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Inglés Instrumental I

1º Grado en Estudios Ingleses

Facultad de Filosofía y Letras

Universidad de Cádiz

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 Making Subjects and Verbs Agree
Basic Principle: Singular subjects need singular verbs; plural subjects need plural verbs. My
brother is a nutritionist. My sisters are mathematicians.

1. When the subject of a sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns connected by
and, use a plural verb

2. When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by or or nor, use a singular
verb.

3. When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined by or
or nor, the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is nearer the verb.

4. Doesn't is a contraction of does not and should be used only with a singular subject. Don't is a
contraction of do not and should be used only with a plural subject.

5. When there is a phrase that comes between the subject and the verb, the verb agrees with the
subject, not with a noun or pronoun in the phrase.

6. The words each, each one, either, neither, everyone, everybody, anybody, anyone, nobody,
somebody, someone, and no one require a singular verb.

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 Some indefinite pronouns — such as all, some — are singular or plural depending on
what they are referring to. If the thing referred to is countable, then they are plural; if
uncountable, then they are singular.

Some of the beads are missing.

Some of the water is gone.

In informal writing, neither and either sometimes take a plural verb when followed by a
prepositional phrase beginning with of: "Have either of you two clowns read the assignment?"
"Are either of you taking this seriously?"

7. Nouns ending in -s such as civics, mathematics, dollars, measles, and news require singular
verbs.

Note: When talking about an amount of money, sums and products of mathematical processes, a
singular verb is required, but when referring to the dollars themselves, a plural verb is required.

8. Nouns such as scissors, tweezers, trousers, glasses, and shears require plural verbs unless
they are preceded by the phrase a pair of.

9. In sentences beginning with there/here is or there/here are (expletive constructions), the

subject follows the verb. Since there is not the subject, the verb agrees with what follows.

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 10. Collective nouns (group, team, audience, band, crowd, dozen, jury, public, staff,
committee, class, and family) are singular when we think of them as groups and plural when we
think of the individuals acting within the whole (which happens sometimes, but not often).

Generally, band names and musical groups take singular or plural verbs depending on the form
of their names:

The Tokyo String Quartet is one of the best string ensembles.

The Beatles were some of the most famous singers in history.

The names of sports teams are treated as plural:

The Yankees are a great team.

For two years in a row, the Utah Jazz have attempted to draft a big man.
When we refer to a team by the city in which it resides, however, we use the singular:

Dallas has attempted to secure the services of two assistant coaches that
Green Bay hopes to keep."
This is not a British practice. In the UK, the city or country names by which British newspapers
refer to teams are plurals.

11. Expressions such as with, together with, including, accompanied by, in addition to, or as
well do not change the number of the subject. If the subject is singular, the verb is too.

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 12. If your sentence has a positive and a negative subject and one is plural, the other singular,
the verb should agree with the positive subject.

The department members but not the chair have decided not to teach.

It is not the faculty members but the president who decides this issue.

It was the speaker, not his ideas, that has provoked the students to riot.

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 SUBJECT- VERB AGREEMENT EXERCISE

1. Select one answer from the choices provided after each sentence.

1. Either the physicians in this hospital or the chief administrator ____ going to have to
make a decision.

is are

2. ______ my boss or my sisters in the union going to win this grievance?

Is Are

3. Some of the votes __________ to have been miscounted.

seem seems

4. The tornadoes that tear through this county every spring _____ more than just a
nuisance.

are is

5. Everyone selected to serve on this jury _____ to be willing to give up a lot of time.

have has

6. Kara Wolters, together with her teammates, _________ a formidable opponent on the
basketball court.

presents present

7. He seems to forget that there __________ things to be done before he can graduate.

are is

8. There _______ to be some people left in that town after yesterday's flood.

have has

9. Some of the grain __________ to be contaminated.

appear appears

10. Three-quarters of the students __________ against the tuition hike.

is are

11. Three-quarters of the student body __________ against the tuition hike.

is are

12. A high percentage of the population _________ voting for the new school.

is are

13. A high percentage of the people _________ voting for the new school.

was were

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 2. Are these sentences correct?

