GPCC 1 Eng.

Ghazi Saab

SEISMIC LOAD - UBC - 1997 PROVITIONS

ENGINEER : Ghazi Saab

1-1 INTRODUCTION

There are two commenly used procedures for specifying seismic

design forces:

a- Equivalent Static Force Procedure.

b- Dynamic Analysis.

Equivalent Static Force Method or Dynamic Analysis Method is used for

Regular Structures under 73m tall and Irregular Structures under 20m.

Dynamic Analysis Method is required for regular structure over 73m tall,
irrgular structures over 20m tall, and buildind located on poor soils (type-
Sf) and have a period greater than 0.7 second.

1-2 IRRGULARITY OF STRUCTURE

1-2-1 VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES

Include ( soft or weak stories, large changes in mass from floor to floor,
and large discontinuities in the dimensions or in-plane locations of lateral
load resisting elements) and for more details see the following points:

(1) Stiffness irregularity- soft story

A soft story is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of that in
the story above or less than 80% percent of the average stiffness of the three
stories above.
GPCC 2 Eng. Ghazi Saab

(2) Weight (mass) irregularity

Mass irregularity shall be considered to exist where the effective mass of
any story is more than 150% of the effective mass of any adjacent story. A roof
that is lighter than the floor below need not be considered.

(3) Vertical geometric irregularity

Vertical geometric irregularity shall be considered to exist where the horizontal
dimension of the lateral-force-resisting system in any story ismore than 130% of
that in an adjacent story. One-penthouse need not be considered.

(4) In-Plane discontinuity in vertical lateral force resisting element

An in-plane offset of the lateral-load resisting elements greater than the length
of those elememts.
GPCC 3 Eng. Ghazi Saab

discontinuous
shear wall

braced
frame

(5) Discontinuity in capacity-weak story

A weak story is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of that in the story above.
The story strength is the total strength of all siesmic-resisting elements sharing the story
shear for the direction under consideration.
GPCC 4 Eng. Ghazi Saab

1-2-2 PLAN IRREGULARITIES

Plan irrgular buildings include those which undergo substantial torsion when subjected to
seismic loads, have reentrant corners, discontinuities in floor diaphragms, discontinuity
in the lateral force path, or lateral load resisting elements which are not parallel to each
other or to the axes of the biulding.

(1) Torsional irregularity

Torsional irregularity shall be considered to exist when the maximum story drift, computed
including accidetal torsion, at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is more than 1.2
times the average of the story drifts of the two ends of the structure.

∆1

∆1 > ∆1 + ∆2 ) / 2 a)

∆1 > ∆1 + ∆2 ) / 2 b)

∆2

(2) Re-entrant corners

Plan configurations of a structure and its lateral-force-resisting system contain re-entrant
corners, where both projections of the structure beyond a re-entrant corner are greater than
15% of the plan dimension of the structure in the given direction.
GPCC 5 Eng. Ghazi Saab

(3) Diaphragm discontinuity

Diaphragms with abrupt discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including those having
cutout or open areas greater than 50 percent of the gross enclosed area of the diaphragm,
or changes in effective diaphragm stiffness of more than 50 percent from one story to the
next.

(4) Out-of-plane offsets

Discontinuities in a lateral force path, such as out-of-plane offsets of the vertical elements.
GPCC 6 Eng. Ghazi Saab

(5) Nonparallel systems

The vertical lateral-load-resisting elements are not parallel to or symmetric about the major
orthogonal axes of the lateral-forceresisting system.

1-3 EQUIVALENT FORCE PROCEDURE

The design base shear :

V = (Cv . I) / (R . T) W

Where; T is the fundamental period of the structure in the direction under consideration.
I is the seismic importance factor.
Cv is a numerical coefficient dependent on the soil conditions at the site and
seismity of the region. (( represent the acceleration ))
R is a factor which accounts for the ductility and overstrength of the structural
system.
W is the seismic dead load.

