in a land is the C-Organic content.The

content of organic matter is closely related to the C-organic content because in its

determination based on the content of organic matter, so that the high and low content

of organic matter and C-organic is influenced by processing factors and the slope of

the land (Muliadi, 2023).

C-organic and N-total soil are derived from the provision and mineralization of

organic matter from plant residues that have been added to agricultural systems. The

increase in the amount and organic matter will also have a different effect on organic

matter donated to the soil (Mautuka, et al., 2022).

2.7 Cation Exchange Capacity

Soil Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) is a chemical property that plays a very

important role in maintaining and increasing soil fertility. The cation exchange

capacity (CEC) of soil is the ability of soil colloids to absorb and exchange cations.

The high value of soil CEC in the three land units is due to the fact that both types of

soil found in the study area are included in young and newly developing soils and have

not undergone much washing process. This situation is also supported by pH data

ranging from 6.9-7 which is classified as neutral and with a dominated soil texture.

The amount of CEC is largely determined by soil pH, soil texture or clay content, type

of clay minerals, organic matter content and fertilization. High CEC values are

1
strongly influenced by the amount of clay. The finer the soil texture and the higher the

amount of clay, the higher the soil CEC (Siti, 2023).

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is closely related to soil fertility. Soils with

high CEC are able to entangle and provide nutrients better than soils with low CEC.

Soils with high CEC when dominated by base cations, Ca, Mg, K, Na (high base

saturation) can increase soil fertility, but when dominated by acid cations, Al, H (low

base saturation) can reduce soil fertility. Because nutrients are present in colloidal

absorption complexes, these nutrients are not easily lost by water. In soils with

relatively low CEC values, the process of nutrient absorption by soil colloids is not

intensive, and as a result these nutrients will be easily leached and lost with the

movement of water in the soil (infiltration, percolation), and in turn nutrients are not

available for plant growth. The CEC value on the disturbed site is generally lower

when compared to the undisturbed site. The decrease in soil CEC value can be caused

by a decrease in soil organic matter content as a result of physical activities in the soil

body (Siti, 2023).

Soil fertility is not only influenced by organic matter, but also influenced by

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). CEC can be interpreted as the ability of the soil to

absorb and exchange or release solutions back into the soil. Soils with relatively high

CEC are able to absorb and provide nutrients better than soils with low CEC (Pratika,

2023).

The cation exchange capacity of the soil is also in line with the pH of the soil,

because the factor that affects the availability of potassium and phosphorus in the soil

1
is the pH of the soil. The higher the soil ph, the availability of cations in the soil

increases so that the absorption of nutrients by plants increases (Mautuka, et al., 2022).

2.8 Soil Reaction (pH)

Soil pH is a measure of the number of hydrogen ions contained in the soil. Soil

pH is very influential on soil fertility for plant survival. Chemical properties in plant

soil can show a pH value that can be used as an indicator of soil fertility, because it

can reflect the availability of nutrients contained in the soil, Normal pH value is 7,

while when the pH value is > 7 then the substance is alkaline and vice versa, if the pH

value <7 shows similarity. A value of 0 in pH indicates high similarity, while a value

of 14 in pH indicates high alkalinity (yusran, et al., 2023). Soil fertility has chemical

parameters, namely neutral pH and sufficient nutrient content, and physically has a

clay texture, loose consistency, good porosity, and sufficient moisture content. Among

these parameters, soil moisture content and soil pH are the dominant parameters that

are useful for plant growth. However, less soil moisture content and soil pH can cause

plants to become stunted and if excess will cause the soil surface to become moist, the

moist state will cause fungal microorganisms that cause decay in plant roots (Kahfi,

2023).

2.9 Soil Electrical Conductivity

Electrical conductivity is a vigor test of seeds to see the level of leakage of cell

membranes. A high electrical conductivity value indicates high leakage of seed

metabolites, which means that the seeds are of decreased quality. Low-vigor seeds

have been known to experience a decrease in membrane integrity as a result of

deterioration of the storage period and mechanical damage. During imbibition, seeds

1
that have a weak membrane structure release cytoplasmic colloidal into the imbibition

medium. The electrical conductivity test can be measured using a conductivity meter,

which is measured is seed soaking water (Munawar, 2023).

DHL or Electrical conductivity is the property of water to conduct electricity.

Water that contains a lot of salt will have a high price of electrical conductivity. DHL

prices depend on temperature, type and concentration of dissolved ions. DHL is

directly proportional to TDS, so if the TDS value is high, the DHL value will also be

high (Sari, 2023).

According to Saadati, et al., 2023. DHL test is very effective for detecting

vigorseed. Seeds with high electrolyte leakage have low vigor, whereas high vigorous

seeds have low electrolyte leakage. The conductivity test on seeds is a physical test to

see the level of cell membrane leakage. The high and low level of leakage of germ cell

membranes illustrates the value of seed viability and vigor (Noprizal, et al., 2023).

Electrical conductivity (EC) is called soil salinity because it describes the level

of salinity in the soil (Nailussa'adah, 2023). Electrical Conductivity (DHL), DHL

value is a qualitative approximation of the ion levels present in the soil. The higher the

ionic content of the solution, the greater the DHL value and vice versa. The ionic

content in the soil is directly proportional to the DHL value in the soil. If the DHL

value > 4 mS/cm, it will cause plant roots to rot due to the plasmolysis process

(Wardhani, 2023).

1
 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Time and Place

The soil fertility and fertilization practicum will be carried out on March 17-18,

2023 and May 6, 2023 at 07.30-end. Located in the Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty

of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Palu.

3.2 Tools and Material

The tools used include 4 decimal accuracy analytical balances, 200 ml

erlenmeyer, distillation tools, shredders, burettes, 15 or 25 ml measuring pipettes, 50

or 100 ml beaker glass, digestion tubes, vortexes, test tubes, drip pipettes,

spectrophotometers, 5 and 10 ml volume pipettes, spray flasks, stirers, ammonia

stackers (K Jedahl automatic), funnels and storage containers (beakers or plastic

bottles), 100 ml shake bottle, 50 ml dispenser or measuring cup, shaker machine,

conductometer with platinum cell, filter paper, Ph meter, sieve and measuring flask.

The materials used are sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), borax

acid (H3BO3), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), catalysts, aquades, soil samples, potassium

dichromate (K2Cr2O1) 1 N, ferrous sulfate (FeSO4-7H2O), phosphoric acid (H3PO4),

sodium fluoride (NaF), diphenylamine indicator, ammonium acetate solution

(NH4OAc), ethanol, alcohol, CO^2-free ion-free water, and buffer solution.