1. The police is still looking for him.

2. Athletics are my favourite sport.
3. Those is nice trousers.
4. Twenty pounds is a lot of money.
5. The news is not very good.
6. Three years are a long time.
7. My glasses is broken.
8. My scissors is not cutting properly.
9. Economics are very difficult to understand.
10. Physics is a very important subject.
11. The police have arrested him.
12. Many people is worried about this.
13. The United States are very powerful.
14. Fish and chips is nice to eat.
15. One of my friends are coming to meet us here.
16. More than one person are unhappy with this.
17. A number of us is concerned.
18. There are a couple of points to make.
19. The rest of the staff are coming later
20. Five hundred dollars are expensive. Have you nothing cheaper?

3. Let's see whether you understand subject-verb agreement.

1. There (is, are) twenty students in the room.

2. Neither my brothers nor my father (has, have) attended college.
3. The tapes in the glove compartment (belong, belongs) to Jerry.
4. Each of my sons (wear, wears) a baseball cap.
5. The fans at the back of the theatre and that woman in front (was, were) making too
much noise.
6. Maury and his brother (go, goes) to the bowling alley every day.
7. Everyone on the bus (was, were) annoyed by the little boy running up and down the
aisle.
8. Either my hard drive or one of my programs (is, are) not working right.
9. He is one of those people who (work, works) too hard.
10. That man and his friends (meet, meets) for coffee in the snack room.

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 67 Discourse markers in spoken English
A What are discourse markers?
Discourse markers are expressions which organise, comment on or in some way frame what we are
saying. An example is well.
A: So you live in Boston? B: Well, near Boston.
Well here shows that the speaker is aware he/she is changing the direction of the conversation in
some way (not giving the expected ‘yes’ answer). Another example is how teachers use words like
Right and OK to organise what is happening in a classroom:
Right/OK, let’s have a look at exercise 3.

B Organising a conversation
Here are some common expressions which organise the different stages of a conversation.
Now, what shall we do next? So, would you like to come to the table now, please?
Good, I’ll ring you on Thursday, then. Well then, what was it you want to talk about?
Now then, I want you to look at this picture. (said by someone in control of the conversation, e.g. a teacher)
Fine/Great, let’s meet again next week, then, shall we? (often used to close conversations)
So, where was I? I was telling you about my aunt … (often used after an interruption or to come back to
the main topic or story)

C Modifying and commenting on what you say

In these mini-dialogues, the expressions in bold modify or comment on what is being said.

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D Other useful discourse markers

I can’t do that. You see, I’m not the boss here. (explaining)
He was, you know, sort of … just standing there. (hesitation)
He was wearing this, kind of / like, cowboy hat. (not sure of the best way to say something)
So that’s what we have to do. Anyway, I’ll ring you tomorrow. (the speaker thinks the topic can change or
the conversation can now close)
It rained all day yesterday. Still / On the other hand, we can’t complain, it was fine all last week.
(contrasts two ideas or points)
We shouldn’t be too hard on him. I mean, he’s only a child. (making clear what you mean)
In informal spoken language, people often use the letters of the alphabet (usually no more than a, b and
c), to list points they want to make.
STELLA: Why aren’t you going this evening?
ADAM: Well, a) I haven’t got any money, and b) it’s too far anyway.
It is often difficult to hear these expressions when they are used in rapid speech, but when you are in
a position to listen in a relaxed way to someone speaking English (for example, if you are not the person
being spoken to, or you are listening to informal speech on radio or TV or in a film), it is easier to concentrate
on listening for discourse markers.

