Instructor: Zulfiqar Ali

Email: Zulfiqar.buic@gmail.com
 b  b 2  4ac Interpretation of the Discriminant:
x b2 – 4ac > 0 Two real roots
2a b2 – 4ac = 0 One real root
+6 +9=0 b2 – 4ac < 0 No real roots

a  1, b  6, c  9
2
6  6  4 1 9
x
2 1
6  36  36
x
2
6  0
x
2
6
x  3
2
 Page # 11
Solve Q1 to Q 32
For Q1 to 16, Solve the quadratic equations using
factoring
• Q # 11
r2 – 16 = 0

• Q # 13
x2 – 2x + 15 = 0

• Q # 22
x2 + 3x + 5 = 0
• Q # 11
r2 – 16 = 0
(r)2 – (4)2 = 0
Answer: r = 4, r = – 4

• Q # 13
x2 – 2x + 15 = 0
x2 + 3x – 5x + 15 = 0
x(x + 3) – 5(x – 3) = 0
Answer: No roots
Q # 22
x2  3x  5  0
a  1, b  3, c  5
3  32  4  1 5
x
2 1
3  9  20
x
2
3  11 3  i 11
x 
2 2
6  i 11 6  i 11
x or
2 2
 2
i.2 x  3x  6  0
2
ii.4 y  6 y  7  0
2
iii.6 z  8 z  11  0
Instructor: Zulfiqar Ali
Email: Zulfiqar.buic@gmail.com
• Q # 11
r2 – 16 = 0
(r)2 – (4)2 = 0
Answer: r = 4, r = – 4

• Q # 13
x2 – 2x + 15 = 0
x2 + 3x – 5x + 15 = 0
x(x + 3) – 5(x – 3) = 0
Answer: No roots
Q # 22
x2  3x  5  0
a  1, b  3, c  5
3  32  4  1 5
x
2 1
3  9  20
x
2
3  11 3  i 11
x 
2 2
6  i 11 6  i 11
x or
2 2
 2
i.2 x  3x  6  0
2
ii.4 y  6 y  7  0
2
iii.6 z  8 z  11  0
• Inequalities express the condition that two quantities
are not equal
• Absolute inequality
3<5
• Conditional inequality
x > 100
• Double inequality
0 < y < 10
 Page # 19
Solve Q1 to Q 44
Sketching the Intervals (Q1 to Q16)
[] means inclusive (end points are included)
() means exclusive (end points are not included)
Q#2 (– 2, 1) -2 < x < 1

–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
Q#8 [– 2, 3] -2 ≤ x ≤ 3

–3 – 2 – 1 0 1 2 3
For Q 17 to 44: Solve the inequalities
Q # 17
3x – 2 ≤ 4x + 8
3x – 4x ≤ 8 + 2
– x ≤ 10
–1 (– x) ≥ –1(10)
x ≥ – 10
 12 ≥ x + 16 ≥ – 20
12 ≥ x + 16 x + 16 ≥ – 20
12 – 16 ≥ x x ≥ – 20 – 16
–4≥x x ≥ – 36
x≤–4

Answer: – 36 ≤ x ≤ – 4
 50 ≤ 4x – 6 ≤ 25
50 ≤ 4x – 6 4x – 6 ≤ 25
56 ≤ 4x x ≤ 31/4
x ≥ 14 x ≤ 7.75