3.3 Procedures

3.3.1 Processing of land and Soil Sampling

Land processing is carried out by clearing the land from rocks, twigs, leaves,

and so on. Loosen the soil using a hoe or other processing tool. Fertilize using

15
manure or chemical fertilizers in accordance with the type of plant to be planted.

Level the land so that it is ready for planting.

The way soil sampling works is to clean the surface or aboveground part of

the grass from grass, dig using a small shovel or sube 15 cm deep, take the edges of

the soil and put it in an ice plastic bag and labeled it.

3.3.2 Fertilization

Determine the type of fertilizer to be used. Fertilizers can be organic fertilizers

or inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are usually made from natural materials

such as manure, compost, or agricultural waste. While inorganic fertilizers consist of

chemicals such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Determine the required dose

of fertilizer. The dose of fertilizer must be adjusted to the nutritional needs of the plant

and the content of nutrients available in the soil. Spreading fertilizer into the soil. Take

care of plants by providing enough water and sunlight. Plants also need to be

nourished by applying pesticides and herbicides if needed.

3.3.3 Distance of Planting

Measure the length and width of the beds that will be planted with plants.

Measure the planting distance using a meter with a planting distance of 75 x 25.

Mark using a peg between the same distance and the other distance, also give a rope

such as raffia rope to be a marker or place where the seed will be planted.

3.3.4 Planting

Before the seeds are planted, the soil on each plot is first tugal by + 3 cm.

After that the seeds are planted in the prepared planting hole. Thinning is carried

out after planting grows uniformly by leaving two plants in one pot.

1
3.3.5 Maintenance

Watering is done regularly every day during the growth period of the

plant, namely in the afternoon and the amount of water given is in accordance

with the water needs in the pot but at the beginning of planting the amount of

water is castrated according to the capacity of the field.

Weeding is done to control weeds around plants. Weeding is carried out

once a week. Weeding on corn plants is done manually, namely by pulling weeds

by hand.

3.3.6 Soil Nitrogen

Carefully weigh 1,000 g of soil sample into the digestion tube, add 10 ml

of concentrated 24 and ± selen/catalyst mixture of 2 g or the tip of a teaspoon, do

the blanks determination. Heat / destroy for 1 1/2 hours, then distillate by adding

35 ml of 40 % NaOH, tamping distillate in boric acid as much as 25 ml.

Distillation is terminated when the volume of distillate in the container has

reached 50-75 ml. Distillate is titrated with a solution of raw acid, namely 24

0.050 N or HCl 1 N until the end point is a color change from green to pink.

14,01 × 𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑜 − 𝑎𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑜 × 𝐶

(%) = 𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑒𝑔ℎ × 10

3.3.7 Soil Posfor

Pipette 0.5 ml of solution / filtrate into the test tube then add 2 ml of

aquades (5x dilution) and beat with vortex until homogeneous. Next, pipette the

solution and the standard P series as much as 2 ml each into the test tube. Add 10

ml each of the mixture reagent, beat with vortex until homogeneous then

measured with a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 693 nm with the P

1
standard series as a comparison.

3.3.8 C-Organic and Soil Organic Matter

Weigh 0.5 gr of soil sample or 0.1 gr for organic soil and organic fertilizer size

<0.5 mm, then put in erlemeyer 200 ml. Add 5 ml of K2 Cr2O7 1 N and 10 ml of

concentrated H2SO4 , shake and let stand for 30 minutes. Add 100 ml of ion-free

water, then add 5 ml of NaF, 5 ml of H3PO4 and 15 drops of diphenylamine.

Prepare blanks with the same procedure, let cool then titrate with Ferroammonium

Sulfate Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 and record the titration volume.

𝑒4 (𝑎𝑜 − 𝑎𝑝𝑒) 0,30

𝐶 − 𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑜=𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑒𝑔ℎ × 𝑒4 × 0,77
% Organic matter = 1,724 x C-Organic

3.3.9 Cation Exchange Capacity

Weighing 1 gr of air dry soil sample that escapes a 0.5 mm sieve, put it in a

container or plastic bottle, add 25 ml of N H4 OAc 1N solution, pH 7.0, stir with a

stirring rod and let stand for one night. Filter in a funnel and accommodate the filtrate

with another container, transfer all the soil in the filter paper bottle by rinsing the

remaining soil with N H4 OAc solution with a spray bottle. Wash the soil on filter

paper with 20 – 30 ml of NH4OAc solution and leave it until it drains completely and

repeat washing for several times, then wash the soil on filter paper with 25 – 30 ml

ethanol or alcohol for each wash, let it drain completely and repeat washing 2 – 3

times. Transfer soil and filter paper into a flask K jedahl 800 ml then add 20 ml

aquades, pipette 20 ml H3BO3 into erlemeyer 250 ml. Install a kjedahl flask containing

soil samples and erlemeyer containing H3BO3 on the distillation device and start

distillation until the distillate accommodated in the erlemeyer reaches 100 – 150 ml,

1
remove the erlemeyer and titarnya with 0.1 N HCl solution until the green color turns

pink. Use blanks by distilling aquades with reagents similar to soil samples.
100
KTK (me/100 g soil) = (t-b) x N HCl x
w

3.3.10 Soil Reaction (pH)

Weigh 10.00 g of soil sample twice, each put into a shake bottle, plus 50 ml of

ion-free water into one bottle (pH H2O) and 50 ml of KCl 1 M into the other bottle

(pH KCl). Shake for 30 minutes. Soil suspension is measured with a pH meter that has

been calibrated using pH 7.0 and pH 4.0 buffer solutions. Report the pH value in 1

decimal place.Timbang 10,00 g contoh tanah sebanyak dua kali, masing-masing

dimasukkan ke dalam botol kocok, ditambah 50 ml air bebas ion ke botol yang satu

(pH H2O) dan 50 ml KCl 1 M ke dalam botol lainnya (pH KCl). Kocok selama 30

menit. Suspensi tanah diukur dengan pH meter yang telah dikalibrasi menggunakan

larutan buffer pH 7,0 dan pH 4,0. Laporkan nilai pH dalam 1 desimal.

3.3.10 Soil Reaction (pH)

Weigh 10.00 g of soil sample twice, each put into a shake bottle, plus 50

ml of ion-free water into one bottle (pH H2O) and 50 ml of KCl 1 M into the

other bottle (pH KCl). Shake with a whisk for 30 minutes. Soil suspension is

measured with a pH meter that has been calibrated using pH 7.0 and pH 4.0

buffer solutions. Report the pH value in 1 decimal place.