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 Exercises
67.1 Underline all the discourse markers in this monologue.
‘!!, where shall I start? It was last summer and we were just sitting in
the garden, sort of doing nothing much. Anyway, I looked up and … you
see, we have this, kind of, long wall at the end of the garden, and it’s …
like … a motorway for cats. That big fat black one you saw, well, that one
considers it has a right of way over our vegetable patch, so … where was
I? I was looking at that wall, you know, daydreaming as usual, and all of a
sudden there was this new cat I’d never seen before. It wasn’t an ordinary
cat at all … I mean, you’ll never believe what it was …’

67.2 Here are some short dialogues where there are no discourse markers, which would be
unusual in real informal conversation. Use markers from the box to fill the gaps. You can
use the markers more than once, and more than one answer may be possible.

good I mean hang on well let me see right still listen anyway you know

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67.3 Which discourse marker fits best into the sentences? Rewrite the sentences with the markers
included.

on the other hand great a, b, c, etc. anyway look now

Anyway,
1 Yes, there is a lot of work to do. I must rush now, I’ll call you tomorrow.
2 There are two reasons why I think he’s wrong. People don’t act like that, and Paul would certainly
never act like that.
3 I want you to pay attention, everyone.
4 He loses his temper very quickly. He’s got a great sense of humour.
5 You seem a bit sad today. Let me buy lunch for you to cheer you up.
6 A: So I’ll pick you up at 6.30. B: See you then.
67.4 Over to you
Choose three expressions that appeal to you from this unit and try to use them in your spoken English.
Be careful not to overuse them!

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 68 Linking words in writing
A Organising a formal text
First / Firstly / First of all, we must consider …
Next, it is important to remember that …
Secondly and thirdly are also used with first/firstly for lists.
Finally/Lastly, we should recall that … (coming to the final point on a list)
Turning to the question of foreign policy, … (changing to a new topic)
Leaving aside the question of pollution, there are also other reasons … (the writer will not deal with
that question here)
In parenthesis, let us not forget that … (making a point that is a side issue, not part of the main argument)
In summary / To sum up, we may state that … (listing / summing up the main points)
In sum, the economic issues are at the centre of this debate … (listing / summing up the main points:
much more formal)
In conclusion / To conclude, I should like to point out that … (finishing the text)

Common mistakes
Lastly is used when making a final point, e.g. Lastly, let us consider what the future holds. (NOT At last let
us consider …) At last means finally after a long time, e.g. At last I’ve finished my essay - what a relief!

B Linking words for explaining, exemplifying, rephrasing, etc.

To learn new words properly a lot of recycling is needed; in other words / that is to say, you have to
study the same words over and over again. (that is to say is much more formal)
Some English words are hard to pronounce, for example / for instance, ‘eighth’.
It might be possible, say, to include the parents in the discussion. (similar to for example; note the
commas before and after; say is also common in spoken English)
The Parliament has different committees. Briefly, these consist of two main types. [the explanation
will be short and not comprehensive]
She is, so to speak / as it were, living in a world of her own. (makes what you are saying sound less
definite/precise; as it were is more formal)

C Referring backwards and forwards in the text

The following points will be covered in this essay: … (used to introduce a list)
It was stated above/earlier that the history of the USA is … [earlier in the text]
See page 238 for more information. [go to page 238]
Many writers have claimed this (see below). [examples will be given later in the text]
A full list is given overleaf. [turn the page and you will find the list]
For further details/discussion, see Chapter 4. [more discussion/details]
May I refer you to page 3 of my last letter to you? [May I ask you to look at / read; fml]
With reference to your email of 12th March, … (often used at the beginning of a letter or email to link it
with an earlier text; fml)

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 Exercises
68.1 Match the linking words on the left with the appropriate function on the right.
1 Leaving aside … c a change the topic
2 In parenthesis, … b read something earlier in the text
3 Turning to … c this will not be discussed
4 In conclusion, … d this document is about another one
5 With reference to … e to finish off
6 See above … f as an aside / as a secondary issue

68.2 Fill the gaps with typical linking words or phrases used in writing. The first letter of each
phrase/word is given.

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68.3 Which linking word or phrase(s) …

1 is based on the verb ‘to say’? say (meaning ‘for example’)
2 is based on the verb ‘to follow’?
3 contain the word/syllable ‘sum’? (three answers)
4 is a form of the word ‘far’?
5 contains something you find on trees?