The design base shear need not exceed :

V = (2.5 Ca . I ) / (R) W

The design base shear can not be less than :

V = 0.11 (Ca . I) W

Where; Ca is a numerical coefficient dependent on the soil conditions at the site and
seismity of the region.

In the zone of highest seismicity (zone 4) the design base shear must be greater than :
GPCC 7 Eng. Ghazi Saab

V = 0.8 ( Z . Nv . I ) / (R ) W

Where; Nv is a near-source factor that depends on the proximity to and activity of known
faults near the structure.

1-4 SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR ( Z ) :

The seismic zone factor, z, accounts for the amount of seismic risk present in a building's
seismic zone based on the anticipated maximum ground acceleration.

Seismic Zone 0 1 2A 2B 3 4
Z 0 0.075 0.15 0.2 0.3 0.4
[ UBC-97 Table 16-I ]

The zone factor of 0.4 in zone 4 implies that the maximum base (unadjusted) effective pe-
ak acceleration ( EPA ) is 0.4 g for the design earthquake.

1-5 SEISMIC IMPORTANCE FACTOR ( I ) :

Occupancy or Functions Seismic Importance

of Structure Factor, I
a. Essential facilities 1.25
b. Hazardous facilities 1.25
c. Special occupancy structures 1
d. Standard occupancy structures 1
e. Miscellaneous structures 1
[ UBC-97 Table 16-K ]

1-5-1 OCCUPANCY CATEGORIES

a. Essential facilities are emergency facilities that must remain operational after an earth-
quake. They include hospitals with with surgery and emergency treatment facilities, fire
and police stations, emergency preparedness structures, and government communication
centers required for emergency response.

b. Hazardous facilities are used to store or support dangerous toxic or explosive chemical
or substances.

c. Special facilities are designed to house large numbers of people for exampl, place s pu-
blic assembly (5000 or more people), schools (300 or more students), colleges ( more th-
an 500), nursing house, daycare centers,nurseries, and jail.

d. Standard facilities all other structures that house occupancies or have functions not list-
ed above are considered standard occupancy.

e. Miscellaneous facilities they include private garages, carports, sheds, factories, and
agricultural building.
GPCC 8 Eng. Ghazi Saab

1-6 SOIL-PROFILE TYPES:SA THROUGH SF :

Soft soil may amplify earthquake ground motion.

Type Soil Profile SPT (blows/ft)

SA hard rock -

SB rock -

SC very dense soil and soft N > 50

rock

SD stiff soil 15 < N < 50

SE soft soil N < 15

SF soils requiring site-speci-

fic evaluation

[ UBC-97 Table 16-J]

1-7 NEAR-SOURCE FACTORS: Na & Nv

In seismic zone 4 where large-magnitude eartquake are expected, particularly severe da-
mage to structures is likely to happen when structures are built very near or directly on the top
of active faults. The ground acceleration that these structures experience may be up to twice
the acceleration that more distant structures experience.

The UBC has aopted two near-source factors, Na and Nv, to minimize this impact in seismic

shortest distance surface projection of seismic shortest distance

from fault source from fault

6.2 mi
seismic source 10 km
(fault)

Na & Nv are amplification factors ( accelerations & velocity )

Near-Source Factors
shortest distance to known seismic source
seismic source <= 2 km 5 km >= 10 km >= 15 km
type Na Nv Na Nv Na Nv Na Nv
A 1.5 2.0 1.2 1.6 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0
B 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
[ UBC-97 Table 16-S and Table 16-T ]
GPCC 9 Eng. Ghazi Saab

1-8 SEISMIC RESPONSE COEFFICIENTS: Ca & Cv

The seismic response coefficients Ca and Cv account for the increased severity of the
ground motion at a specific site and are influenced by the seimic zone, proximity of the site
to active seismic sources, and site soil profile characteristics.

Ca functions as an acceleration-controlled coefficient for short-period portion of the

spectrum.