3.3.11 Soil Electrical Conductivity

Weigh 10.00 g of soil sample into a shake bottle, add 50 ml of ion-free water.

Shake with a whisk for 30 minutes. Measure DHL soil suspension with a calibrated

conductometer using raw solution NaCl and read after steady number. Each will

1
calibrate and measure electrode samples, washed and dried with tissues. DHL values

are reported in dS units of m-1 using 3 decimal places.

2
 CHAPTER IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION.

4.1 Preliminary Analysis

4.1.1 Soil Nitrogen (N-Total)

Based on the practicum that has been carried out, the following results are

obtained:

Table 1. Determination of Soil Nitrogen (N-Total)

NO Code Spl (%N) Criteria

1 Spl 1 0.1310 Low

2 Spl 2 0,1021 Low

Based on the practicum that has been carried out, results were obtained in

sample one, namely 0.1310 with very low criteria and in sample 2, which was 0.1021

with low criteria. The cause of low nitrogen is because it is leached with drainage

water, evaporation and absorbed by plants. Deficiency of element N causes stunted

plant growth and chlorophyll levels drop, resulting in pale plants.

Features of nitrogen-deficient plants can be recognized by the lower leaves.

The leaves on the part turn yellow due to a lack of chlorophyll. In further processes,

the leaves will dry out and fall off. The bones below the surface of young leaves will

appear pale. Plant growth slows down, stunted and weak. As a result, the production of

flowers and seeds will be low. As for the characteristics of plants if the N element is

excessive, it can be seen from the color of the leaves that are too green and lush plants

with leaves. Nitrogen must first undergo fixation into NH3, NH4, and NO3. This stage

is known as the nitrogen transformation stage which is part of the nitrogen cycle.

21
Nitrogen is also important as a constituent of enzymes which play a very large role in

plant metabolic processes, because they are composed of protein (Irawan, 2021).

4.1.2 Soil Posfor (P-Total)

Based on the practicum that has been carried out, the following results are

obtained:

Table 2. Determination of Passport (P-Total) Land

NO Code spl (%P-Total) Criteria

1 Spl 1 76, 204 Very higt

2 Spl 2 81, 0698 Very higt

Based on the practicum that has been carried out, it was obtained that the

results on sample one 76, 204% with very high criteria. While in sample two it was

81.0698% with very high criteria. The large amount of p contained in the soil does not

guarantee that the plants above it can absorb p elements as needed. However, an

excess of phosphorus elements is also a danger to plants. This can cause the absorption

of microelements to be inhibited. Phosphorus will bind the elements iron (Fe), copper

(Cu), and zinc (Zn) so that it is not available to plants.

Excess phosphorus causes the absorption of other elements, especially

microelements such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) to be disrupted. But the

symptoms are not physically visible in plants. Plants absorb phosphorus in the form of

orthophosphorus ions (H2PO4) and secondary orthophosphorus ions (HPO4). In

addition, P elements can still be absorbed in other forms, namely pyrophosphorus and

metaphosphorus forms, there is even the possibility of P elements being absorbed in

2
the form of water-soluble organic compounds, such as nucleic acids and phitins

(Irawan, 2021). Factors that affect the availability of phosphorus in the soil include

pH, soil organic matter, and soil texture, so that in each type of soil the availability of

phosphorus is different according to the characteristics of the soil. Phosphorus is also a

barrier to plant growth. Usually the phosphorus content in the soil is relatively high

but in a state of unavailability (Hadi, 2014).

4.1.3 C-Organic and Organic matter

Based on the practicum that has been carried out, the following results are

obtained:

Table 3. Determination of C-organic and organic matter

NO Code spl (%C) Criteria

1 Spl 1 2,7014 Medium

2 Spl 2 2,789 Medium

Based on the practicum that has been carried out, the results in sample 1 are

2.7014% with low criteria and in sample 2 which is 2.789% with low criteria. Factors

that cause C-organic to decrease in the soil are through soil respiration, and plant

respiration, as well as a decrease in soil organic matter levels can occur due to erosion

processes, transportation of crops, and burning of crop residues.

The loss of topsoil can lead to decreased levels of organic matter, increased

soil compaction, decreased stability of soil aggregates, and increased aluminum

saturation. Erosion events that increasingly occur can reduce levels of organic matter

and nutrients in the soil. This can reduce soil quality which in turn will reduce soil

productivity (Utami, 2019).

2
 The decrease in soil C-organics leads to low soil fertility and low cation

exchange capacity, which results in the need for additional fertilizers to maintain

economic yields. One of the consequences if the lack of c-organic in the soil will cause

soil fertility to be low and also the application of chemical fertilizers will be less

effective (Diara, 2017).

4.1.4 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) Based on the practicum that has been carried

out, the following results are obtained:

Table 4. Cation Exchange Capacity Determination

NO Code spl (CEC) Criteria

1 Spl 1 17,1354 Medium

2 Spl 2 15,0530 Medium

Based on the practicum that has been carried out, it was found that the value of

ktk in sample one was 17.1354 with medium criteria and in sample two, which was

15.0530 with low criteria. The soil organic matter content is very low and the texture

of sandy loam soil is a factor and causes low CEC in the soil. Factors that affect soil

CEC are organic matter content, soil texture and soil development rate. The higher the

content of organic matter and soil clay, the higher the soil CEC value, if other factors

are equal. The more developed the soil, the lower the CEC of these soils.

The low CEC is due to the very low soil organic matter content and sandy

loam soil texture. The size of the CEC value depends on the soil texture and organic

matter content, the higher the organic matter content and the finer the soil texture, the

higher the soil CEC and vice versa the lower the organic matter content and the

coarser the soil texture, the lower the soil CEC content (Puja, 2018).

2
 The high and low CEC value of the soil is determined by the clay and organic

matter content in the soil. Low soil CEC does not allow to bind large amounts of

nutrients so that if the soil with low CEC is fertilized once with a large amount, it will

be efficient, because only some nutrients can be bound (Arifin, 2018).

4.1.5 Soil pH

Based on the practicum that has been carried out, the following results are

obtained:

Table 5. Determination of Soil pH

NO Code spl (%pH) Criteria

1 Spl 1 (H2O) 8,27 Slightly alkaline

2 Spl 2 (H2O) 8,36 Slightly alkaline
1 Spl 1 (KCL) 7,28 Neutral
2 Spl 2 (KCL) 7,15 Neutral

Based on the practicum that has been carried out, the results of H2O treatment

in sample one obtained a value of 8.27 with slightly alkaline criteria and in sample two

obtained a value of 8.36 with slightly alkaline criteria. While in the KCL treatment in

sample one obtained a value of 7.28 with neutral criteria and in sample two a value of

7.15 was obtained with neutral criteria.

