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Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes
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Equation Reference Sheet
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 Little's Law

Nomenclature:
- Average generic "customers"
  - Average arrival rate
- Average time spent in the system
Notes:
System must be at steady state (e.g. mean arrival rate is not changing over time)
The Unreliable Machine (Single Machine)
Nomenclature: 
 - production time of a reliable machine
 - probability that the machine will go down
 - probability that the machine will remain up
- probability that the machine will be go up
- probability that the machine will remain down
MTTR - mean time to repair
MTTF - mean time to failure
For a completely reliable machine, the production time is given by and the production rate  is
For an unreliable machine, the 2-state system must be modeled in discrete time steps as shown below:

In this system, the following probabilities are true:

The probability that the system is up or down at any given time are given by: Calculator
 p y y p yg g y

The MTTR and MTTF are given by:

The max production rate and efficiency are given by:

Max production rate
efficiency
1 Machine Line - Deterministic System
Nomenclature:
- arrival rate (constant)
- operation rate (constant)
- Average number of parts in the system
For a deterministic 1 machine line, the following relationships between arrival rate, operation rate, and number of
parts in the system are true.
When  , then
When  , then
When  , then
When , then
1 Machine Line - Stochastic System
Nomenclature:
- arrival rate (exponentially distributed)
- operation rate (exponentially distributed)
- Average number of parts in the system
- Average time that a part spends in the system
For a stochastic 1 machine line, the following relationships between arrival rate, operation rate, and number of
parts in the system are true.

Multiple Machine Lines 

Nomenclature: Calculator
 - rate of production
- operation rate
For a multiple machine line with machines i through K, Buzacott's formula applies:

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