Cv functions as a velocity-controlled coefficient for long-period portion of the

spectrum.
spectral acceleration

spectral acceleration
2.5Ca

Cv / T
Ca

period, T (sec) period, T (sec)

(acceleration) (velocity)
long period long period
controlled controlled
spectral acceleration ( g's)

Ts = Cv / 2.5Ca

To = 0.2Ts Ts period, T (sec)

Response Spectra

Ca and Cv depend on seismic zone factor and soil profile type.

seismic zone factor, Z

soil 1 2A 2B 3 4
profile
type Ca Cv Ca Cv Ca Cv Ca Cv Ca Cv
SA 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.16 0.24 0.24 0.32Na 0.32Nv
SB 0.08 0.08 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.40Na 0.40Nv
SC 0.09 0.13 0.18 0.25 0.24 0.32 0.33 0.45 0.40Na 0.56Nv
SD 0.12 0.18 0.22 0.32 0.28 0.40 0.36 0.54 0.44Na 0.64Nv
SE 0.19 0.26 0.30 0.50 0.34 0.64 0.36 0.84 0.36Na 0.96Nv
SF soil requiring site-specific evaluation
[ UBC-97 Table 16-Q and Table 16-R]
GPCC 10 Eng. Ghazi Saab

1-9 RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR: R

The structures to respond 100% elastically in a large-magnitude earthquake would not be

economical. Therefore, the prescribed design lateral strengths are considerably lower than
needed to maintain a structure in the elastic range.

The reduced design strength level results in nonlinear behavior and energy absorption at dis-
placements in excess of initial yield.

Strength reduction due to nonlinear behavior are influenced by :

- the max allowable displacement ductility demand.

- fundamental periord of the system, and
- the soil profile type.

Strength reductions from the elastic strength are accomplished by using a response modifi-
cation factor.

The response modification factor , R , represent the inherent overstrength and global ductility
capacity of structural components. [ UBC-97 table 16-N ]

Ductility : can be defined as a measure of the ability of a structural system to deform in the
plastic range prior to failure. Ductility dissipated the lateral force energy.

1-10 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

The UBC-97 [Sec 1629.6 and table 16-N] recognizes seven major types of structural syst-
em capable of resisting lateral force.

1-10-1 BEARING WALL SYSETMS

A bearing wall system is a structural system that relies on the same elements to resist both
gravity and lateral loads.

It is common to refer to this type of design as a box system (like precast system )

The distinguishing factor of these system also compromises the ability of the structure to su-
pport its dead and live loads.

gravity loads

lateral
forces

Bearing Wall System

GPCC 11 Eng. Ghazi Saab

1-10-2 BUILDING FRAME SYSTEMS

A building frame system is a complete three dimensional unit composed of interconnec-

ted members to carry the vertical (gravity) loads and a separate system of nonbearing shaer
walls or braced frame to resist the lateral (seismic) load.

Unlike the bearing wall system, failure of the primary lateral support system does not compr-
omise the ability of the structure to support gravity loads.

gravity loads

lateral forces

Building Frame System

1-10-3 MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES

Moment resisting frames resist forces in members and joints primarily by flexure and rely
on a frame to carry both vertical and lateral loads. Theoretically, joint are completely rigid.

There are five types of moment-resisting frames:

1- Steel and concrete special moment - resisting frames (SMRF).

2- Masonary moment-resisting wall frames ( MMRWF )
3- Concrete intermediate moment-resisting frames (IMRF )
4- Steel and concrete ordinary moment-resisting frames (OMRF )
5- Special steel truss moment frames (STMF )

gravity loads

lateral forces

Moment-Resisting Frame System

GPCC 12 Eng. Ghazi Saab

1-10-4 DUAL SYSTEMS

Dual systems have essentially complete space frames that provide support for all vertical
(gravity) loads and combine two of the previously mentioned systems to resist lateral loads.