If the pH conditions in plant growing media are acidic or high, the absorption

of nutrients by plants will be inhibited which causes late plant growth or becomes

stunted. The higher the pH value in a soil area, the nutrients contained in the soil will

be difficult to absorb by plants. In addition, the content of microorganisms contained

in the soil is very small and will interfere with plant growth. And inappropriate soil pH

conditions will affect the absorption of nutrients by plants (Ghazali, 2022).

2
4.1.6 Electrical Conductivity

Based on the practicum that has been carried out, the following results are

obtained:

Table 6. Electrical Conductivity Determination (ECD)

NO Code spl (%ECD) Criteria

1 Spl 1 162,9 Very hight

2 Spl 2 122,3 Very hight

Based on the results of the practicum that has been carried out, the results in

sample one are 162.9 with very high criteria and in sample two a value of 122.3 with

very high criteria is obtained. Factors affecting DHL are temperature and

concentration of ions in water, ECD units are siemnt and mohs. ECD is largely

determined by the amount of chemicals and salts dissolved in water, and ECD is

directly proportional to TDS.

One of the causes of high media osmosis pressure and causes seeds difficult to

germinate is high electrical conductivity (EC) besides the toxic influence of salt

constituent ions on media with high EC can also cause seeds difficult to germinate.

DHL occurs because the free salt content in groundwater and ion content can be

exchanged on the surface of particles in the soil. EC value will affect the salinity of the

soil nutrient ph (Febriarto, 2020).

The electrical conductivity of soil occurs because of the existence of free salt

content contained in soil water content and exchangeable ion content contained on the

surface of soil solid particles. Ground electrical conductivity is the ability of soil to

conduct electric current (Arabia, 2012).

2
4.2 Mays Growth

4.2.1 Height of Plant

Based on observations made on the growth of corn plants in the initial and final

analysis sample fields, the high yields of corn plants were obtained as follows:

Table 7. The effect of cow manure on the height of corn plants

NO. Observation date Height of corn(cm)

1. 17-03-2023 28,15
2. 25-03-2023 53,8
3. 1-04-2023 83,8
4. 8-04-2023 132,2
5. 15-04-2023 169,5
6. 29-04-2023 177,5
7. 6-05-2023 179,5
Based on the results in the table, it is known that there is an effect of cow

manure on the increase in height of corn plants. The application of organic fertilizers,

both flax compost and cow manure can increase the growth and yield of sweet corn

plants, this can be seen in the observation of plant height.

This is related to the function of each fertilizer on plant growth. Organic

fertilizers in general are able to improve the physical, chemical and biological

properties of the soil. With good soil conditions will create a suitable growing

environment for plant growth, which is reflected in the appearance of plants in the

form of height, number of leaves, leaf area and good dry weight of plants. Although

the genotives are the same, in different environments the appearance of a plant will be

different. The role of organic matter on the physical properties of the soil is to make

2
the soil crumb structured, as well as soil aeration becomes better because porosity or

pore space increases. Soil aeration is related to the content of water, gas 02, N2 and

CO2 in the soil, which greatly affects the development of roots and the life of soil

microorganisms.

Table 8. The effect of goat manure on the height of corn plants

NO. Observation date Height of corn(cm)
1. 17-03-2023 26,5
2. 25-03-2023 49,9
3. 1-04-2023 65,3
4. 8-04-2023 93
5. 15-04-2023 143
6. 29-04-2023 163
7. 6-04-2023 163,5
Based on the results above, it is known that the application of goat manure has

an influence on the height of corn plants. This is in accordance with the results of

research by Kusmanto et al., 2010 which states that the dose treatment of goat manure

differs markedly in all plant growth parameters which include plant height, wet weight

of stamps, and dry weight of stamps. It was seen that the application of goat manure as

much as 20 t/ha gave the highest plant height during the observation but was not

significantly different from other treatments. This shows that the height of pulut corn

plants is less affected by goat manure application. Or in other words, in this study,

genetic factors play a more important role in influencing plant height.

There are 3 important processes associated with the vegetative phase of plants,

namely cell division, cell elongation and cell differentiation. Harjadi (1996) stated that

if the rate of cell division and its elongation and tissue formation runs fast, then stem

2
growth will also run quickly. Conversely, when the rate of cell division is slow, then

the growth of the stem by itself is slow as well. Based on this, it can be said that the

rate of cell division ofcorn due to the application of goat manure is not significantly

different, although it seems that the higher the dose of goat manure the higher the rate

of cell division indicated by the higher the plant. The influence of external factors

(goat manure application) does not clearly indicate that the dose of fertilizer given is

not sufficient for plant nutrient needs. Sarido and Andayani (2013) stated that goat

manure contains N 2.10%, P2O5 0.66% and K2O 1.97%.

4.2.2 Total of Leaf

Based on observations made on the growth of corn plants in the initial and final

analysis sample fields, the results of the number of leaves of corn plants were obtained

as follows:

Table 9. The effect of cow manure on the number of leaves of corn plants
NO. Observation date Number of Leaves
1. 17-03-2023 5
2. 25-03-2023 7,5
3. 1-04-2023 8
4. 8-04-2023 11,8
5. 15-04-2023 12,8
6. 29-04-2023 13
7. 6-04-2023 11

Based on the data above, the results were obtained that there was an influence

of cow manure on the number of leaves on corn plants. All cows generally eat drums

because these cows are herbivores, so cows only eat plants, but as the era progressed

2
there began to be many artificial feeds for cows whose ingredients were also from

plants and other mixtures. From this food, cow dung becomes many benefits,

especially in plants that are used as manure, but that's not all the benefits of cow dung

there are many others. Cow manure can be processed into various uses, one of which

is organic fertilizer, organic fertilizer is fertilizer that is processed without using

chemicals.

The following are the various benefits of manure from cow dung: cow manure

provides an N function for plants is to help leaf growth so that plant leaves become

wider and greener and improve the quality of corn plants. In addition to nitrogen,

potassium is also a nutrient needed by corn plants in large quantities. Cow dung is an

organic matter that specifically plays a role in increasing the availability of phosphorus

and microelements, reducing the adverse effects of aluminum, providing carbon

dioxide to the plant canopy. Especially in plants with dense canopies where air

circulation is limited. Cow dung contains many nutrients needed by plants such as

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and boron (Brady, 1990).

