MATHEMATICS - IIA AIMSTUTOTIAL

DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE:

 
3
1. If n is an integer, (cos + isin)n = cos n + i sin n 2. Find the value of 1  i 3 .
2. If n is a rational number, then one of the values of
(cos + i sin )n is cos n + i sin n. 3 3
 1 3  1 3
1+ i 3 
3
3. If z = r cis  = r cis (2k + ), then A: = 2  + i    8  + i 
  2 2   2 2 
z =r1/n 1/n
cis  2kπ + θ
n  where k = 0, 1, 2, ...., n - 1. = 8(cos600 + isin600)3
1 By applying De Moivre’s theorem for an integral
4. If x = cos + i sin then = cos + i sin .
x
index.
1 1
and i) x + = 2cosθ ii) x - = 2isinθ = 8[cos3(600) + isin3(600)]
x x
= 8(cos1800 + isin1800) = 8 [-1 + i(0)] = - 8.
1
5. If x = cos + i sin  then = cos - i sin and
x 3. Find the value of (1 - i)8. AIMS
n 1 8
i) x + = 2cosnθ   1 1 
xn A: (1 - i)8 =  2  -i 
  2 2 
n 1
ii) x - = 2isin nθ .
 2
8
xn = (cos 450 - i sin 450)8
6. Cube roots of unity :
The roots of x3 = 1 are called cube roots of unity By applying De Moivre’s theorem for an integral
which are 1, , 2 where index.
-1 + i 3 -1 - i 3 = 24 [cos8(450) - isin8 (450)]
= , 2 = 
2 2
= 24 [cos3600 - isin3600] = 16 [1 - i(0)] = 16
7. cis1.cis2 = cis(1 + 2)
cisθ1
= cis θ1 - θ2 
(

8. 5 5
cisθ2  3 i  3 i
4. Find the value of        .
9. cis1.cis2 .cis3..............cisn  2 2  2 2
= cis (1+ 2+ 3+............+n).
5 5
 3 i  3 i
A:  +  -  - 
LEVEL - I (VSAQ)  2 2   2 2 
1. Find the value of (1 + i)16. = (cos 300 + isin 300)5 - (cos 300 - isin 300)5
16
  1 1  = cos5(300) + isin5(300) - [cos5(300) - isin5(300)]
A: (1 + i) =  2 
16 +i  =
  2 2 
cos150 0 + isin150 0 -  cos150 0 - isin150 0 
 2
16
=  cos45 0 + isin45 0  16  
 
= 28 [cos16(450) - isin16 (450)]  1
= 2i sin1500 = 2i   i.
= 256 [cos720 + isin720 ] = 256 [1 - i.0] = 256
0 0 2

1 De Moivre’s Theorem
MATHEMATICS - IIA AIMSTUTOTIAL
5. If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle such that 10.Solve x4 - 1 = 0.
x = cis A, y = cis B, z = cis C, then find xyz.
A: x4 - 1 = 0  (x2 + 1) (x2 - 1) = 0
A: Given that x = cis A, y = cis B, z = cis C
x2 + 1 = 0 or x2 - 1 = 0
Now xyz = cis A.cis B.cis C = cis(A+B+C)
 x2 = - 1 or x2 = 1
= cos (A + B + C) + i sin (A + B + C)
 x =  1 or x = 1
= cos 1800 + i sin 1800 = - 1 + i(0) = - 1.
 x = ± i or x = ± 1.
 6 1
6. If x = cis , then find the value of  x  6  .
 x  11. If the cube roots of unity are 1, , 2, then find
A: Given that x = cos  + i sin . the roots of the equation (x - 1)3 + 8 = 0.
 x6 = (cos  + i sin ) = cos 6 + i sin 6. (x - 1)3 = -8 = (-2)3 = - 2 (1)1/3 = - 2 (1, , 2)
1 1 x - 1 = - 2, - 2, - 22
Now, 6 = = cos6 - i sin6.
x cos6θ + isin6θ  x = 1 - 2, 1 - 2, 1 - 22
6 1 = - 1, 1 - 2, 1 - 2
Hence, x + 6 =
x
= cos6θ + isin6θ + cos6θ - isin6θ
LEVEL - I (LAQ)
AIMS
= 2cos 6.
1 If cos + cos + cos = 0 = sin + sin + sin,
7. Find the cube roots of 8. then show that
A: Let x = 3
8 ⇒ x3 = 8 i) cos 3 + cos 3 + cos 3= 3cos (+ + )
ii) sin 3 + sin 3 + sin 3=3sin (++ )
x3 = 23 = (2.1)3
A: Given: cos + cos + cos = 0 = sin + sin + sin
 x = 2(11/3)
Let a = cos +isin,
= 2(1, , 2) b = cos + isin
= 2, 2, 2 . 
c = cos + isin
 a + b + c = (cos +cos+cos) + i(sin+sin+sin)
8. If ,  are the roots of the equation x2 + x + 1 = = 0 + i (0)
0, then prove that  +   + -1  -1 =0.
a+b+c = 0
2
 b  b  4ac 1  1  4 1  3 i  a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
x    ω, ω2
2a 2 2 (cos + isin)3 + (cos + isin)3 + (cos + isin)3
A: 4 1 1
 