Moment-resisting frames ( SMRF, IMRF, MMRWF, or steel ORMF) acting in conjunction with
with shear walls must be able to resist at least 25% of the design base shear independently.
The two systems are designed to resist the total design base shear in proportion to their rel-
ative rigidities. [ UBC-97 Sec. 1629.6.5 ].

gravity loads

lateral forces

Dual System

1-10-5 CANTILEVERED COLUMN BUILDING SYSTEMS

Cantilevered column building systems have single cantilevered column elements supporti-
ng beams or framing at the top.

The cantilevered columns in this building system provide both lateral load resistance and gr-
avity load resistance. In seismic zone 3 and 4, the max height for these structures ( 10.7 m).

gravity loads

lateral forces

Cantilevered Column Building Systems

1-10-6 SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTERACTION SYSTEMS

A combination of shear walls and moments frames is used to resist lateral forces. These
system are restricted to seismic zones 0 and 1 ( zones of low seismicity).
GPCC 13 Eng. Ghazi Saab

1-11 RELIABILITY / REDUNDANCY FACTOR: ρ

Redundancy is an important characteristic of a structure, providing multiple paths of lateral

resistance.
The reliability/ redundancy facrtor, ρ, is applied as an increase in hz seismic forces associ-
ated with the base shear [ UBC-1997 Sec. 1630.1.1 ]. This factor effectively reduces the res-
ponse modification factor, R.

● 1.5 > ρ > 1.0

● ρ = 1 for zone ( 0, 1, and 2) and when calculating drift

1-12 BUILDING PERIOD: T

There are two methods for finding T

Method A ( approximately) - T = Ct ( hn ) ^ (3/4) [ UBC- 1997 eq. 30-8]

where; Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment - resisting frames

Ct = 0.0731 for concrete moment - resisting frames and
eccentrically braced frames.
Ct = 0.0488 for other building

Method B (accurate) - is based on the deformation characteristics of the resisting.

elements. ( Rayleigh method )
or dynamic analysis for structure ( first period represent T )

If Method B is used to find the period ,T, the UBC-97 [ Sec. 1930.2.2 ]

T must be < 1.3 ( period from method A for zone 4)

T must be < 1.4 ( period from method A for zone 1, 2, 3)

1-13 EARTHQUAKE LOADS: Eh AND Ev

The earthquake load consist of two components of loading

Eh the forces due to horizontal component of earthquake.

Ev the forces due to vertical component of earthquake.

The total load E

E = ρ Eh + Ev [ UBC-97 Sec 1930.3.1 ]

Eh = the base shear or lateral forces from Fp to Fx

Ev = 0.5 Ca I D " ( 0.5 Ca I ) is a percentage to be added to the factors of

dead loads contributing the seismic load combination"

Ev = 0 for ASD design

GPCC 14 Eng. Ghazi Saab

Em = Ω ο Eh Em is max anticipated earthquake

1-14 TOTAL SEISMIC DEAD LOAD: W

The weight, W, used to calculate base shear is the total dead load and part of live load (i.e
W include all contributions to mass likely to be present at the time of an earthquake.

W = DL + 0.25 LL

1-15 SEISMIC BASE SHEAR COEFFICIENT: V

Static Force Procedure: [ UBC-1997 Formula 30-4 ]

V = ( Cv . I / R . T ) W
or in other form
V = Cs W Where; Cs = ( Cv . I / R . T )

Vmax = (2.5 Ca . I / R ) W ( for short periods see the figure down )

Vmin = ( 0.11 Ca . I ) W

Vmin,zone4 = ( 0.8 Z . Nv . I / R ) W ( for zone 4 only )

acceleration velocity
controled controled
short-period long-period
seismic base shear coefficient

structures structures

Cs = 2.5 Ca I / R

Cs = Cv. I / R.T

To Ts
T

Ts = Cv / 2.5 Ca
To = 0.2 Ts
GPCC 15 Eng. Ghazi Saab

Example 1 :

ο 10 story steel special concentrically braced

frame .
ο Emergency-preparedness.
36.58m

ο Zone 4.

ο 5 km from active seismic source.

ο Soil profile Sd.

