The Level of Awareness of the Citizens' (Culipapanhon) about

Water Pollution in Barangay Culipapa

A Research Paper 

Presented to 

Mr. Romulito Sanico

Miguel L. Daclan National High School

Senior High (Senior High School)

Barangay Culipapa

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements 

In

Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

Mayshelyn T. Yunsay (Name of members should be in alphabetical order)

John Ericson Casuyon

John Earl Laurence Duran

Jeffrey Dote

Sheilla Pilares

2023
 CHAPTER I

Introduction

Water is a universal solvent that all living thing creatures require, especially to us,

humans. It is referred as a universal solvent, as it dissolves more substances. However, this

simply means that water is prone to water pollution.

Water pollution happens when toxic substances enter water bodies such as lakes,

rivers, oceans and such getting dissolved in them, lying suspended in the water or depositing

on the bed and this degrades the quality of water. Not only does this spell disaster for aquatic

ecosystems, the pollutants also seep through and reach the groundwater, which might end up

in our households as contaminated water we use in our daily activities, including drinking,

bathing, washing, and such.

Accordingly, managing freshwater sources are a significant issue for policymakers

under the impact of climatic and socio-economic factors (Yasin Osman et al., Citation2019).

Climate change led to depletion widely potable water sources in the centre of cities. On

another side, it increases the water demand (Fenu & Malloci, Citation2020; Zubaidi et al.,

Citation2018). Additionally, the United Nations’ outlook to 2050 indicates that the level of

urbanization is anticipated to grow from (50–69) % based on 2009 as a baseline (Nahla

Abbas et al., Citation2018).

Moreover, between 2010 and 2050, 40% of the global population may be under

severe water shortage (Zubaidi et al., Citation2018). Developing countries faced a

considerable challenge, which is maintaining and improving environmental quality to attain

sustainability. Although these countries found laws and policies to control, monitor and
reduce environmental pollution, they fail to enforce them to protect the environment.

Additionally, in the developing countries, the water supply systems are inadequate and

delivered low water quality that resulted from water demand increases rapidly and discharges

the untreated wastewater direct to the freshwater sources (Awoke et al., Citation2016; Zulu et

al., Citation2020). WHO, 2017 stated that municipal water supply system must deliver safe

and clean water (i.e., water does not have living microorganisms or harmful chemical

substances in concentrations more than the acceptable limit). On the other hand, UNEP, 2016

reported that urbanization and development growth contributed to extensively increasing

contamination in freshwater sources (Selvakumar et al., Citation2017).

This study will address the unknown level of awareness of the citizens’ of barangay Culipapa

about water pollution with the goal of providing researched-based and up-to-date data

sources that can be of significant contribution for the development of the community and can

help prevent or lessen the water pollution to avoid from getting further diseases.
Statement of the Problem

Specifically, it will answer the following questions:

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Educational attainment

2. What is the level of awareness of the citizens’ about water pollution in Barangay

Culipapa in terms of

- knowledge

-process.

-effectiveness

Statement of the Null Assumption

Ho1: There is no significant difference among the terms of the level of awareness about

water pollution in Barangay Culipapa

Significance of the Study

By conducting this study, the researcher aims to determine the Level of awareness of the

citizens about Water pollution in Barangay Culipapa. This study will benefit the following:

Citizens. (Culipapanhon. This study will assess the awareness of the residents in

Barangay Culipapa on what are the impacts of the water pollution in the said barangay

and give them prior knowledge on how to lessen the water pollution.) The outcome of the

study can asses their awareness on what are the impacts of the water pollution in Barangay

Culipapa and give them prior knowledge on how to lessen the water pollution.

Barangay Captain and Officials. This study will help them asses and adopt plans to solve

this certain issue.

Community. The result may give information in prevention of water pollution

Researchers. Future researches can use this research as their basis to their research as well. It

will help them come up with new ideas and fill in the research gaps.
Definition of Terms

Attain Succeed in accomplishing a goal.

Awareness Knowledge or perception of a situation

or fact.

Cause The thing that make it happen.

Impact The action of one object coming

forcibly into contact with another.

Global Relating to the whole the world.

Prevention The action of something from

happening or arising.

It is the presence of contaminants in

Water Pollution
water sources that render it unsafe for

use in drinking, cleaning, swimming,

and other activities.

