The Level of Awareness of the Citizens’ about Water Pollution in Barangay Culipapa

A Research Paper 

Presented to 

Mr Romulito Sanico

Miguel L. Daclan National High School

Senior High

Barangay Culipapa

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements 

In

Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

Mayshelyn T. Yunsay
John Ericson Casuyon
John Earl Laurence Duran
Jeffrey Dote
Sheilla Pilares
 CHAPTER I

Introduction

Water is a universal solvent that all living thing creatures require, especially to us,
humans. It is referred as a universal solvent, as it dissolves more substances. However, this
simply means that water is prone to water pollution.

Water pollution happens when toxic substances enter water bodies such as lakes,
rivers, oceans and such getting dissolved in them, lying suspended in the water or depositing
on the bed and this degrades the quality of water. Not only does this spell disaster for aquatic
ecosystems, the pollutants also seep through and reach the groundwater, which might end up
in our households as contaminated water we use in our daily activities, including drinking,
bathing, washing, and such.

Accordingly, managing freshwater sources are a significant issue for policymakers

under the impact of climatic and socio-economic factors (Yasin Osman et al., Citation2019).
Climate change led to depletion widely potable water sources in the centre of cities. On
another side, it increases the water demand (Fenu & Malloci, Citation2020; Zubaidi et al.,
Citation2018). Additionally, the United Nations’ outlook to 2050 indicates that the level of
urbanization is anticipated to grow from (50–69) % based on 2009 as a baseline (Nahla
Abbas et al., Citation2018).

Moreover, between 2010 and 2050, 40% of the global population may be under
severe water shortage (Zubaidi et al., Citation2018). Developing countries faced a
considerable challenge, which is maintaining and improving environmental quality to attain
sustainability. Although these countries found laws and policies to control, monitor and
reduce environmental pollution, they fail to enforce them to protect the environment.
Additionally, in the developing countries, the water supply systems are inadequate and
delivered low water quality that resulted from water demand increases rapidly and discharges
the untreated wastewater direct to the freshwater sources (Awoke et al., Citation2016; Zulu et
al., Citation2020). WHO, 2017 stated that municipal water supply system must deliver safe
and clean water (i.e., water does not have living microorganisms or harmful chemical
substances in concentrations more than the acceptable limit). On the other hand, UNEP, 2016
reported that urbanization and development growth contributed to extensively increasing
contamination in freshwater sources (Selvakumar et al., Citation2017).

This study will address the unknown level of awareness of the citizens’ of barangay Culipapa
about water pollution with the goal of providing researched-based and up-to-date data
sources that can be of significant contribution for the development of the community and can
help prevent or lessen the water pollution to avoid from getting further diseases.
Statement of the Problem

This study aims to answer the following questions related to the level of awareness of the
citizen about water pollution in Barangay Culipapa:

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Educational attainment

2. What is the level of awareness of the citizens’ about water pollution in Barangay
Culipapa in terms of
- knowledge
-process.
-effectiveness

Statement of the Null Assumption

Ho1: There is no significant difference among the terms of the level of awareness about
water pollution in Barangay Culipapa

Significance of the Study

By conducting this study, the researcher aims to determine the impacts of Water pollution

to the Health of People living in Barangay Culipapa. This study will benefit the following:

Citizens. The outcome of the study can asses their awareness on what are the impacts of the
water pollution in Barangay Culipapa and give them prior knowledge on how to lessen the
water pollution.

Barangay Captain and Officials. This study will help them asses and adopt plans to solve
this certain issue.

Researchers. Future researches can use this research as their basis to their research as well. It
will help them come up with new ideas and fill in the research gaps.
Definition of Terms

Water Pollution

Water pollution occurs when harmful substances—often chemicals or

microorganisms—contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water,
degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the environment. Conceptually, it
is the presence of contaminants in water sources that render it unsafe for use in drinking,
cleaning, swimming, and other activities.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study focused on the people living in Barangay Culipapa. The purpose of this

study is to gather data and know the level of awareness of the citizen about the impact of

Water Pollution in Barangay Culipapa. This study was conducted at Barangay Culipapa

Hinoba-an, Negros Occidental, S.Y.2022-2023. There were forty (40) citizens living near the

river and ocean who served as a respondent.

Researchers used self-made questionnaires as data gathering instrument. Moreover,

the frequency count, percentage, and mean were the statistical tools utilized in the analysis of

the data.
Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of the study is anchored to Input-Process-Output

Model. Independent variables refer to the Impacts of water pollution while the
dependent variables showed the level of awareness of the respondents.