68.4 Write a short formal email to the Editor of a newspaper about a report in the paper the
previous week that a local hospital is going to close. You think the hospital should not
close because:
? The nearest other hospital is 50 kilometres away.
? 200 people work at the hospital; they will lose their jobs.
? The hospital makes an important contribution to the local economy.
? It is the only hospital in the region with a special cancer unit.
? It is being closed for political reasons, not genuine economic ones.
Try to include as many as possible of these linking
words and phrases:
with reference to firstly, secondly, thirdly, etc.
leaving aside the following to sum up
that is to say finally

Dear Editor,

Yours sincerely,

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 69 Talking and communicating
Wow!
A Idioms connected with communication problems She’s in love
with me!
So, see you then.
Monday
Friday
I really like
you as a
Yes.
friend.

They’re talking at cross-purposes. [talking He’s got the wrong end of the stick. [not
about different things without realising it] understood something in the correct way]

… and that … notwithstanding any

Can …
means … other proviso not stated …

… but if not,
Er …
it could be …

… and another
Why …
thing …

She can’t get a word in edgeways /edʒweɪz/. [doesn’t get

He can’t make head or tail of what she’s
a chance to speak because others are talking so much]
saying. [cannot understand at all]
B Good talk, bad talk
The boss always talks down to us. [talks as if we were inferior]
My workmates are always talking behind my back. [saying negative things about me when I’m not there]
It was just small talk, nothing more, I promise. [purely social talk, nothing serious]
Let’s sit somewhere else; they always talk shop over lunch, and it bores me rigid. [talk about work]
Hey! Your new friend’s become a real talking point among the staff! Did you know? [subject that
everyone wants to talk about]
It’s gone too far this time. I shall have to give him a talking to. [reproach/scold him / tell him off]

C Talk in discussions, meetings, etc.

Alex is so 8
1 long-winded.
Who’s going to start the ball rolling?
/ˈlɒŋˈwɪndɪd/
2
To put it in a nutshell,
this is a waste of time. 7
Sophie always
talks rubbish.
3 I hope they
get to the
point soon.

4 I hope Will 6
I want to speak speaks; he always
my mind today. 5 I hope we wrap talks sense.
up the discussion
by 12.30.
1 start the discussion 2 say it in few words 3 come to the important part of the matter
4 say exactly what I think 5 finish the discussion 6 says intelligent, reasonable things
7 says stupid things 8 says things in a long, indirect way

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 Exercises
69.1 Look at these dialogues and comment on them.
1 PAUL: £98 for a meal! That’s outrageous!
EMMA: Not the meal, you idiot! The room!
Emma and Paul seem to be talking at cross-purposes .
2 JO: So that’s what I’m going to do, take it all away.
MEENA: What about -
JO: And if they don’t like it they can just go and do what they like.
MEENA: If she -
JO: Not that I have to consult them, anyway; I’m in charge round here.
It seems that Meena can’t get .
3 VOLODYA: I got very upset when you said I was childish.
GINA: I didn’t! I just said you seemed to get on very well with the children. Honestly.
VOLODYA: Oh, I see. Oh, sorry.
It seems that Volodya got the .
4 DAN: So, area-wise the down-matching sales profile commitment would seem to be
high-staked on double-par.
KIM: Eh? Could you say that again? You’ve got me there.
It seems that Kim can’t what Dan is saying.
5 ALI: I don’t expect someone with your intelligence to understand this document.
JUAN: Oh.
Ali seems to be talking to Juan.

69.2 What idioms opposite do these drawings represent?

1 wrap up the discussion 2 talk 3 start

4 get to / come to 5 to put 6 get hold of

69.3 Fill the gaps to complete the sentences.

1 She is very direct and always speaks her mind.
2 He gets bored quickly with small and always wants to get down to serious matters.
3 The boss gave me a real to after that stupid mistake I made.
4 You’re behind the times! George's girlfriend was last week’s point.
5 Paula’s uncle is so long- - it takes him ten minutes to make a point that anyone else
could make in 30 seconds.
6 It was such a relief when James got up to speak - at last someone was talking .
7 I hate going out with my boyfriend and his work colleagues - they spend all evening
talking .
8 You should tell him what you think to his face rather than talking behind his .