Source
A place or thing from which

something comes or can be obtain.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study aims to determine the level of awareness of the citizens about Water

Pollution in barangay Culipapa. This study was conducted at Barangay Culipapa Hinoba-an,

Negros Occidental, 2023. There were forty (40) citizens living near the river and ocean who

served as a respondent. The information will be gathered through surveys and questionnaires

that will be used as a reference for the data. The citizens of barangay Culipapa and the

researchers will benefit the research that was done.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of the study is anchored to Input-Process-Output

Model. Independent variables refer to the water pollution while the dependent

variables showed the level of awareness of the respondents.

-DATA ATTAINED
WATER GATHERING LEVEL OF
AWARENESS OF
POLLUTION -ANALYSIS OF
THE
DATA
RESPONDENTS
Operational Meaning

Attain- to reach something or to gain.

Awareness- Is the state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or

sensory patterns.

Cause- a reason that brings a result

Impact- The action of one object coming forcefully into contract with another and a marked

effect or influence.

Global- pertains to the whole word.

Prevention- An action stops from happening.

Water Pollution- the contamination of water sources by substances which make the water

unusable for drinking, cleaning, swimming, and other activities.

Source- The place something comes from or starts or the cause something.
 CHAPTER II

Review Related Literature

Water pollution is a national and global issue. Humans and all living species in the

world are facing worst results of polluted water. The present study investigates the level of

awareness about water pollution in Delhi, its causes, its health effects and solutions among

the youth in Delhi. The paper has used primary data collected through a schedule from

university/college students in Delhi. The study concludes that the majority of educated youth

(94%) perceives water pollution as environmental challenge and 52% respondents ranked it

(1-3) as most important threat. Shahid Ahmed and Saba Ismail (2018)'Water Pollution and its

Sources, Effects & Management: A Case Study of Delhi', International Journal of Current

Advanced Research 7 (2 …, 2018)

This national picture of groundwater quality is far from being complete, the main

reason being lack of sustained attempts to monitor aquifer water quality. Monitoring stations

are sparse, and even those are distributed across multiple agencies which do not have

coordination between each other (Kumar and Shah, 2004). Consequently, the current picture

of groundwater quality stems not from the efforts of monitoring the water quality, but more

from the alarm raised by health symptoms caused by these high concentration levels of

specific substances. The practice of this science has yet to arrive at the level of predictive

ability, and is currently more for assessment purposes of known problems.

Moreover, Public participation has been recommended as an effective way to achieve

sustainable development and a sound development policy should reflect the needs and the
desires of the local community. To achieve effective public participation, a full understanding

of public attitudes with regard to environmental/development issues is essential. Our study

has shown that environmental education and public awareness campaigns are useful tools for

providing important local players with essential knowledge regarding environmental and

social issues, thereby enabling policy makers to incorporate the desires of the local

inhabitants in making the appropriate choices for preservation and development of Holbox

Island and its surrounding ecosystems.Kim Chi Tran, Jorge Euan, Maria Luisa Isla Ocean &

Coastal Management 45 (6-7), 405-420, 2002)

Accordingly, from the study about Awareness is not enough: Frequent use of water

pollution information and changes to risky behavior of Ashley D Ross, Abbey Hotard, Manoj

Kamalanathan, Rayna Nolen, David Hala, Lauren A Clay, Karl Kaiser, Antonietta Quigg

Sustainability 12 (20), 8695, 2020 says Hazard information plays an important role in how

risk perceptions are formed and what actions are taken in response to risk. While past studies

have shown that information on water and air pollution is associated with changes to

individual behavior, there is a need for examination of water quality information in the

context of environmental disturbances.

On the other hand, factors related to household perception of water pollution as a

problem, treatment of drinking water and choice of chemical treatment are examined for rural

African households in South Africa in 2005 that use an unclean drinking water source. Only

19% of these households ever treat their drinking water. The less clean the water and the

more distant the water source, the more likely the household is to perceive water pollution as

a problem; education of household members does not matter. Households with less clean

water, more educated household members, and that perceive water pollution as a problem are

more likely to treat their water. Boiling and chemicals are the most common treatment

methods. These are not good choices. Households on average spend 8 hours a week fetching
water and 6 hours a week fetching wood or dung. Boiling decreases water volume and

requires fuel. Chemicals cost money that many households can ill afford.Anderson, B.A.,

Romani, J.H., Wentzel, M. & Phillips, H.E. (2010)

In addition, the data regarding water pollution and human health was obtained and

compiled through a thorough review of various published research articles of international

reputed journal and relevant books. Water covers about 70% Earth’s surface. Safe drinking

water is a basic need for all humans. The WHO reports that 80% diseases are waterborne.