Table 10. The effect of goat manure on the number of leaves of corn plants

NO. Observation date Number of Leaves

1. 17-03-2023 6
2. 25-03-2023 6,6
3. 1-04-2023 8
4. 8-04-2023 11
5. 15-04-2023 12,5
6. 29-04-2023 14

3
 7. 6-04-2023 14,6

Based on Table 10 it can be informed that the number of leaves differs

markedly in the dose treatment of goat manure at all observation ages (25 hst, 35 hst,

45 hst, and 55 hst). Applying goat manure to sweet ja- gung plants can increase the

number of leaves. The number of leaves of sweet corn plants fertilized with goat

manure tends to be more than without being fertilized with manure. goat. This is in

accordance with the results of research by Bara and Chozin (2009) which states that

the application of kandang fertilizer has a real influence on plant height, number of

leaves, and stem diameter An increase in manure dose is directly proportional to the

increase in the number of leaves. The greater the dose of manure, the greater the

height of the plant and the number of leaves.

According to Anwar and Sudadi (2013) the role of organic matter is divided

into: (1) physical function, helping the formation of good soil structure and moisture

content, (2) chemical function, contributing to the active nature of soil colloids, (3)

nutrient function, contributing to nutrient sources, especially N. P. and S for plant

growth, and (4) physiological functions both directly and indirectly, this is due to

organic compounds that can function as growth hormones.

4.3 Final Analysis

4.3.1 Soil Nitrogen (N-Total)

Based on the practicum that has been carried out, the following results are

obtained:

Table 11. Determination of Soil Nitrogen (N-Total)

NO Code Spl (%N) Criteria

3
 1 Spl 1 0.0218 Very low

2 Spl 2 0,0188 Very low

The total N-value obtained is very low, this is because the value of C-Organic content

in the study is also included in the medium category, thus affecting the availability of N in the

soil. Organic fertilizer or soil organic matter is a source of nitrogen elements in the soil. In

addition, nitrogen also has a very important role for improving the physical, chemical and

biological properties of the soil. (Hakim, et al, 2014). Factors that affect the availability of N

are tiny bodies, both free-living and symbiotic with planting, nitrogen can enter the soil in the

form of nitrate the amount of isis is very dependent on the climate of a place (Hakim, et al,

2014).

The function of N is to improve plant vegetative growth and protein formation. The

symptoms of N deficiency are stunted plants, limited root growth and yellow and fallen leaves.

Symptoms of N deficiency are inhibiting plant maturity, weak stems and collapsed NO3-

easily washed by low N rainwater and sand soil is easily washed freeing water so that N is

lower than clay (Hedriwoegeno, 2010).

4.3.2 C-Organic and Organic Matter

Based on the practicum that has been carried out, the following results are

obtained:

Table 12. Determination of C-organic and organic matter

NO Code spl (%C) Criteria

1 Spl 1 2,534 Medium

2 Spl 2 2,359 Medium
The C-organic value in sample 1 is 2.53% and for sample 2 it is 2.35% so we

can see that the C-Organic value is slightly higher, namely in sample 1, we also need

3
to know that samples 1 and 2 are still included in the criteria for medium C-organic

elements because they range from 2.01-3.00.

Prabowo and Subantoro (2018) The cause of low C-organic content is due to

the very lack of organic matter in the soil. Low C-organic content indirectly indicates

low production of organic matter in the soil due to the very lack of vegetation in the

soil due to frequent processing for planting and transportation of crop residues out of

the planting area, making the soil infertile.

Zainudin and Kesumaningwati (2021) the low Corganic is caused by the low

production of organic matter in the soil at the research site. The soil in the lower layers

shows a lower C-organic content, which is influenced by the accumulation of organic

matter and the process of decomposition of organic matter that occurs in the upper

layers of the soil.

4.3.3 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) Based on the practicum that has been carried

out, the following results are obtained:

Table 13. Cation Exchange Capacity Determination

NO Code spl (CEC) Criteria

1 Spl 1 1,0174 Very low

2 Spl 2 1,0080 Very low

Based on the results above, the CEC value in sempel 1 is 1.0174 while for sample 2

the CEC value is 1.0080. The values of these two samples indicate that the values of both

samples fall into very low criteria, the value is included in <5.

Suriatna, S, (2012) the cation exchange process will change if there is a change in soil

pH, at low pH only the permanent charge of clay and some of the organic colloidal charge that

3
holds ions can be replaced through cation exchange. So this is what causes the CEC to be

relatively low.

Supangat et al (2013) The average low CEC shows a low fertility level on acidic soils.

The amount of soil CEC is influenced by the properties and characteristics of the soil, namely:

soil pH, texture or amount of clay, and types of clay minerals, and organic matter.

Nurmegawati et al (2016) Soil CEC is influenced by one of them soil texture. From several

observations of soil texture characteristics, soil CEC is directly proportional to the number of

clay grains. The higher the amount of clay in the same type of soil, the CEC also increases,

while the texture is dominated by fractions of sand or dust, the CEC is relatively smaller than

the soil with a fine texture.

4.3.4 Electrical Conductivity Determination (ECD)

Based on the practicum that has been carried out, the following results are

obtained:

Table 14. Electrical Conductivity Determination (ECD)

NO Code spl (ECD/µs) Criteria

1 Spl 1 428 Very hight

2 Spl 2 291 Very hight
Based on the results above, it can be seen that the electrical conductivity of

soil in samples 1 and 2 is very high, namely in sample 1 has a ECD value of 428μs

and sample 2 has a ECD value of 291μs.

Soil contains salts that function as conductors of electricity. The number of

electrons in the soil is proportional to the salts contained in the soil. Determination

of electrical conductivity is an approach to determine the level of salt saturation in

the soil (Yuwono, 2014).

3
 Soil Electrical Conductivity measures the number of ions contained in the

soil that are able to conduct electric current. The electrical conductivity of the soil

occurs because of the existence of free salt content contained in soil water content

and exchangeable ion content contained on the surface of particles in the soil. EC

measurement of soil to estimate soil conditions has several advantages including

ease of operation, low operational costs and faster compared to other measurement

methods (Suud, 2005).

4.3.5 Soil pH

Based on the practicum that has been carried out, the following results are

obtained:

Table 15. Determination of Soil pH

NO Code spl (%pH) Criteria

1 Spl 1 (H2O) 7,49 Slightly alkaline

2 Spl 2 (H2O) 7,70 Slightly alkaline
1 Spl 1 (KCL) 7,46 Neutral
1 Spl 2 (KCL) 7,54 Neutral
The soil pH in samples 1 and 2 for H2O falls into the slightly alkaline category,

the pH in samples 1 and 2 for KCL is in the neutral category. According to Hakim, et

al (2014) the pH value of H2O is slightly higher than the pH of KCl, this is because

H2O is more able to bind hydrogen ions (H⁺) compared to hydroxyl ions (OHˉ) while

KCL has a low yield of H2O because KCL is more able to bind hydroxyl ions (OHˉ)

compared to hydrogen ions (H⁺).