4
α  β4  α1β1  ω4  ω2  . 2  ω  ω2  1  0 = 3(cis) (cis) (cis)
ω ω By applying DeMoivre’s Theorem for an integral
index, we get
 cos α  i sin α  4
cos 3 + i sin 3 + cos 3 + i sin 3 + cos 3 + i sin 3
9. Simplify .
 sinβ  i cosβ 8 = 3cis( + + )
(cos 3 + cos 3 + cos 3) + i(sin 3 + sin 3 + sin 3)
 c o sα + is in α  4  co s α + is in α  4
A: = = = 3[cos( + + ) + i sin(+ + )]
 -i 
8 8
2
s in β + ico s β  i  c o s β - is in β  
Equating of the real and imaginary parts on

 cosα + isinα 4 cos4α + isin4α bothsides, we get

= 8 8
= cos 3 + cos 3 + cos 3 = 3cos( +  + )
i  cosβ - isinβ  cos8β - isin8β
&
= (cos4 + isin4)(cos8+isin8)
sin 3 + sin 3 + sin 3 = 3sin( + + ).
= cos (4 + 8) + isin (4 + 8) = cis(4 + 8)
2 De Moivre’s Theorem
MATHEMATICS - IIA AIMSTUTOTIAL
2. If cos + cos + cos = 0 = sin + sin + sin, By applying DeMoivre's theorem for an integral index
show that cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 3
2  2n cosn  θ2  cos nθ2  isin nθ2 
 2 cos  θ2  cos nθ
= sin2 + sin2 + sin2.
 isin nθ 
n n
A: Let a=cos + i sin , b =cos + i sin, c = cos + i sin 2 2
 a+b+c=(cos+cos + cos) +i(sin + sin + sin)
= 0 + i.0  2n cosn  θ2  cos nθ2  isin nθ2  cos nθ2  isin nθ2 
= 2 cos  2  . 2cos  2 
= 0. θ nθ
n n
On squaring, we get

= 2 cos  θ2  cos  2 
(a+b+c)2 = 0 nθ
n+1 n .
 a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca) = 0
 a2 + b2 + c2 = -2(ab + bc + ca)
 cis2 + cis2 + cis2 = -2abc c1  a1  b1   4. In n is a positive integer, show that

4
n+2

= -2abc[cos - i sin+cos - i sin + cos - i (1+i)n + (1-i)n = 2 2

cos n .
sin]
 
=-2abc[cos+cos+cos)- i(sin+sin+sin)] A: 1+ i = 2  1 +i. 1  AIMS
 2 2

 
= -2abc[0-i(0)]
= 2 cos π +i sin π
= 0. 4 4
 cos2+ i sin2+cos2+ i sin2+cos2+ i sin2 = 0 1-i = 2  cosπ -i sin π 
4 4
 (cos2+cos2+cos2)+i(sin2+sin2+sin2)=0+i(0)
(1+i)n + (1 - i)n
Equating the real parts, we get
cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 0 ................(1) n n

 2cos2-1 + 2cos2 1 + 2cos2-1 = 0  4

  2 cos   isin  
4    
  
2 cos   isin  
4 4 
 2  cos n4  isin n4   2  cos n4  isin n4 
n n
 2(cos2 + cos2 + cos2 ) = 3
 cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 3 2 By applying DeMoivre’s theorem for a +ve integer
Also from (1) cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 0 n  
 2 2 cosn  isinn cosn  isinn 
 1-2sin  + 1-2sin  + 1-2sin  = 0
2 2 2
 4 4 4 4 

 
n
 3 = 2(sin2 + sin2 + sin2)
 2 2 . 2cos n4
 sin2 + sin2 + sin2 = 32.
cos  n4 
n +1
 22 .
3. Prove that (1+cos + isin)n + (1+cos-isin)n
cos  n4 
n+2