Find :
a. The seismic base shear coefficient.
b. The minimum seismic base shear coefficient.
c. The maximum seismic base shear coefficient.

a. The seismic base shear coefficient.

Cs = ( Cv . I / R . T )

T = Ct ( hn ) ^ 3/4 Ct = 0.0488 [ UBC- 1997 eq. 30-8]

T = 0.0488 x ( 36.58 ) ^ 3/4 = 0.72586 sec

R = 6.4 [ UBC-97 table 16-N ]

I = 1.25 [ UBC-97 Table 16-K ]

Cv = 0.64 Nv [ UBC-97 Table 16-R ]

Ca = 0.44 Na [ UBC-97 Table 16-Q ]

Nv = 1.6 [ UBC-97 Table 16-T ] seismic source type

Na = 1.2 [ UBC-97 Table 16-S ] A

Cv = 1.024
Ca = 0.528

Cs = 0.276

b. The minimum seismic base shear coefficient.

Csmin = 0.11 Ca I = 0.0726

Csmin,zone4 = 0.8 Z Nv I / R = 0.8 (0.4) (1.6) (1.25) / ( 6.4 ) = 0.1

Whichever greater represents Csmin = 0.1

GPCC 16 Eng. Ghazi Saab

c. The maximum seismic base shear coefficient.

Csmax = 2.5 Ca I / R = 2.5 (0.528)(1.25) / 6.4 = 0.25781

Cs = 0.276 is greater than Csmax = 0.2578

Cs = 0.2578 is the governing seismic base shear coefficient for the structure.

Example 2 :

ο hn = 30.48 m

ο W = 66723 kN
30.48 m
ο Zone 4

ο 5 km from seismic from source

with a high rate of seismic activity.

ο Soil profile Sb
W (total weight of building) = 66723 kN
ο special moment-resisting steel frame

Use static lateral-force procedure to calculate the total design base shear.

V = Cs W where ; Cs = ( Cv . I / R . T )

T = Ct hn ^ 3/4

Ct = 0.0853

T = 0.0853 ( 30.48)^3/4 = 1.11 sec

R = 8.5

I = 1

Z = 0.4

Ca = 0.4 Na Cv = 0.4 Nv Na = 1.2

Nv = 1.6
Ca = 0.48
Cv = 0.64

Cs = Cv . I / R. T = (0.64) (1.0) / (8.5) (1.11) = 0.06805

V = Cs W = 0.068 (66723) = 4540.21 kN

GPCC 17 Eng. Ghazi Saab

Vmin = 0.11 Ca I W = 3522.97 kN

Vmin,z 4 = ( 0.8 Z Nv I / R ) W = 4019 kN

Vmin = 4019 kN

Vmax = (2.5 Ca I / R ) W = (2.5 (0.48) (1.0) / 8.5) (66723) = 9419.72 kN

E = ρ Eh + Ev ρ = 1 for zone 0,1,&2 assume ρ = 1

Eh = V = 4540.21 kN

Ev = 0.5 Ca I D = 0.5 (0.48) (1.0) D

Ev = 0.24 D

Load Combinations :

U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L ( orginal load combination )

The dead load must be increase 24% so:

U = (1.2 + 0.24) D +or- 1.0E + 1.0L

U = (1.2 - 0.24) D +or- 1.0E + 1.0L

U = 0.9D + 1.0E ( orginal load combination )

The dead load must be increase 24% so:

U = (0.9 + 0.24 ) D +or- 1.0E

U = (0.9 - 0.24 ) D +or- 1.0E

GPCC 18 Eng. Ghazi Saab

1-16 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BASE SHEAR TO STORIES

If T < = 0.7 sec =====> Ft = 0

If T > 0.7 sec ======> Ft = 0.07 T V [ Ft = 0.25 V]

