LAB ASSIGNMENT 2

LINEAR MOTION – STUDY OF STATIC FRICTION

(LGB 10503)

NAME OF MEMBER: SHAFIQ ALIF IKHWAN BIN AMINUDDIN (010501100157)

(56218120181)

: AINUL SUFIAH BINTI AN ZAWAWI (991120085126)

(56218120220)

: ALIA SYAKIRIN BINTI MOHD SHAHRIN (990309145976)

(56218120185)

LECTURER NAME: MADAM NURSHAHNAWAL BINTI YAAKOB

SUBMITION DATE: 15 OCTOBER 2020

Table of Contents

OBJECTIVE.............................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................3
EQUIPMENT COMPONENTS..................................................................................................................4
DIAGRAM...............................................................................................................................................4
PROCEDURE...........................................................................................................................................5
RESULT...................................................................................................................................................6
CALCULATION........................................................................................................................................7
GRAPH...................................................................................................................................................8
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION............................................................................................................9-10

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OBJECTIVE

  To investigate the relationship between the velocity and acceleration of an

object, moving in one dimension, along a straight line.
 To determine the coefficient of friction.

INTRODUCTION

Linear motion is motion along a straight line, and can be described only one
spatial dimension. The linear motion can be two types uniform linear motion with
constant velocity or zero acceleration, non - uniform linear motion with variable
velocity or non-zero acceleration. Linear motion is the most basic of all motion.
According to Newton's first law of motion, objects that do not experience any net
force will continue to move in a straight line with a constant velocity until they are
subjected to a net force. Forces can be analysed where external forces such as
gravity and friction can cause an object to change its direction of motion, so that its
motion cannot be described as linear.

The motion of an object whose velocity vector does not continuously change
direction as “linear” motion. For example, an object that moves along a straight line
in a particular direction, then abruptly changes direction and continues to move in a
straight line can be modelled as undergoing linear motion over two different
segments. In general motion, the position and velocity of particles are represented
by vectors, which have magnitude and direction. In linear motion, the direction of the
vector that describes the system is the same and constant, which means the object
moving along the same axis and does not change direction.

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EQUIPMENT COMPONENTS
 LS-12 083 linear motion apparatus (1units)
 PVC carriage weight (3units)
 Weights 50g and 100g (8 units)
 Photoelectric sensors (4 units)
 Adjustable block (1 unit)

DIAGRAM

50cm Long Guide Way Timer

Photoelectric Sensor
LS-12 083 Linear
Motion Apparatus

PVC Carriage
Weight

Weight and hanger Weight 50g & 100g

Base

Figure 1

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PROCEDURE

1. The apparatus is set up as in Figure 1.

2. The PVC carriage is put at the end of guide way.
3. The string is tightened on the PVC carriage pass over the pulley.
4. The weight hanger 0.5N is hanged at the end of the string.
5. The testing distance along the photoelectric sensor are recorded.
6. A weight is put on the weight hanger to make the PVC carriage move
along the photoelectric sensor.
7. The time displayed are recorded when the PVC carriage is moving.
8. Step 6 to step 7 are repeated by adding the weight on the weight hanger
and get the data for at least 5 different weights.
9. Step 6 to step 8 are repeated by changing the weight on the top of PVC
carriage.
10. All the data are Recorded in a table

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RESULT

Mass of Additional Total Carriage

Carriage Mass Mass Weight R Time (s) Velocity Acceleration
2
(gram) (gram) (kg) (N) T₁ T₂ T3 Avg (m/s) (ms)
464 0 0.464 4.55 1.67 1.88 1.74 1.76 0.28 0.078

464 100 0.564 5.53 2.19 2.23 2.29 2.24 0.22 0.048

464 200 0.664 6.51 3.11 2.82 2.53 2.82 0.18 0.032

464 300 0.764 7.49 3.4 2.73 3.18 3.10 0.16 0.026

464 400 0.864 8.47 4.39 3.61 3.49 3.83 0.13 0.017

Table 1

Mass of weight + Additional Mass Static Friction

Hanger (gram) (gram) Total Mass (kg) Force F (N) µs
(F/R)
50 0 0.05 0.49 0.11

50 50 0.1 0.98 0.18

50 100 0.15 1.47 0.23

50 150 0.2 1.96 0.26

50 200 0.25 2.45 0.29

Table 2

Calculation 2 2
v =u +2 as
2 2
I. (0.28) =(0) + 2a ( 0.5 )
6
a=0.078ms−2
II. ¿
 Displacement , s (m)
Velocity,v (ms−1 ¿=
Time , t (s)