  
2
 cos n . 2
= 2 n+1
cos n
2 2
A: Now (1+cos + isin)n + (1+cos -isin)n 5. If  , are the roots of the equation

   2cos θ2i 2sinθ2cosθ2

n n x 2 - 2x + 4 = 0. Show that  n +  n = 2 n+1
 2cos2 θi 2sinθcosθ 2
2 2 2 nπ
cos 3 .  
 2cos θ2  cosθ2 + isinθ2    2cos θ2  cosθ2 - isinθ2 
n n

    A: Given equation is x2 - 2x +4 = 0
2
x = -b ± b - 4ac
2a

3 De Moivre’s Theorem
MATHEMATICS - IIA AIMSTUTOTIAL

n  nπ nπ nπ nπ 
 2 ± 24 - 16 = 2  cos 2 + i . sin 2 + cos 2 - i. sin 2 
 
2
 2 ± 212 i  cos- isin nπ
= 2n. 2 cos
 1 2
 2 ± 22 3 i cos+ isin
nπ
= 2n+1 cos .
 1± 3 i 2

7. If n is an integer and z = cis, then show that

Let = 1 + 3 i,=1- 3i
Z2n -1
Now n +  n = ( 1+ 3 i)n =i tan n.
3 i)n + (1 - Z2n +1

   
n n A: Given: Z = cis
 2 21  i. 23   2 21  i. 23  = cos + isin.
   
2n
Z - 1 = (cos+ isin) - 1
2n

   
n n
 2 cos 3  i.sin 3   2 cos 3  i.sin 3  Now 2n 2n
Z + 1 (cos- isin) + 1

 2n cos n3  i.sin n3   2 cos n3  i.sin n3 

n
 cos2nθ + isin2nθ - 1
cos2nθ - isin2nθ + 1 AIMS
By applying DeMoivre’s Theorem for an integral
2
n  cos n  i.sin n  cos n  i.sin n  index
 3 3 3 3 
i sin 2n(1 - cos2n)
 2n.2cos n3 
i sin 2n(1 + cos2n)

cos n
n+1
2  i 2sin ncosn - 2sin n
2
3
i 2sin ncosn + 2cos2n

 i 2sin ncosn + i 2sin n

2 2
6. If n is an integer, Show that
i 2sin ncosn + 2cos2n
nπ
( 1 + i)2n + (1 - i)2n = 2n+1 cos .
2 2i sin ncosn + isin n

2cos ncosn + isinn
 1 1 
A: 1 + i = 2  i.   i tan n .
 2 2

   8. If n is a positive integer, show that

= 2  cos  i.sin  (p+iq)1/n + (p - iq)1/n
 4 4
1 arcTan q  .
= 2(p2+q2)1/2n cos  n
   p
 1 - i = 2  cos 4  i.sin 4  A: Given: n is a positive integer
Now (1 + i)2n + (1 + i)2n Now (p+iq)1/n + (p - iq)1/n
1
2n 2n
             n
=  2  cos  i.sin    2  cos  i.sin   2 
 p +q 
2 p q 
  4 4    4 4  
+i 
 2 2 2 2 

2n 2n
  p + q p + q 
     
 

2n 2n  1
 2  cos 4  i.sin 4   2  cos 4  i.sin 4     n
     
+  p +q
2 2 p q
  -i 
Using the De Moivre’s Theorem for an integral index  p + q p +q 
2 2 2 2
 
     
 2n  cos2n  i.sin2n   2n  cos2n  i.sin2n  By applying DeMoivre’s theorem for a rational
 4 4  4 4
index, we get one value as
4 De Moivre’s Theorem
MATHEMATICS - IIA AIMSTUTOTIAL

 
8
(p2+q2)1/2n [(cos +isin)1/n + (cos -isin)1/n]
= one value of cos 3  +isin 3  3
8 8
p q
Where cos  , sin 
p2+q2 p2+q2 = cos + isin
1
  

p 2 +q 2 2n  cos   isin   cos   isin  
n n n n
 = -1 + i(0)

= -1.
 