Industrialization, discharge of domestic waste, radioactive waste, population growth,

excessive use of pesticides, fertilizers and leakage from water tanks are major sources of

water pollution. These wastes have negative effects on human health. Different chemicals

have different affects depending on their locations and kinds. Bacterial, viral and parasitic

diseases like typhoid, cholera, encephalitis, poliomyelitis, hepatitis, skin infection and

gastrointestinal are spreading through polluted water. It is recommended to examine the

water quality on regular basis to avoid its destructive effects on human health. Domestic and

agriculture waste should not be disposed of without treating. This study was conducted at

Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Pakistan during 2016- 2017 as a term paper for

Master of Philosophy

According to a sandee study using nationwide health survey data shows that less than

50% of surveyed people adopt any kind of treatment for drinking water (Jalan et al, 2004).

Even amongst those who make this effort, simple filtration seems to be the most common

technique adopted. Most rural households adopt simple cloth-based filtration techniques. This

finding was reinforced by a primary survey conducted by IWMI-TATA programme in Anand

district of Gujarat, which found that there is a small minority (less than 5%) of rural

households that adopt proper purification techniques. This appears disturbing when the same

study also reports high levels of Coliform bacteria found in deep tube-well water during the
monsoon. This kind of contamination leads to short-term Diarrheal epidemics, unless

otherwise there is a community-based treatment such as Chlorination.

With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, many developing

countries are facing serious conflicts between social development and environmental

protection (Fang et al., 2016; Burki et al., 2021). Serious environmental pollution causes a

loss of human health and wellbeing as well as affects sustainable development at the national

and regional levels.The perceptions and preferences of people regarding environmental issues

affect the behavior and form of governance, and these aspects have a remarkable impact on

pollution, industrial emissions, and remediation measures (Islam et al., 2014).Haimeng Liu,

Huaming Liu, Yi Cheng by Regional Sustainability 3 (1), 12-26, 2022

In the study of Pinar Köseoğlu Modestum Ltd, 2017 about An Analysis of University

Students' Perceptions of The Concepts of" Water" And" Water Pollution" Through

Metaphors stated that the students perceived the concept of water as a need and an

indispensable part of life, while they perceived the concept of water pollution as the end of

life.

According to AP Barnes, Joyce Willock, Clifford Hall, Luiza Toma Agricultural water

management 96 (12), 1715-1722, 2009 stated that farmers frequently express a lack of

responsibility for creating and addressing water pollution problems (McDermaid, 2005, Popp

and Rodriguez, 2007, Morton, 2007). Furthermore, they fail to acknowledge that any water

pollution problems exist (Popp and Rodriguez, 2007, Nguyen et al., 2006). Whilst they do

demonstrate an understanding of what measures can be applied to reduce problems of

nitrogen loss from the farm, common obstacles to implementing such measures are costs and

time (Bratt, 2002, McDermaid, 2005, Hayman and Alston, 1999).

 CHAPTER III

Research Methodology

Research Design. This study used a descriptive and correlational type of research.

Descriptive research was a design that sought to describe certain phenomena. Correlational

research describes tests for the relationship between two variables which is water pollution

and the level of awareness of the respondents. Thus, the descriptive and correlational types of

research were the most appropriate designs utilized in this study.

Research Respondents. The respondents of this study were forty (40) citizens of

barangay Culipapa who lived near the river and sea.

Sampling Design. This study uses a random sampling where each sample has an equal

probability of being chosen. A sample chosen randomly is meant to be an unbiased

representation of the total population. It is also one of the methods researchers use to choose

a sample from a larger population. This method works if there is an equal chance that any of

the subjects in a population will be chosen. Researchers choose simple random sampling to

make generalizations about a population.