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 Let’s report this piece of news using cause-effect linkers

A stricken luxury cruise liner from which hundreds of passengers were airlifted to
safety has been towed to port in Norway, as it emerged that the ship narrowly escaped
running aground, causing a major disaster.

About 900 passengers and crew were still onboard the Viking Sky when it arrived at the
port of Molde on Norway’s west coast on Sunday afternoon. Five helicopters had earlier
winched 479 people to safety as huge waves tossed the ship around.

Twenty people were treated for injuries including broken bones, cuts and bruises,
rescuers said.

Social media footage showed chairs, large pot plants and other furniture on the ship
rolling across the floor and crashing into walls. Parts of the ceiling were falling down on
to passengers as the ship swayed heavily. Passengers were wearing orange life vests as
waves broke down doors and windows and cold water poured over their feet.

The cruise liner was only 100 metres away from striking rocks in shallow waters when
it finally managed to turn.

“It was very nearly a disaster. The ship drifted to within 100 metres of running aground
before they were able to restart one of the engines,” police chief Hans Vik, who heads
the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre for southern Norway, told TV2. “If they had run
aground we would have faced a major disaster.”

Among the passengers from Britain, the US, Canada, New Zealand and Australia were
Derek and Esther Browne. The couple, from Hampshire, said the “whole boat was
swaying, it was very rough” before they were airlifted to safety.

Derek Browne told BBC Radio 5 Live: “We had a few people on stretchers, several
with cuts, two with broken limbs, but fortunately we were all right. We were airlifted on
to the helicopter, which was quite a frightening experience.”

The ship had started struggling with engine problems in bad weather off Norway’s
western coast on Saturday afternoon, in an area known for its rough, unpredictable
waters. It reportedly issued a mayday call when it started drifting towards the rocky
shore. Police said the crew managed to anchor off the coast near the town of Ålesund.

The evacuations took place in extremely difficult conditions. Norwegian media reported
gusts of up to 38 knots (43 mph) and waves over 8 metres (26ft) in an area known for its
rough, frigid waters.

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The Norwegian public broadcaster NRK said the Viking Sky’s evacuation was a slow
and dangerous process, as passengers needed to be hoisted one by one from the cruise
ship to the five available helicopters.

Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
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 “I was afraid. I’ve never experienced anything so scary,” Janet Jacob, among the first
group of passengers evacuated to Molde, told NRK. She said her helicopter ride to
safety came amid strong winds “like a tornado”, prompting her to pray for the safety of
all aboard.

An American passenger, John Curry, told NRK he was having lunch when the cruise
ship started to shake. “It was just chaos. The helicopter ride from the ship to shore I
would rather not think about. It wasn’t nice,” he told the broadcaster.

NRK said one 90-year-old-man and his 70-year-old spouse on the ship were severely
injured, but did not say how it happened.

The Viking Ocean Cruises chairman, Torstein Hagen, told the Norwegian newspaper
VG the events were “some of the worst I have been involved in, but now it looks like
it’s going well in the end and that we’ve been lucky”.

The British embassy in Oslo tweeted: “We are in touch with the Norwegian authorities
and staff from the British embassy will be deploying to Molde to help any British
people who require our assistance.”

Evacuations were halted while the ship was making its way back to port. It was
expected to arrive on Sunday afternoon.

The area where the ship encountered problems, known as Hustadvika, is notoriously
difficult to navigate. The shallow, 10-nautical-mile section of coastline is known for its
many small islands and reefs.

“Hustadvika is one of the most notorious maritime areas that we have,” Odd Roar
Lange, a journalist specialising in tourism, told NRK.

The Viking Sky was on a 12-day trip that began on 14 March in the western Norwegian
city of Bergen, according to the cruisemapper.com website. It was visiting the
Norwegian towns of Narvik, Alta, Tromsø, Bodø and Stavanger before its scheduled
arrival on Tuesday in Tilbury on the River Thames.

The Viking Sky, a vessel with gross tonnage of 47,800, was delivered in 2017.

Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-5222943