Winarso, S, (2011) Soil pH is very important for plants in determining whether

or not nutrients are easily absorbed by plants. Acidic soils are generally found in wet

climates, acidic soils have a high concentration of H⁺ ions compared to OHˉ ions,

acidic soils generally have a low pH content, which is below 6.5. The pH needed by

3
plants is pH that is in accordance with the anatomical and physiological conditions of

the plant, therefore the pH needs to be changed to suit the needs of plants. But this

effort is not easy because there is an inhibitor called buffer, which is a common

property of acid-base mixtures and salts. The importance of pH is to determine

whether or not nutrients are easily absorbed by plants.

3
 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conlusion

Based on the analysis obtained, it can be concluded that the level of soil fertility in the

academic garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, namely:

1. For pH values classified as low (somewhat alkaline) this is because H2O is more able

to bind H⁺ ions than OHˉ values,

2. C-organic content is low because of lack of vegetation in the soil and lack of organic

matter in the soil,

3. N-total classification is low because organic fertilizers or soil organic matter is a

source of nitrogen in the soil, so if soil fertility is low then N-total classification will

also be low.

4. The important function of phosphorus for plants is to help the process of

photosynthesis, respiration, energy transfer and storage, cell division and expansion.

5. CEC is relatively low, this is because the pH in the soil is low so that only the

permanent charge of clay and some of the organic colloidal charge that holds ions can

be replaced through cation exchange.

6. So this is what causes the CEC to be relatively low. So that the status of soil fertility

in academic land is classified as low soil fertility. A closely related factor is the soil,

soil formation will affect the development of vegetation.

5. 2 Suggestion

We recommend that when practicing in the laboratory use masks, gloves to

avoid direct contact with hazardous chemicals and preferably first the practice is

informed about the tools used and their functions and how they work before the

practicum begins so that the analysis carried out can run well.

37
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Ainun, H. (2021). Analisis Sifat Fisika Tanah Ultisol Pada Pertumbuhan Tanaman
Serai Di Desa Hargomulyo Kecamatan Sekampung Kabupaten Lampung
Timur (Doctoral Dissertation, Uin Raden Intan Lampung).
Andayani dan L. Sarido. 2013. Uji Empat Jenis Pupuk Kandang terhadapPertumbuhan
dan Hasil Tanaman Cabai Keriting (Capsicum annum L.). J.Agrifor.
Vol. 12 (1) : 22-23

Arsyad, A.R. 2010. Pengaruh Olah Tanah Konservasi dan Pola Tanam
Terhadap Sifat Fisika Tanah Ultisol dan Hasil Jagung. Jurnal
Agronomi. Vol. 8.No.2. Dobermann and fairhust 2000
Fitriatin, B. N., Manurung, D. F., & Setiawati, M. R. 2022. Bioassay Of Phosphorus
Solubilizing Isolates For Enhance P Solubility And Growth Of Rice (Oryza
Sativa L.) Uji Hayati Isolat Pelarut Fosfor Untuk Meningkatkan Kelarutan P Dan
Pertumbuhan Padi (Oryza Sativa L.). Jurnal Agro, 9, 1.
Fitriatin, B. N., Manurung, D. F., & Setiawati, M. R. 2022. Bioassay Of Phosphorus
Solubilizing Isolates For Enhance P Solubility And Growth Of Rice (Oryza
Sativa L.) Uji Hayati Isolat Pelarut Fosfor Untuk Meningkatkan Kelarutan P Dan
Pertumbuhan Padi (Oryza Sativa L.). Jurnal Agro, 9, 1.

Hanafiah, 2010. Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah; PT. Raja Gravindo;

Jakarta Hanafianh. 2014. Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Tanah, Rajawali Press;

Jakarta.
Nusan, S., Musaad, I., & Djuuna, I. A. 2016. Beberapa Sifat Kimia Tanah Dan
Pertumbuhan Ubujalar ((Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lamb) Akibat Pemberian Ekstrak
Krandalit, Fraksi Humat Dan Kalium Pada Ultisol. Agrotek, 3(2).
Irawan, G. C., Jali, S., & Novita, D. 2023. Pengaruh Pemberian Pupuk Kandang
Kotoran Ayam Dan Kno3 Terhadap Komponen Hasil Dan Hasil Tanaman
Jagung Ketan (Zea Mays Ceratina). Agronitas, 5(1).
Kasno, A. (2019). Perbaikan tanah untuk meningkatkan efektivitas dan efisiensi
pemupukan berimbang dan produktivitas lahan kering masam. Jurnal
Sumberdaya Lahan, 13(1), 27-40.
Khairiah, & Destini, R. (2017). Analysis of Effectof Yeast Mass Addition
andaFermentation Time to the Voltage ofDurian (Durio Zibethinus) Husk
WastePaste. FISITEK: Jurnal Ilmu Fisika DanTeknologi, 1(2), 16–22
Kumalasari, S. W., Syamsiyah, J., & Sumarno, S. (2013). Studi Beberapa Sifat Fisika