1
 p  2
+q 2 2n  2cos 1 
n
1
10. Solve the equation x9 - x5 + x4 - 1 = 0.
  p 2 +q 2 2n  
n
q
2cos  1 T an -1 
p
A: Given equation is x9 - x5 + x4 -1 = 0.
x5 (x4 -1) +1(x4 -1) = 0
1
  p 2 +q 2 2n  
 n
q 
2cos  1 arcT an   
p
 
(x5 +1) (x4 -1) = 0
Now x5 + 1 = 0
9. Show that one value of
x5 = -1
8
 1 + sin π
8
+ i cos π 
8
3 = cos + isin
 1 + sin π - i cos π  = -1.
 8 8 = cis 
AIMS
1 + sin  + icos  = cis(2k + ), k  z
Consider 8 8
A: 1 + sin  - icos  = cis(2k + 1), k  z
8 8
  x = [cis(2k+1)]1/5
1 + cos  -   + isin  -   
2 8 2 8 = cis(2k+1) 5 where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.

1 + cos  -   - isin  -   
2 8 2 8 = cis 5 , cis 35 , cis, cis 75 , cis 95

1 + cos 3 + isin3 Also x4 -1 = 0

 8 8
1 + cos 3  - isin3  (x2-1) (x2 +1) = 0
8 8
x = + 1, + i
2 cos2 3  + i 2sin3  cos 3 
 16 16 16 Hence the required roots are
2 cos2 3  - i 2sin3  cos 3  
+ 1, + i, cis 5 , cis 35 , cis, cis 75 , cis 95 .
16 16 16

16 
2 cos 3  cos 3  +isin 3 
16 16 


2 cos 3  cos 3  - isin 3   LEVEL - II (VSAQ)
16 16 16

  1. If 1, 2 are the cube roots of unity, then prove

2
 cos 3 + isin 3
16 16 1 1 1
 
that 2   1  2 1   .
By applying DeMoivre’s Theorem for an integral
1 1 1  2  2  
 
index = cos 38 + isin 38 2   1  2 2  4    22
Now by applying DeMoivre’s Theorem for a rational
31 31  1 1  
2 2
index, then one value of
   
8  
2 1 2  3 3 1 1 
 1 + sin 8 + ico s 8  3
 1 + sin  - ic o s    1
 
 8 8  .  1   1   .

5 De Moivre’s Theorem
MATHEMATICS - IIA AIMSTUTOTIAL
2. Prove that -  and - 2 are the roots of
z2 - z + 1 = 0, where  and 2 are the complex
LEVEL - II (LAQ)
cube roots of unity.
A: z2 - z + 1 = 0. 1. Find all the roots of x11 - x7 + x4 - 1 = 0.
A: Given equation is x11 - x7 + x4 - 1 = 0
 b  b2  4ac
z
2a    
 x7 x 4  1  1 x 4  1  0

  x  1 x  1  0
4 7
  1  4 11
2
1
 Now x4 - 1 = 0.
2 1
 x 4  1  cis0  cis  0  2kπ   cis2kπ
2
1  3i
 1
2kπ
2  x   cis2kπ  4  cis , k  0, 1, 2, 3
4
1 3 i 1 3 i
 , kπ
2 2 = cis , k  0, 1, 2, 3
2
 1  3 i   1  3 i  π 3π
   ,     cis0, cis , cisπ, cis
 2 2 2 2
   
Also x7 + 1 = 0
AIMS
2
  ,   . x7 = - 1 = cis = cis( + 2k)
x = [cis (2k+1) ]1/7
3. If 1, , 2 are the cube roots of unity, find the 
value of (1 -  + 2)3 .  cis  2k  1 , k  0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
7
 
3
(1 -  + 2)3 =  1    
2
 1    2  0  3 5 7 9 11 13
 cis , cis , cis , cis , cis , cis , cis .
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
    
3
Hence the required roots of the given equation are

  2
3  3  3 5
 cis0, cis , cis, cis , cis , cis , cis ,
2 2 7 7 7
  83 7 9 11 13
cis , cis , cis , cis
 8 . 7 7 7 7

4. If 1, , 2 are the cube roots of unity, find the 2. If (1+x)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ..............anxn, then
value of (1 - ) (1 - 2) (1 - 4)(1 - 8). show that
n
A: (1 - ) (1 - 2) (1 - 4)(1 - 8) nπ
i) a0 - a 2 + a 4 ............ = 2 2 cos .
= (1 - ) (1 - 2)(1 - ) (1 - 2) 4
n
= [(1 - ) (1 - 2)]2 nπ
ii) a1 - a3 + a5 ............ = 2 2 sin .
4
= [1 -  - 2 + ]2
Now (1 + x)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2+........+anxn .
= [1- ( + 2) + 1]2
Put x = i, then
= [2 - (-1)]2
a0  a1i  a2i2  ........  anin  1  i
n
= 32
= 9. n
    