-DATA ATTAINED
GATHERING LEVEL OF
WATER
AWARENESS OF
POLLUTION -ANALYSIS OF
THE
DATA
RESPONDENTS
 Definition of Terms

Operational Meaning

Attain- to reach something or to gain.

Awareness- Is the state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or

sensory patterns.

Cause- a reason that brings a result

Impact- The action of one object coming forcefully into contract with another and a marked
effect or influence.

Water Pollution- Is the contamination of water sources by substances which make the water
unusable for drinking, cleaning, swimming, and other activities.

Source- The place something comes from or starts or the cause something.

Toxic substances - It is a substance or chemical that is poisonous or dangerous that can harm
human health.
 CHAPTER II

Review Related Literature

According to the study of Brian Moss entitled “Water pollution by agriculture” that
agriculture distrupts all freshwater systems hugely from their pristine states. The former
reductionist concept of pollution was of examining individual effects of particular substances
on individual taxa or sub-communities in freshwater systems, an essentially ecotoxicological
concept. It is now less useful than a more holistic approach that treats the impacts on the
system as a whole and includes physical impacts such a s drainage and physical modification
of river channels and modification of the catchment as well as nutrient, particulate and
biocide pollution. The European Water Framework Directive implicitly recognizes this
requiring restoration of water bodies to ‘good ecological quality’, which is defined as only
slightly different from pristine state. The implications for the management of agriculture are
far more profound than is currently widely realized.

This national picture of groundwater quality is far from being complete, the main
reason being lack of sustained attempts to monitor aquifer water quality. Monitoring stations
are sparse, and even those are distributed across multiple agencies which do not have
coordination between each other (Kumar and Shah, 2004). Consequently, the current picture
of groundwater quality stems not from the efforts of monitoring the water quality, but more
from the alarm raised by health symptoms caused by these high concentration levels of
specific substances. The practice of this science has yet to arrive at the level of predictive
ability, and is currently more for assessment purposes of known problems.

Moreover, J Ecosysyt Ecography (2017) his study was conducted at University of Gujrat
during 2016 to 2017 as a term paper for Master of Philosophy. The data regarding effect of
ozone depletion on human was reviewed and compiled as a review paper from various
published articles of international reputed journals annual/environmental reports of
recognized organization and ebooks. Factors which are effecting water pollution are
addressed. Water pollution is very important problem of 21st century. Due to water pollution
pure water is becoming less scare day by day. The biggest cause of water pollution is
industrialization and increase in population. By drinking polluted water people becoming
more and more ill.

On the other hand, meditaerranean journal of social sciences cited that human activities
including industrialization and agricultural practices contributed immensely in no small
measure to the degradation and pollution of the environment which adversely has an effect on
the water bodies (rivers and ocean) that is a necessity for life. This paper tries to discuss
basically what water pollution is and equally to address the source, effect control and water
pollution management as a whole. Some recommendations such as introduction of
environmental education were mentioned.
 In addition, the data regarding water pollution and human health was obtained and
compiled through a thorough review of various published research articles of international
reputed journal and relevant books. Water covers about 70% Earth’s surface. Safe drinking
water is a basic need for all humans. The WHO reports that 80% diseases are waterborne.
Industrialization, discharge of domestic waste, radioactive waste, population growth,
excessive use of pesticides, fertilizers and leakage from water tanks are major sources of
water pollution. These wastes have negative effects on human health. Different chemicals
have different affects depending on their locations and kinds. Bacterial, viral and parasitic
diseases like typhoid, cholera, encephalitis, poliomyelitis, hepatitis, skin infection and
gastrointestinal are spreading through polluted water. It is recommended to examine the
water quality on regular basis to avoid its destructive effects on human health. Domestic and
agriculture waste should not be disposed of without treating. This study was conducted at
Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Pakistan during 2016- 2017 as a term paper for
Master of Philosophy

According to a sandee study using nationwide health survey data shows that less than
50% of surveyed people adopt any kind of treatment for drinking water (Jalan et al, 2004).
Even amongst those who make this effort, simple filtration seems to be the most common
technique adopted. Most rural households adopt simple cloth-based filtration techniques. This
finding was reinforced by a primary survey conducted by IWMI-TATA programme in Anand
district of Gujarat, which found that there is a small minority (less than 5%) of rural
households that adopt proper purification techniques. This appears disturbing when the same
study also reports high levels of Coliform bacteria found in deep tube-well water during the
monsoon. This kind of contamination leads to short-term Diarrheal epidemics, unless
otherwise there is a community-based treatment such as Chlorination.