Fx = ( V - Ft ) wx hx / Σ wi hi

Vx = Ft + Σ Fx (story shear)
Fx Ft V6 = F6 + Ft

V5 = F5 +F6 + Ft

V4 =f4+ F5 +F6 + Ft

Loading Diagram Cumulative Diagram

VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BASE

SHEAR TO STORIES

Example3 :
w5 = 3100kN
Given Data -
w4 = 3600kN
o T = 0.5 (from dynamic analysis)
w3 = 3600kN
o hn = 18.3 m 18.3m
w2 = 3600kN
3.7m
w1 = 3600kN
Solution:

V = Cs W = 710 kN

Fx = ( V - Ft ) wx hx / Σ wi hi W = Σ wi = 17500 kN

Ft = 0.0 T < 0.7 s

F5 = ( 710 -0.0 ) (0.301) = 213.7 kN

GPCC 19 Eng. Ghazi Saab

hx wx hx . Wx hx . Wx Fx
level x (m) kN kN.m Σhx.wx kN
5 roof 18.3 3100 56730 0.30097 213.7
4 14.6 3600 52560 0.27885 198.0
3 11 3600 39600 0.21009 149.2
2 7.3 3600 26280 0.13942 99.0
1 3.7 3600 13320 0.07067 50.2
17500 188490 1 710

F5 = 213.7 kN

F4 = 198.0 kN

F3 = 149.2 kN

F2 = 99.0 kN

F1 =50.2 kN

V = 710 kN

1-17 UBC PROVISIONS FOR HORIZONTAL

TORSIONAL MOMENT

● It is applied only for rigid diaphragm.

● The shear increase because of horizontal torsion, due to uncoincidence of center of

mass Cm and center of rigidty Cr.

● UBC- 97 [ Sec. 1630.7]

For Regular Building:

An accidental torsion should be added assuming the center of mass at each level
is displaced from the calculated center of mass in each direction a distance of 5% of
the building dimension at that level perpendichlar to the direction of the seismic force.

Cr
Cm
ea ea ea =( - or +) 5% L

L
GPCC 20 Eng. Ghazi Saab

For Irregular Building:

For torsional irregular building the the 5% must be increased by use of an
amplification factor (Ax), determined from UBC-97 [Sec 1630.7 formula 30-16].

Ax = [ ∆max / 1.2 ∆avg] ^ 2 < = 3.0

∆avg is the average of the displacements at the extreme points of the structure
at level x.

∆max is max. displacement at level x

1-18 UBC STORY DRIFT DETERMINATION

Story drift is the lateral displacement of one level of a structure relative to the level above
or below.

Based on the UBC-1997 [Sec. 1630.10.1], story drifts should be determined using the max-
imum inelastic response displacement, ∆M, which is defined as the max total drift or total st-
ory drift caused by the design-levelearthquake.

The max inelastic response displacement , ∆M, should be computed from [UBC-97 Formula
30-17].

∆M = 0.7 R ∆S

Where;
∆S is a design level elastic response displacement found from the elastic static
analysis. ∆S should be determined at all critical locations , translational and
torsional deflections should be included.

elastic
earthquake force

inelastic

0.7 R ∆S

∆S ∆M
response displacement
UBC-97 gives limitations to control inelastic deformations and potential instabilities in both
structural and nonstructural elements that could affect life safety.

Structure's natural period Cal story drift DM

T < 0.7 sec ( short period struc.) ∆M < = 0.025h ( 2.5% of story height)

T > = 0.7 sec ( long period struc.) ∆M < = 0.020h ( 2.0% of story height)
[ UBC-97 Sec. 1630.10.1]
GPCC 21 Eng. Ghazi Saab

Example4 :
δ4
ο 4 story moment resisting frame
F4

ο Rock-like soil in zone 0.4 F3

δ3

o story height = 3.66 m δ2

F2

o natural period T = 0.7 sec. δ1

F1

ο δ4 = 56 mm
δ3 = 43 mm
δ2 = 25 mm
δ1 = 10 mm

Determine the following -

a- the design level response displacement in the third story.

∆s,3rd = δ3 - δ2 = 18 mm

b- the max inelastic response displacement in the first story.