3
dan Kimia Tanah pada Berbagai Komposisi Tegakan Tanaman di Sub DAS

3
 Solo Hulu. Sains Tanah-Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology, 8(2),
119-124.

Madjid. 2010. Sifat dan Ciri Tanah. Fakultas Pertanian Institut Pertanian Bogor:
Bogor.
Meimaroglou, Nikiforos dan CharalamposMouzakis. 2019. Cation Exchange
Capacity(CEC), texture, concistency and organicmatter in soil assessment for
earthconstruction: The case of earth mortars.Construction and Building Materials
221(2019) 27-39.
Munawar, A. 2013. Kesuburan Tanah dan Nutrisi Tanaman. IPB Press, Bogor
Muntahanah, M., Handayani, S., Nurlestari, O., & Alexander, J. (2020). Pemilihan
Kebutuhan Unsur Hara Dengan Metode Certainty Factor Pada Tanaman Dalam
Pot (Tabulampot). Journal of Technopreneurship and Information System
(JTIS), 3(2), 17-23.
Napitupulu, D dan L. Winarto. (2010).Pengaruh Pemberian Pupuk N DanK Terhadap
Pertumbuhan DanProduksi Bawang Merah. BalaiPengkajian Teknologi
Pertanian SumateraUtara.JurnalHortikultura, 20(1), 22-35
Notohadiprawiro, T., Soekodarmodjo, S., & Sukana, E. (2006). Pengelolaan kesuburan
tanah dan peningkatan efisiensi pemupukan. Ilmu Tanah, 1-19.
Nugroho, P. A., Sakiah, S., & Sitompul, I. 2021. Karateristik Tanah Salin Dengan
Pemberian Bokashi Dan Kesesuaiannya Untuk Media Tanam. Jurnal Penelitian
Karet, 63-74.
Pane, R. D. P., Ginting, E. N., & Hidayat, F. 2022. Mikroba Pelarut Fosfat Dan
Potensinya Dalam Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Tanaman. Warta Pusat
Penelitian Kelapa Sawit, 27(1), 51-59.
Purwati, I., & Zakaria, H. 2023. Analisa Perbandingan Penggunaan Pupuk NPK Dan
Pupuk Kompos Pada Tanaman Hortikultura Menggunakan FIS Mamdani:(Studi
Kasus: Kelompok Tani Karya Tugu Mandiri). LOGIC: Jurnal Ilmu Komputer
dan Pendidikan, 1(2), 119-127.
Qur’ania, A., Karlitasari, L., Maryana, S., Sudrajat, C., & Zolla, Z. (2023). Identifikasi
Defisiensi Unsur Hara Pada Tanaman Cabai Menggunakan Support Vector
Machine. J-Icon: Jurnal Komputer Dan Informatika, 11(1), 62-67.
Rahmah, S., Yusran, Y., & Umar, H. (2014). Sifat kimia tanah pada berbagai tipe
penggunaan lahan di Desa Bobo Kecamatan Palolo Kabupaten Sigi. Jurnal
Warta Rimba, 2(1).
Roidah, I. S. (2013). Manfaat penggunaan pupuk organik untuk kesuburan
tanah. Jurnal Bonorowo, 1(1), 30-43.

4
Ruseffandi, M. A., & Gusman, M. (2020). Pemetaan Kualitas Airtanah Berdasarkan
Parameter Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) dan Daya Hantar Listrik (DHL) dengan
Metode Ordinary Kriging Di Kec. Padang Barat, Kota Padang, Provinsi
Sumatera Barat. Bina Tambang, 5(1), 153-162.
Sakti, Pramuda. 2009. Evaluasi Ketersediaan Hara Makro N, P Dan K Tanah Sawah
IrigasiTeknis Dan Tadah Hujan Di Kawasan Industri Kabupaten Karanganyar
[Skripsi].Universitas Sebelas Maret. Surakarta.
Setiawan, E. B., & Herdianto, R. (2018). Penggunaan Smartphone Android sebagai
Alat Analisis Kebutuhan Kandungan Nitrogen pada Tanaman Padi. Jurnal
Nasional Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi, 7(3), 273-280.
Sinaga, P. W., Napoleon, A., & Hermawan, A. 2022. Respon Tanaman Jagung (Zea
Mays Saccarata L) Di Sebabkan Oleh Penambahan Pupuk Kandang Sapi Dan
Pupuk Nitrogen (Doctoral Dissertation, Sriwijaya University).
Sompie, G. M. E., Sompie, O. B., & Rondonuwu, S. G. (2018). Analisis stabilitas
tanah dengan model material mohr coulomb dan soft soil. Jurnal Sipil Statik,
6(10).
Sugeng, P. 2013. Pengukuran pH, Bahan Organik, Ktk dan Kb. Jurusan Tanah
Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya. Malang.
Suryani, I. (2014). Kapasitas Tukar Kation (Ktk) Berbagai Kedalaman Tanah Pada
Areal Konversi Lahan Hutan: Cation Exchange Capacity (Cec) Soil Depth In
Various Areas Of Forest Land Conversion. Jurnal Agrisistem, 10(2), 99-106.
Susanto, Rosmalinda dan Anto. 2018. "Aplikasi Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit
Dalam MemperbaikiSifat Kimia Tanah Gambut." teknologi agro-industri 58-65
Suwarno, Unang G. Kartasasmita, danDjuber Pasaribu. 2009. PengayaanKandungan
Bahan Organik TanahMendukung Keberlanjutan SistemProduksi Padi
Sawah
Tarigan, B., Sinarta, E., Guchi, H., & Marbun, P. (2015). Evaluasi status bahan
organik dan sifat fisik tanah (bulk density, tekstur, suhu tanah) pada lahan
tanaman kopi (coffea sp.) di beberapa kecamatan kabupaten Dairi. Jurnal
Agroekoteknologi Universitas Sumatera Utara, 3(1), 103124.

4
1. Preliminary Analysis

1. N-Total

Weight sample Titration Result

S1 A : 1,0226 g S1 A : 1,60 ml S1 A: 0,1507
B : 1,0304 g B : 1,32 ml B : 0,11149
S2 A : 1,0242 g S2 A : 1,20 ml S2 A : 0,0957
B : 1,0054 g B : 1,28 ml B : 0,1086

Procedure

S1 A = 14,01 x ( 1,60-0,5) x NHCl

1,0226 x 10
= 14,01 x 1,1 x 0,1
10,226
= 1,5411
10,226
= 0,1507

B = 14,01 (1,32-0,5) x 0,1

1,0304 x 10
= 14,01 x 0,82 x 0,1
10,304
= 11,4882 x 0,1
10,304
= 1,14882
10,304
= 0,11149
Average value
S1 (A+B) = 0,150 + 0,11149

4
 2
= 0,1310

S2 A = 14,01 x (1,20 – 0,5 ) x 0,1

1,0242 x 10
= 14,01 x 0,7 x 0,1
10,242
= 0,9807
10,242
= 0,0957

B = 14,01 x 0,78 x 0,1

1,0054 x 10
= 14,01 x 0,78 x 0,1
10,054
= 14,01 x 0,078
10,054
= 1,0978
10,054
= 0,1086
Average value
S2 (A+B) = 0,0957 + 0,1086
2
= 0,10215

2. C-Organic

Sample weight Titration Result

S1 A : 0,5188 g
S1 A : 11,26 ml S1 A: 2,4755
B : 0,5043 g
B : 10,98 ml B : 2,9171
S2 A : 0,5170 g
S2 A : 11,2 ml S2 A : 2,5610