However, V Ratna Reddy and Bhagirath Behera (2006) the economic costs of water
pollution (industrial) in the rural communities in terms of losses to agricultural production,
human health, and livestock. The cost estimates are based on the detailed primary (household
level) data collected from an intensive study of two villages–one a pollution-affected village
and another control (not affected by pollution)–located in one of the industrial belts in
Andhra Pradesh, South India. The cost estimates revealed that the impact of industrial
pollution on rural communities is quite substantial in monetary terms. The paper argues that
the compensation principle might work if the estimates of damage are realistic. Further, mere
passing of laws and creating institutional structures are necessary but not sufficient to address
the environmental problems. Policies should be implemented in their right perspective.
Institutions should be strong enough, with more autonomy and powers, to deal with the
problems at hand

.
 CHAPTER III

Research Methodology

Research Design. This study used a descriptive and correlational type of research.
Descriptive research was a design that sought to describe certain phenomena. Correlational
research describes tests for the relationship between two variables which is the impacts of
water pollution and the physical health condition of the respondents. Thus, the descriptive
and correlational types of research were the most appropriate designs utilized in this study.

Research Respondents. The respondents of this study were forty (40) citizens of
barangay Culipapa who lived near the river and sea.

Sampling Design. This study uses a random sampling where each sample has an equal
probability of being chosen. A sample chosen randomly is meant to be an unbiased
representation of the total population. It is also one of the methods researchers use to choose
a sample from a larger population. This method works if there is an equal chance that any of
the subjects in a population will be chosen. Researchers choose simple random sampling to
make generalizations about a population.

Research Instruments .The researcher used self-made questionnaire. These questionnaire

where divided into two parts. Part 1 was the socio-demographic profile of the respondents
such as the age, gender, and educational attainment. The second part was the question proper
about the level of awareness in terms of knowledge and process. Impacts of water pollution
were it includes the personal related factors, environmental.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT

The statistical treatment under the Correlation Statistical Test was used to conduct this
research. Parameters such as age, gender and strand may be important factors in influencing
the current number of academically-failed students in Miguel L. Daclan National High
School. The tool used in analyzing and interpreting the data were the following:

Frequency:

× 100

# of items

Simple Percentage. This was used to show that the data gathered from the respondents were
analyzed using the simple percentage with the following formula: f

P. -----------× 100

Where:

p = percentage

f-frequency ntotal number of students/respondents

Average Mean. This was used as the basis to assess the level of awareness of the citizen
which is essential for the comparative analysis of findings, conclusions, and
recommendations.

ΣΧ

Formula:

Where:

μ average mean

f= frequency/ number of students

r = rating

n = total number of students/respondents Ex-sum of all the products of frequency

Likert-Scale -is a rating scale that will be used to assess the level of awareness to the Grade
10 students regarding the section 2 of Anti-Bullying Act of 2013, 5 point
Likert scale will be used.

Scale Range Interpretation

5 3.5- 5.00 Yes
3 1.00-3.45 Kind of
1 0- 1.00 No
 CHAPTER IV

Presentation Analysis and Interpretation of Data

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data. The discussion
was characterized according to the socio- demographic profile of the respondents, and the .
Table 1

The Socio- demographic Profile of the Respondents as to Age

Age Frequency Percentage

18-25 yrs. Old 3 7.5%

26-35 yrs. old 10 25%

36-49 yrs. old 23 57.5%

50 and above 4 10%

Total 40 100.00%
Table 1 reveals the profile of the respondents in terms of age. It shows that 23 citizens
or 57.5% are 36-49 years’ old, 10 citizens or 25% are 26-35 years’ old, 4 citizens or 10% are
50 years’ old & above and 3 citizens or 7.5% are 18-25 yrs. old. In general, most number of
citizens are 26-35 years old.

Table 2
The Socio-demographic Profile of the Respondents as Gender
Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 28 70%
30.00%

Female 12 30%
70.00%

Total 40 100.00%
Table 2 presents the profile of the respondents in terms of Gender. It shows that 12
citizens or 30.00% are male and 28 citizens or 70.00% are female. In general, most number of
citizens are female.
Table 3
The Socio-demographic Profile of the Respondents as to Educational Attainment
Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage

College Graduate 5 12.5%

College Level 3 7.5%
High School Graduate 16 40%
High School Level 8 20%
Elementary Graduate 4 10%
Elementary Level 4 10%
Total 40 100.00%
Table 3 presents the profile of the respondents in terms of their educational
attainment. It shows that 5 citizens or 12.5% are college graduate, 3 citizens or 7.5% are
college level, 16 citizens or 40% ar e high school graduate, 8 citizens or 20% are high school
level, 4 citizens or 10% are elementary graduate, and 4 citizens or 10% are elementary level.
In general, most number of their educational attainment is high school graduate.