Research Instruments .The researcher used self-made questionnaire. These

questionnaire where divided into two parts. Part 1 was the socio-demographic profile of the

respondents such as the age, gender, and educational attainment. The second part was the

question proper about the level of awareness in terms of knowledge and process. Impacts of

water pollution were it includes the personal related factors, environmental.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

The statistical treatment under the Correlation Statistical Test was used to conduct this

research. Parameters such as age, gender educational attainment may be important factors in

influencing the citizens of Barangay Culipapa. The tool used in analyzing and interpreting the

data were the following:

Frequency: -------- x 100

# of item

Simple Percentage. This was used to show that the data gathered from the respondents were

analyzed using the simple percentage with the following formula: f

P: -----------× 100

# of item

Where:

p = percentage

f-frequency ntotal number of students/respondents

Average Mean. This was used as the basis to assess the level of awareness of the citizen

which is essential for the comparative analysis of findings, conclusions, and

recommendations.

ΣΧ

Formula: μ-------------

Where: μ average mean

f= frequency/ number of students

r = rating

n = total number of students/respondents Ex-sum of all the products of frequency

Likert-Scale -is a rating scale that will be used to assess the level of awareness to the

citizens' in Barangay Culipapa regarding water pollution.

Scale Range Interpretation

5 3.5- 5.00 Yes

3 1.00-3.45 Kind of

1 1- 1.00 No
 CHAPTER IV

Presentation Analysis and Interpretation of Data

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data. The discussion

was characterized according to the socio- demographic profile of the respondents, and the .

Table 1

The Socio- demographic Profile of the Respondents as to Age

Age Frequency Percentage

18-25 yrs. Old 3 7.5%

26-35 yrs. old 10 25%

36-49 yrs. old 23 57.5%

50 and above 4 10%

Total 40 100.00%

Table 1 reveals the profile of the respondents in terms of age. It shows that 23 citizens

or 57.5% are 36-49 years’ old, 10 citizens or 25% are 26-35 years’ old, 4 citizens or 10% are

50 years’ old & above and 3 citizens or 7.5% are 18-25 yrs. old. In general, most number of

citizens are 26-35 years old.

Table 2

The Socio-demographic Profile of the Respondents as Gender

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 12 30%

Female 28 70%

Total 40 100.00%

Table 2 presents the profile of the respondents in terms of Gender. It shows that 12

citizens or 30.00% are male and 28 citizens or 70.00% are female. In general, most number of

citizens are female.

Table 3

The Socio-demographic Profile of the Respondents as to Educational Attainment

Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage

College Graduate 5 12.5%

College Level 3 7.5%

High School Graduate 16 40%

High School Level 8 20%

Elementary Graduate 4 10%

Elementary Level 4 10%

Total 40 100.00%
 Table 3 presents the profile of the respondents in terms of their educational

attainment. It shows that 5 citizens or 12.5% are college graduate, 3 citizens or 7.5% are

college level, 16 citizens or 40% ar e high school graduate, 8 citizens or 20% are high school

level, 4 citizens or 10% are elementary graduate, and 4 citizens or 10% are elementary level.

In general, most number of their educational attainment is high school graduate.

Table 4

Weighted Mean of Citizens’ Level of Awareness in terms of knowledge

WM INTERPRETATION

1. I am aware of water pollution 2.35 Kind of

2. I am well informed about the causes and of water 3.8 Yes

pollution

3.I am well informed about its impacts 2.67 Kind of

Grand weighted mean 2.94 Kind of

Table 4 shows the weighted mean in the level of awareness in terms of knowledge. As shown

above, respondents are “kind of” aware of water pollution. They are well informed about the

causes and kind of aware by its impacts of it. The obtained grand weighted mean is 2.94

which mean that the level of awareness of the citizen in barangay Culipapa are “kind of”.

Table 5

Weighted Mean of Citizens’ Level of Awareness in terms of process

 WM INTERPRETATION

1.I throw my garbage properly 3.5 Kind of

2.I reduce, reuse and recycle my garbage 2.75 Kind of

3.I join activities that Barangay implement such as 2.35 Kind of

coastal clean- up and river clean- up

Grand weighted mean 2.86 Kind of

Table 5 shows the weighted mean in the level of awareness in terms of process. As shown

above, respondents are kind of throws their garbage properly, reduce, reuse and recycle and

join in clean ups. The obtained grand weighted mean is 2.6 which means that the level of

aware ness of the citizens’ in barangay culipapa are “kind of “

Table 6

Effectiveness Agree Disagree

1. Do you agree that water pollution can be stop 37(92.5%) 3(7%)

by not throwing garbage in the river or sea?