∆s,1st = δ1 = 10 mm

∆M = 0.7 R ∆S = 0.7 x 8.5 x 10 = 59.5 mm

∆M <= 0.02h = 73.2 mm

∆M = 59.5mm < ∆M = 73.2 mm O.K.

NOTE: P-∆ analysis should be included.

c- the design level response story drift in the top story .

∆s,top = δ4 - δ3 = 13 mm

the story drift ratio -

∆SR = ∆ / h = 13 / 3660 = 0.00355

d- the external architectural cladding panels and their connections for this structure are desi-
gned to accommodate 18 mm movement. In the 2nd story.

∆M = 0.7 R ∆S = 18 ===>∆S = ∆M / 0.7R = 18 / 0.7x8.5 = 3 mm

δ2 − δ1 = 25 − 10 = 15 mm > 3 mm no good
GPCC 22 Eng. Ghazi Saab

1-19 UBC PROVISIONS FOR BUILDING SEPARATIONS

Separation should be provided between adjoining building. Separations should permit str-
uctures to react to seismic forces independently.

UBC -97 [Sec 1633.2.11] ∆MT

impact

∆MT = √((∆Μ1)^2 + (∆M2)^2)

1-20 UBC PROVISIONS FOR OVERTURNING MOMENT

Fx Ft
UBC-97 [Sec 1630.8.1]
ο At any level, the overturning moment
must be determined using the seismic
forces (Ft and Fx).

ο The effects of uplift caused by seismec hn

loads must be analysis. Any net tension
must be resisted by interaction with the OMT
soil ( e.g., by use of friction piles that
resist uplift).

ο In regular structures, the top force, Ft,

can be omitted in calculating the over-
turning effects at the soil foundation
interface, including the calculation
of soil pressure under typical OMT = ΣFx hx + Ft hn
footing and the soil-pile frictional
forces during uplift [ UBC-97 Sec. 1809.4].
GPCC 23 Eng. Ghazi Saab

1-21 UBC PROVISIONS FOR P- ∆ EFFECTS

The P-∆ effect is defined as the secondary effect on shears, axial forces, and moments of
frame members induced by the gravity loads acting on the laterally displaced structure frame.

The UBC-97 [Sec 1630.1.3] requires that the resulting member forces and moments, and
the story drifts, be used to evaluate the overall structural frame stability caused by the P- ∆
effects.

θ = Px ∆ / Vx hsx Px (dead and live load

above)

θ is stability coefficient ( the ratio of se Vx ∆2

condary moments to primary moments)

Px is the load above the level to be concern. hsx

Vx is the lateral force due seismic shear above

the level to be concerned.

hsx is the distance from the center of gravity of

seismic shear to the level to be concerned. ∆1

Based on the UBC-97 [Sec. 1630.1.3], The P-∆ effects need not be considered when the
following are true.

1- The ratio of secondary moment (Ms) to primary moment (Mp) does not exceed (0.1).

2- In seismic zones 3 and 4, the ratio of story drift to story height (story drift ratio) does not
exceed (0.02/R).

Example 5 :
533.3 kN 889.6 kN

44.5 kN 20mm 35.6 kN 15mm

4.9 m 4.6 m

seismic zone 2A seismic zone 4

A- OMRF B- SMRF
GPCC 24 Eng. Ghazi Saab

A- R = 4.5 ; ∆ = 20 mm ; Vx = 44.5 kN & hsx = 4.9 m

θ = Px ∆ / Vx hsx = (533.3 )(20) / (44.5) (4900) = 0.05

Thus , for structure I in seismic zone 2A, P- ∆ effects need not be considered.

B- R = 8.5 ; ∆ = 15 mm ; Vx = 35.6 kN & hsx = 4.6 m

∆SR = ∆s / hs = 15 / 4300 = 0.0035

0.02 / R = 0.02 / 8.5 = 0.0024

∆SR > 0.02 / R we must considered P-∆ effects