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Answer: There are no values common between the two
inequalities, therefore, there is No solution.
Q # 35 x2 + 3x – 18 ≤ 0
x2 +6x – 3x – 18 ≤ 0
x(x + 6) – 3(x + 6) ≤ 0
(x+6)(x – 3) ≤ 0
Condition 1: x+6=0  x=–6
Condition 2: x–3=0  x=3
Condition 3: x+6>0 and x–3<0
x>–6 and x<3
Condition 4: x+6<0 and x–3>0
x<–6 and x>3
Check all the conditions
For x = – 6: (– 6)2 + 3(– 6) – 18 = 36 – 18 – 18 = 0
For x = 3: 32 + 3(3) – 18 = 9 + 9 – 18 = 0
For x > – 6, Assume x = -5: (– 5)2 + 3(– 5) – 18 = 25 – 15 – 18 = – 8 < 0
For x < 3, Assume x =2: 22 + 3(2) – 18 = 4 + 6 – 18 = – 8 <0
For x < – 6, Assume x = – 7: (– 7)2 + 3(– 7) – 18 = 49 – 21 – 18 = 10 > 0
For x > 3, Assume x = 4: 42 + 3(4) – 18 = 16 + 12 – 18 = 10 > 0
Answer: – 6 ≤ x ≤ 3
Q # 37 x2 – 2x – 3 ≥ 0
x2 + x – 3x – 3 ≥ 0
x(x + 1) – 3(x + 1) ≥ 0
(x + 1)(x – 3) ≥ 0
Condition 1: x+1=0  x=–1
Condition 2: x–3=0 x=3
Condition 3: x+1>0 and x–3<0
x>–1 and x<3
Condition 4: x+1<0 and x–3>0
x<–1 and x>3
Check all the conditions
For x = – 1: (– 1)2 – 2(– 1) – 3 = 1 + 2 – 3 = 0
For x = 3: 32 – 2(3) – 3 = 9 – 6 – 3 = 0
For x > – 1, Assume x = 0: (0)2 – 2(0) – 3 = 0 – 0 – 3 = – 3 < 0
For x < 3, Assume x = 2: 22 – 2(2) – 3 = 4 + 4 – 3 = – 3 < 0
For x < – 1, Assume x = – 2: (– 2)2 – 2(– 2) – 3 = 4 + 4 – 3 = 5 > 0
For x > 3, Assume x = 4: 42 – 2(4) – 3 = 16 – 8 – 3 = 5 > 0
Answer: x ≤ – 1 or x ≥ 3
Q # 43 4x2 – 100 < 0
(2x)2 – (10)2 < 0
(2x + 10) (2x – 10) < 0
Condition 1: 2x + 10 < 0 and 2x – 10 > 0
2x < – 10 and 2x > 10
x<–5 and x> 5
Condition 2: 2x + 10 > 0 and 2x – 10 < 0
2x > – 10 and 2x < 10
x>–5 and x< 5
Check all the conditions
For x < – 5: assume x = – 6 4(–6)2 – 100 = 144 – 100 = 44 > 0
For x > 5: assume x = 6 4(6)2 – 100 = 144 – 100 = 44 > 0
For x > – 5: assume x = – 4 4(–4)2 – 100 = 64 – 100 = – 36 < 0
For x < 5: assume x = 4 4(6)2 – 100 = 64 – 100 = – 36 < 0
Answer : –5<x<5
• “An absolute value of a number is the magnitude or
size of the number disregarding the sign.”
• PROPERTY 1: a 0
7 70
• PROPERTY 2:
a  0
7  7  0
• PROPERTY 3: a  b  b  a
12  2  2  12
10  10
10  10
• PROPERTY 4: ab  a  b
2  6   2  6

• 12  12
12  12
• PROPERTY 5:

a a

b b
 Page # 23
Solve Q1 to Q 30
 x2  4
x  2  4
x  2  4 or x  2  4
x  4  2 or x  4  2
Answer: x  6 or x  2
 |3x – 10| = |2x – 7|
3x – 10 = + (2x – 7)
3x – 10 = 2x – 7 or 3x – 10 = – (2x – 7)
3x – 2x = – 7 + 10 or 3x – 10 = – 2x + 7
x=3 or 5x = 17
x = 3.4
3x - 10 = 2x -7 or -(3x-10) = 2x -7
x=3 or -3x + 10 = 2x – 7
- 5x = - 17
x = 3.4
Answer: x = 3 or x = 3.4
 x 1
x  1
x  1 or  x  1
Answer 1  x  1
|2x – 3| > 5
2x – 3 > 5 or – (2x – 3) > 5
2x > 5 + 3 or – 2x + 3 > 5
2x > 8 or – 2x > 2
x>4 or x < –1

x<–1 x>4

–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
 |y + 1| ≤ – 9
No absolute value is less than - 9

Answer: No solution
1.5 RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEMS
• The Cartesian Plane
2nd quadrant Y-axis 1st quadrant
X<0 Y>0 X>0 Y>0

3 .

(-3,2) * 2 . * (2,2)
1 .
. . . . . .
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 X-axis
-1 .

* -2 . *(3,-2)
(-3,-2)
-3 .
3rd quadrant 4th quadrant
X<0 Y<0 X >0 Y<0
 x1  x2 y1  y2 
 , 
 2 2 
 2 2
d  A, B    x2  x1    y2  y1 
 Page # 29
Solve Q1 to Q 30
Find the midpoint of the line segment connecting the points (6,3)
and (9, -9)
Solution: 4
Suppose 2
 x1 , y 1   6 , 3  0
0 2 4 6 8 10
 x 2 , y 2   9 ,  9  -2
 x1  x 2 y  y2 
1
 ,  -4
 2 2 
-6
 6  9 3   9  
 , 
 2 2  -8
15 6  -10
 , 
 2 2 
7 .5 ,  3 
Find the distance separating the points (5,2) and (0,6)
Solution:

2 2
d  A, B    x2  x1    y2  y1 
 x1 , y1    5, 2  and  x2 , y2    0, 6 
2 2
  0  5   6  2 
 25  16  41
Find the midpoint of the line segment connecting the points
Find the distance of the following problems separating the points
Definition:
A linear equation involving two variables x and y has the
standard form
ax  by  c

where a, b and c are constants and a and b cannot both equal

zero.
Note: The presence of terms having power other than 1 or
product of variables, e.g ( xy ) Would exclude an equation from
being linear. Name of the variables may be different from x
and y.
Definition
A linear equation involving n variables x1, x2, . . . , xn has the
general form
a1 x1 + a2 x2+ . . . + an xn = b
where a1, a2 ..... an are non-zero.
• The solution set S of a linear equation with n variables
as defined above is the collection of n values such that
S = {(x1, …. , xn)|a1x1 + …. + anxn = b}
3 y  0
2 x  6 y  25
5 x  24 y  200
2 x  3 xy  4 y  100
x  y2  6
u  v  10
b
ax   c
y
5 x  2 y  10
2x 
4
• 2x + 4y = 16 , determine the pair of values which satisfy the
equation when x= - 2
Solution:
2  2   4 y  16
–4  4 y  16
4 y  16  4
4 y  20
y 5

So (-2,5) is the pair of values satisfying the given equation.