Table 4

Weighted Mean of Citizens’ Level of Awareness in terms of knowledge

WM INTERPRETATION
1. I am aware of water pollution 2.35 Kind of
2. I am well informed about the causes and of water 3.8 Yes
pollution
3.I am well informed about its impacts 2.67 Kind of
Grand weighted mean 2.94 Kind of

Table 4 shows the weighted mean in the level of awareness in terms of knowledge. As shown
above, respondents are “kind of” aware of water pollution. They are well informed about the
causes and kind of aware by its impacts of it. The obtained grand weighted mean is 2.94
which mean that the level of awareness of the citizen in barangay Culipapa are “kind of”.
Table 5

Weighted Mean of Citizens’ Level of Awareness in terms of process

WM INTERPRETATION
1.I throw my garbage properly 3.5 Kind of
2.I reduce, reuse and recycle my garbage 2.75 Kind of
3.I join activities that Barangay implement such as 2.35 Kind of
coastal clean- up and river clean- up
Grand weighted mean 2.86 Kind of

Table 5 shows the weighted mean in the level of awareness in terms of process. As shown
above, respondents are kind of throws their garbage properly, reduce, reuse and recycle and
join in clean ups. The obtained grand weighted mean is 2.6 which means that the level of
aware ness of the citizens’ in barangay culipapa are “kind of “

Table 6

Effectiveness Agree Disagree

1. Do you agree that water pollution can be 37(92.5%) 3(7%)
stop by not throwing garbage in the river or
sea?
2. Do you agree that by simply doing 3R’s can 32(80%) 8(20%)
contribute from the prevention of water
pollution

Table 6 shows that 37 or 92.5% of the respondents agree that water pollution stop by not
throwing garbage in the sea or river while 3 or 7% disagree. There are 32 or 80% of the
respondents agree that doing the 3R’s can contribute and 8 or 20% disagree.
 Chapter V
Summary of Finding, Conclusion and Recommendation

Restatement of the Problem

This study aims to answer the following questions related to the level of awareness of the
citizen about water pollution in Barangay Culipapa:

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Educational attainment

2. What is the level of awareness of the citizen’ about water pollution in Barangay
Culipapa in terms of
- knowledge
-process.
-effectiveness

Restatement of the Null Hypothesis

Ho1: There is no significant difference among the citizens’ level of awareness about water
pollution in Barangay Culipapa
Summary of Findings
From the data gathered in the study, the following findings of the researchers are
presented:

1. The researcher found out that there were Forty (40) citizens that 12 citizens or 30.00% are
male and 28 citizens or 70.00% are female. In general, most number of citizen are female,
most of the citizens are 57.5% or 36-49 years old, and only 7.5% or 18-25 yrs. Old, and most
citizens are 40% are high school graduate and only 3 citizens are 7.5% are college level.

2. In the level of awareness in terms of knowledge the obtained grand weighted mean is 2.94
which means the citizens’ in Barangay Culipapa are “ kind of “ aware.

3. In terms of process, the obtained grand weighted mean is 2.86 which means they are “kind
of” aware.
4. The study revealed that there is no significant difference among the level of awareness of
the citizens that both resulted “kind of”.

Conclusions

Based on the finding cited and analysed, the following conclusion herby drawn.
1. Most of the citizens are between 26-49 years old, female, and with the educational
attainment of high graduate.
2. The study revealed that the main impact of water pollution was the personal-related
factors. The citizens are “often” affected by the water pollution.

3.Majority of the respondents were 36-49 years old, female, and are high school graduate.

4.The citizens’ of barangay Culipapa are mostly aware about water pollution.

5. Most of the citizen agree that water pollution can be stop through proper disposal of
garbage.
Recommendations

In the light of the summary findings of this study and the conclusion drawn, the
following recommendations are suggested:

1. Citizens should not throw their garbage in the river or in the sea to prevent water pollution.

2. Reuse materials whenever possible. Recycle materials and organize for community
recycling programs.

3. People should bury dead animals on the ground instead of throwing it in the river.

4. Conduct a symposium programs related to clean up drive like coastal clean-up, river clean-
up and etc. in order to maintain clean and fresh surrounding.

5. Barangay officials should conduct effective policy advocacy and meaningful community
education regarding proper waste disposal.

6. People should give their attention, time and effort to resolve this type of problem which
may affect their physical health.