4
 B : 0,5028 g B : 10,92 ml B : 2,99

Procedure

S1 A= 13,18−1 0,30
1,26 x 1 x 0,72
0,5188

1,92
= 0,5188 x 1 x 0,30
0,77

= 3,700 x 1 x 0,389
= 1,4393

%B = 1,72 x 1,4393
= 2,4755

13,18−10,98 0,30
B = 0,5043 x1x 0,77

= 4,36 x 0,389
= 1,6960

%B = 1,72 x 1,6960
= 2,9171

Average
S1 (A+B) = 2,4755 + 2,9171
2
= 2,6963
13,18−11,2
S2 A= 0,5170 0,30
x 1 x 0,77
1,98
= 0,5170 x 1 x 0,30
0,77
0,30
= 3,829 x
0,77

4
= 3,829 x 4,389
= 1,489

4
 %B = 1,72 x 1,489
= 2,5610

B = x 1 x 0,30
0,77
2,26 13,18−18,92 0,30
=
x 1x
0,5028 0,5028 0,77
= 4,494 x 1 x 0,389
= 1,74816

%B = 1,72 x 1,74
= 2,99

Average value
S2 (A+B ) = 2,5610 + 2,99
2
= 2,7755

3. P-Total

Sample weight Result

S1 A : 2,0159 g
S1 A : 74,999 ml
B : 2,0709 g
B : 77,3729 ml
S2 A : 2,0884 g
S2 A : 82,7473 ml
B : 2,0201 g
B : 79.35 ml

S1 A = 20,2440 x ( 10
) x ( 100 ) x 5 x 142 x 1
1.000 2,0159 95

= 20,2440 x (0,01) x 49,605 x 5 x (1,494) x 1

= 0,2024 x 248,020 x 1,494
= 50,2068 x 1,494
= 74,9999

4
 10
B = 21,44 x ( 142
1.000 )
100 )x5( )x1
x( 2,709 95
= 21,44 x 0,01 x 48,2801 x 5 x 1,4947
= 77,3729
Average value
S1 (A+B) = 74,9999 + 77,3729
2
= 76,1864
S2 A = 23,1230 x ( 10
10 100 )x 5 x (142 ) x 1
0
)x ( 2,884 95

= 23,1230 x 0,01 x 47,8835 x 5 x 1,4947 x 1

= 82,7473
10
B = 21,4610 x (
100 100 ) x 5 x ( 142 ) x 1
) x ( 2,0221 95

= 21,4610 x 0,01 x 49,50 x 5 x 1,494 x 1

= 79,35
Average value

S2 (A+B) = 82,7473 + 79,35

2
= 81,048

4. KTK Dtermination

Sample weight Titration Result

S1 A : 1,0636 g S1 A : 2,30 ml S1 A: 15,9834
B : 1,0827 g B : 2,54 ml B : 18,2875
S2 A : 1,0766 g S2 A : 2,20 ml S2 A : 14,8616
B : 1,0548 g B : 2,68 ml B : 19,719

S1 A = 2,30 – 0,60 x 0,1 x 100

1,0636
= 1,7 x 0,1 x 94,0203

4
 = 0,17 x 94,0203
= 15,9834
B = 2,58 – 0,60 x 0,1 x 100
1,0827
= 1,98 x 0,1 x 92,3616
= 18,2875
Average value
S1 (A+B) = 15,9834 + 18,2875
2
= 17,135

S2 A = 2,20- 0,60 x 0,1 x 100

1,0766
= 1,6 x 0,1 x 92,883
=14,8616
B = 2,68 – 0,60 x 0,1 x 100
1.0548
= 2,08 x 0,1 x 94,804
= 19,7192
Average value
S2 (A+B) = 14,8616 + 19,7192
2
= 17,2904
5. Soil pH

H2o S1 A : 8,28 KCl S1 A : 7,43

B : 8,27 B : 7,13
S2 A : 8,34 S2 A : 7,06
B : 8,39 B : 7,30

Average value
H2O S1 (A+B) = 8,28 + 8,27

4
 2
= 8,275
S2 (A+B) = 8,34 + 8,39
2
= 8,365
KCl S1 (A+B) = 7,43 + 7,13
2
= 7,28
S2 (A+B) = 7,06 +7,30
2
= 7,18
6. DHL
S1 A= 163,145 S2 A = 124,2 µ
B = 162,745 B = 120,4 µ

Average value

S1 (A+B) = 163,145 + 162,745

2
= 162,945
S2 (A+B) = 124,2 + 120,4
2
= 122,3

4
2. Final Analysis

1. N-Total

Sample weight Titration Result

S1: 1,0270 g S1 : 1,7 ml S1= 0,0218
S2: 1,0401 g S2 : 1,4 ml S2=0,0188
Blanko 1,54

Procedure
S1 = 14,01 x (1,7-1,54) x 0,1
1,0270 x 10
= 14,01 x 0,16 x 0,1
10,270
= 0,2241
10,270
= 0,0218
S2 = 14,01 x (1,4-1,54) x 0,1
1,0401x 10
= 14,01 x 0,14 x 0,1
10,401
= 0,1961
10,401
= 0,0188
2. C-Organic
Procedure
15,98−12,62 0,30
S1 = 05033 x 1 x 0,77
= 6,67 x 1 x
0,38
= 2,534
15,98−12,82 0,30
S2 = 0,5088 x 1 x 0,77

5
 = 6,21 x 1 x 0,38
= 2,359

B-organic
S1 = 1,72 x 2,534
= 4,358
S2 = 1,72 x 2,359
= 4, 057

3 Sample weight KTK

S1 = 1,0174
S2 = 1,0080

Procedure
100
S1 = (2,36-0,5) x 0,1 x
1,0174
= 1,86 x 0,1 x 98,28
= 18,28
100
S2 = ( 2,34 – 0,5) x 0,1 x
1,0080

= 1,84 x 0,1 x 99,20

= 18,25
4. Electrical Conductivity Determination (ECD)
S1 = 428 µs
S2 = 291 µs

5. pH
Procedure
S1 H2O = 7,49
S1 KCl =7,46
S2 H2O =7,70
S2 KCl =7,54

5
 BIOGRAPHY

The compiler named Nurasykin Syafika, born in Bulukumba City

November 10, 2002, the second of two children of Usman and

Rosmi, started his education at SDN 01 PASANGKAYU in 2009

and completed it in 2015, in the same year the author continued his

education to SMPN 01 PASANGKAYU and completed it in 2018, in

the same year the author continued his education at SMAN 01

PASANGKAYU and completed it in 2021, After graduating, the author continues his

education to Tadulako University through the SBMPTN route at the Faculty of Agriculture

and Agrotechnology Study Program. Class of 2021 and semester 4.