0.5 m −1
I. =0.28 ms
1.76 s
0.5m
II. =0.22 ms−1
2.24 s
0.5 m −1
III. =0.18 ms
2.82 s
0.5 m
IV. =0.16 ms−1
3.10 s
0.5 m −1
V. =0.13 ms
3.83 s

Frictional force , Ff Force , F

Static friction, µs = =
Normal force , Fn Carriage weight , R

Fn (N) = F (N) F
Static friction, µs=
R
I. F = ( 0.05 ) ( 9.81 )
0.49 N
=0.49 N I. µs=
4.55 N
II. F = ( 0.1 ) (9.81) = 0.11
= 0.98 N 0.98 N
II. µs=
III. F= ¿ 5.53 N
=1.47 N = 0.18
IV. F=¿ 1.47 N
III. µs=
6.51 N
= 1.96 N
V. F=¿ = 0.23
= 2.45 N 1.96 N
IV. µs=
7.49 N

= 0.26

2.45 N
V. µs=
8.47 N
= 0.29

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 GRAPH

velocity vs time

0.3
0.28
0.25
Velocity, v (m/s)
0.22
0.2
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.13
0.1

0.05

0
1.76 2.24 2.82 3.1 3.49

time,t (s)2

Figure 2

Acceleration (m/s²) vs Time (s)

0.09

0.08 0.078
0.07
Acceleration (m/s2)
0.06

0.05 0.048
0.04

0.03 0.032
0.026
0.02
0.017
0.01

0
1.76 2.24 2.82 3.1 3.83

Time,t (s)

Figure 3

DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION

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 The experiment was done to determine the coefficient of friction of the PVC
carriage with the surface of the linear motion apparatus. The coefficient of friction is
a dimensionless number that defined as the ratio between the friction force and
normal force. The coefficient of friction depends on the nature of the material and the
surface roughness and also influenced by the relationship between velocity and
acceleration. This can be proven by using the formula F=ma where the acceleration
is proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass. The
acceleration is the rate of change of velocity while velocity is a rate which an object
changes its position. The calculation of acceleration and velocity of an object can be
done in the lab where the test will be run. The accelerations are measured in metre
per second squared ( ms−2 ) while the velocity is measured in metre per second ( ms−1 ).

It was calculated that the values of the coefficient frictions obtained from the
experiment for the total mass of the carriage and hanger with the mass of
(A)0.514kg, (B)0.564kg, (C)0.614kg, (D)0.664kg, (E)0.714kg were (A)1.11, (B)1,
(C)0.92, (D)0.89, (E)0.83 respectively. As such, it can be theorized that by using the
formula of static friction, the static friction is proportional to the net force and
inversely proportional to the carriage weight. If the differences of the net force and
the carriage weight is big, it will influence the static friction. The higher the values of
the net force, the higher the values of static force will be obtained.

The carriage weight is moving but the motion velocity of the carriage decreases
after being pushed since friction is a force that opposes the motion between two
object that are in contact. Thus, the relationship of the velocity and acceleration is
that if the acceleration of the object is zero that means the velocity is not changing or
can also be said as constant. The velocity of the carriages is expected to be equal
for the initial velocity and the final velocity since the acceleration should be constant
during the experiment. The theory of the linear motion can only be verified if there is
no external force action on the objects. During the experiment, there are an external
force acting on the object such as gravity and friction since the environment can not
be idealized.

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 The are some errors occurred during the process of the experiment which are
touching the lens of the photoelectric sensor. This may lead to the data obtained to
be inaccurate since the lens of the sensor is contaminated with the foreign particle.
Next, there is an obstacle on the track of the linear motion. This led to the data
obtained cannot be recorded since carriage is stopped or moving slower than it
should be on the track. The carriage is touched while it is still moving. Injuries can be
occurred.

Thus, to avoid all of these errors to occurred, there are some precautions step that
need to be followed which is do not touch the lens of the photoelectric sensor so that
the sensor will be able to detect the movement of the carriage accurately. Next,
make sure that there is no obstacle on the track since and external force will
influence the result of the experiment and data obtained is inaccurate. The moving
carriage should not be touched carelessly since there is a chance that it will lead to
an injury.

The purpose of this experiment, to see the relationship between the velocity and
acceleration of an object, moving in one dimension along a straight line. From the
experiment, it can be said that when the velocity is remained constant or the same,
the value of the acceleration will always be zero. The coefficient of friction obtained
from the experiment according to their weight which is for 0.514kg, 0.564kg,
0.614kg, 0.664kg and 0.714kg are 1.11, 1.00, 0.92, 0.89 and 0.83 respectively.
Thus, the experiment is verified.

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