2. Do you agree that by simply doing 3R’s can 32(80%) 8(20%)

contribute from the prevention of water

pollution
Table 6 shows that 37 or 92.5% of the respondents agree that water pollution stop by not

throwing garbage in the sea or river while 3 or 7% disagree. There are 32 or 80% of the

respondents agree that doing the 3R’s can contribute and 8 or 20% disagree.

Chapter V
 Summary of Finding, Conclusion and Recommendation

Restatement of the Problem

This study aims to answer the following questions related to the level of awareness of the

citizen about water pollution in Barangay Culipapa:

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Educational attainment

2. What is the level of awareness of the citizen’ about water pollution in Barangay

Culipapa in terms of

- knowledge

-process

-effectiveness

Restatement of the Null Hypothesis

Ho1: There is no significant difference among the citizens’ level of awareness about water

pollution in Barangay Culipapa

Summary of Findings
 From the data gathered in the study, the following findings of the researchers are

presented:

1. The researcher found out that there were Forty (40) citizens that 12 citizens or 30.00% are

male and 28 citizens or 70.00% are female. In general, most number of citizen are female,

most of the citizens are 57.5% or 36-49 years old, and only 7.5% or 18-25 yrs. Old, and most

citizens are 40% are high school graduate and only 3 citizens are 7.5% are college level.

2. In the level of awareness in terms of knowledge the obtained grand weighted mean is 2.94

which means the citizens’ in Barangay Culipapa are “ kind of “ aware.

3. In terms of process, the obtained grand weighted mean is 2.86 which means they are “kind

of” aware.

4. The study revealed that there is no significant difference among the level of awareness of

the citizens that both resulted “kind of”.

Conclusions
 Based on the finding cited and analysed, the following conclusion herby drawn.

1. Most of the citizens are between 26-49 years old, female, and with the educational

attainment of high graduate.

2. The study revealed that the main impact of water pollution was the personal-related

factors. The citizens are “often” affected by the water pollution.

3.Majority of the respondents were 36-49 years old, female, and are high school graduate.

4.The citizens’ of barangay Culipapa are mostly aware about water pollution.

5. Most of the citizen agree that water pollution can be stop through proper disposal of

garbage.

6.The citizens of Barangay are willing to participate in the prevention of water pollution.

Recommendations
 In the light of the summary findings of this study and the conclusion drawn, the

following recommendations are suggested:

1. Citizens should not throw their garbage in the river or in the sea to prevent water pollution.

2. Reuse materials whenever possible. Recycle materials and organize for community

recycling programs.

3. People should bury dead animals on the ground instead of throwing it in the river.

4. Conduct a symposium programs related to clean up drive like coastal clean-up, river clean-

up and etc. in order to maintain clean and fresh surrounding.

5. Barangay officials should conduct effective policy advocacy and meaningful community

education regarding proper waste disposal.

6.Barangay officials should implement environmental education and public awareness

campaigns that can ba useful tools for providing important knowledge regarding

environmental and social issues such like water pollution.

(Put recommendations for future researchers)

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 Questionnaire

Impacts of Water Pollution to the Physical Health of People Living in Barangay

Culipapa

Dear Respondents,
We, the Grade 12 Students under HUMSS Strand of Miguel L. Daclan National High School
– Senior High are conducting a research entitled "Impacts of Water Pollution to the Physical
Health of People Living in Barangay Culipapa" as a requirement in our Practical Research II.
In line with that, we humbly ask for your full participation through your sincere answers.
Thank you.

Part I: Personal Profile

Directions: Please check all the appropriate boxes that applies
Name: Age:
(Optional) Gender: Male
Educational Attainment: Female
Elementary School Level
Elementary Graduate
High School Level
High School Graduate
College Level
College Graduate

Part II: Question Proper

Directions: Please check ( ) and rate yourself honestly based on what you actually given the
statements using the following scales

5 – Yes 3 –Kind of 1 – No

KNOWLEDGE
1.I throw my garbage properly

2.I reduce, reuse and recycle my garbage

3.I join activities that Barangay implement such as coastal clean- up and

river clean- up
PROCESS
1. I am aware of water pollution

2. I am well informed about the causes and of water pollution

3.I am well informed about its impacts

EFFECTIVENESS
1. Do you agree that water pollution can be stop by not throwing

garbage in the river or sea?

2. Do you agree that by simply doing 3R’s can contribute from the

prevention of water pollution