• Given the equation
2x1 + 3x2 – x3 + x4 =16
a) what values satisfy the equation when x1 = 2, x2 = -1 and x3 = 0
2(2) + 3(-1) – 0 + x4 =16
4 – 3 + x4 =16
x4 =15
b) Determine all members of the solution set which have values of 0 for three of
the four variables.
If x1 = x2 = x3 = 0, then
2(0) + 3(0) – 0 + x4 = 16  x4 =16
If x1 = x2 = x4 = 0, then
– x3 =16  x3 = – 16
If x1 = x3 = x4 = 0, then
3x2 =16  x2 = 5.33
If x2 = x3 = x4 = 0, then
2x1 =16  x1 = 8
S.S = {(8, 0, 0, 0), (0, 5.33, 0, 0), (0, 0, – 16, 0), (0, 0, 0, 16)}
• Practice questions
• PAGE 40, 41, 42
• Q 1 to 30
A company manufactures two products A and B. Each unit of A
requires 3 labor hours, and each unit of B requires 5 labor hours.
Daily manufacturing capacity is 150 labor hours.
a) If x units of product A and y units of product B are manufactured
each day and all labor hours are to be used, determine the linear
equation that requires the use of 150 labor hours per day.
b) How many units of A can be made each day if 25 units of B are
manufactured each day?
c) How many units of A can be made each week if 12 units of B are
manufactured each day? (Assume a 5 day work week).
Let x be the number of units produced of product A
And y be the number of units produced of product B
Daily Manufacturing Capacity is 150

a) The linear equation will be 3x + 5y = 150

b) As y = 25
Then 3x +5(25) = 150
3x + 125=150
3x = 25
x = 8.33 = 8 units
c) Given y =12
3x + 5(12) = 150
3x + 60 = 150
3x = 90
x = 30 units
X = 30 x 5 days = 150 units weekly
Emergency Airlift The Red Cross wants to airlift supplies into a South American
country which has experienced an earthquake. Four types of supplies, each of
which would be shipped in containers, are being considered. One container of a
particular item weighs 120, 300, 250 and 500 pounds, respectively, for the four
items. If the airplane to be used has a weight capacity of 60,000 pounds and xj
equals the number of containers shipped of item j
a) Determine the equation which ensures that the plane will be loaded to its weight
capacity.
b) If it is decided to devote this plane to one supply item only, how many containers
could be shipped of each item?
Let x1 equals the number of containers shipped of supply item 1
x2 equals the number of containers shipped of supply item 2
x3 equals the number of containers shipped of supply item 3
x4 equals the number of containers shipped of supply item 4
Airplane’s weight Capacity is 60,000 pounds

a) The linear equation will be

120x1 + 300x2 + 250x3 + 500x4 = 60000
b) If x1 = x2 = x3 = 0, then
120(0) + 300(0) + 250(0) + 500x4 = 60000  500x4 = 60000  x4 =120
If x1 = x2 = x4 = 0, then
120(0) + 300(0) + 250x3 + 500(0) = 60000  250x3 = 60000  x3 = 240
If x1 = x3 = x4 = 0, then
120(0) + 300x2 + 250(0) + 500(0) = 60000  300x2 = 60000  x2 = 200
If x2 = x3 = x4 = 0, then
120x1 + 300(0) + 250(0) + 500(0) = 60000  120x1 = 60000  x1 = 500
S.S = {(500, 0, 0, 0), (0, 200, 0, 0), (0, 0, 240, 0), (0, 0, 0, 120)}
• A linear equation involving two variables graphs as a straight
line in two dimensions.

Method:
• Set one variable equal to zero
• Solve for the value of other variable
• Set second variable equal to zero
• Solve for the value of first variable
• The ordered pairs (0, y) and (x, 0) lie on the axes
• Connect these points and extend the line in both directions.
• 2x + 4y = 16
• 4x – 7y = 0
Note: Any two variable linear equation, having the form ax +
by = 0 as a straight line which passes through the origin. The
unique property of this equation is that the right c, equals zero
2x + 4y = 16
4x – 7y = 0
Graph the linear equation
Q # 27) 3x + 8y = 0
When y = 0  x=0
When x = 0  y=0
Assume y = 3
3x + 8(3) = 0
3x + 24 = 0
x = -24/3
x = -8  (-8,3)
Assume x = 8
3(8) + 8y = 0
8y = - 24
y = -3  (8,-3)