  2  cos  i sin   .
  4 4 
By applying De Moivre’s theorem for an integral
index

6 De Moivre’s Theorem
MATHEMATICS - IIA AIMSTUTOTIAL
n
 n n  Part1: Let n be a positive integer. We prove the
a0  a1i  a2  a3i  a4  ..........  22 cos  isin 
 4 4  theorem by using the principle of mathematical
 a0  a2  a4 .......  i  a1  a3  a5 ....... induction.
n n
n n Let P(n) be the statement:
sin . 22 cos  i2 2
4 4 (cos + isin)n = cosn + i sin n
Equating real and imaginary parts both sides.
n If n =1, LHS = (cos + isin)1
n
a0 - a2 + a4 ................  22 cos = cos + isin
4
n RHS = cos1 + isin1
n
a1 - a3 + a5 ................  2 2 sin . = cos + isin
4
 LHS = RHS
3. If z2 + z + 1 = 0, where z is a complex number,
Thus P(1) is TRUE.
2 2 2
 1  2 1   3 1  Assume that P(k) is true.
prove that  z +  +  z + 2  +  z + 3  +
 z  z   z   (cos + isin)k = cosk + i sink
Multiplying bothsides by cos + isin, we get
2 2 2
 4 1   5 1   6 1  (cos + i sin)k+1 = (cosk + isink) (cos + isin)
 z + 4  +  z + 5  +  z + 6  = 12 . AIMS
 z   z   z  = cosk cos + i sink cos + i cosk
Now z2 + z + 1 = 0.
sin+ i2 sink sin
1  1  4 1  3 i = cos(k + ) + i sin(k + )
z   , 2
2 2
= cos (k + 1) + i sin(k+1) .
Taking z = , we get
2 2 2
 P(k+1) is TRUE
 1  2 1   3 1 
z  z   z  2   z  3   By induction, P(n) is true for all positive integers n.
   z   z 
2 2 2
i.e. (cos + i sin)n = cosn +isin n for all n  z+.
 4 1   5 1  6 1
z  4   z  5   z  6  Part 2: If n = 0, LHS = (cos +isin)0
 z   z   z 
=1
2 2 2
 1  2 1   3 1  RHS = cos0 + isin0
=       2     3  
         =1
2 2 2  LHS = RHS
 4 1   5 1   6 1 
  4     5     6  If n =1, the statement is TRUE.
        
2 2 2 2 Part 3: Let n be a negative integer and n = -m,
 3   3   12  3   3   12
  2  2  1    2  2  1  where m  z+
      1       1 So for m, part 1 is applicable.

           
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
   2   2 Now (cos + isin)n = (cos + isin)-m

1
  1   1  4   1   1  4
2 2 2 2
 m
 cos+ isin
 12 .
 1 from Part 1
cos m+ isin m 
4. State and prove De Moivre’s Theorem for an
integral index. = cos m - isin m
A: De Moivre’s Theorem for an integral index: = cos(-m) + i sin(-m)
For any real number  and any integer n, = cos n + i sin n.
(cos + isin)n = cosn + i sin n.
7 De Moivre’s Theorem
MATHEMATICS - IIA AIMSTUTOTIAL
5. If 1, , 2 are the cube roots of unity, prove
that
i) (1- +2)6 + (1-2+)6 = 128 = (1-+2)7 + (1+-2)7
ii) (a + b) (a+ b2) (a2 + b) = a3 + b3.
A: Given that 1, , 2 are the cube roots of unity,
then 1 + + 2 = 0 and 3 = 1
i) (1 - + 2)6 + (1 - + 2)6
= (-- )6 + (-2 - 2)6
= (-2)6 + (-22)6
= (-2)6 [6 + 12]
= 64(1 + 1)
= 128
(1 - + 2)7 + (1 + - 2)7
= (-- )7 + (-2 - 2)7
= (-2)7 + (-22)7
AIMS
= (-2)7 [7 + 14]
=(-128) ( + 2)
= (-128) (-1)
= 128.
ii) (a + b) (a+ b2) (a2 + b)
= (a + b) (a23 + ab 2 + ab4 + b2 3)
= (a + b) [a2 + ab(2 + ) + b2]
= (a + b) [a2 + ab (-1) + b2]
= (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)
= a3 + b3

6. Find all the values of (1 + i)2/3.

A:  
Now 1+ i  2  1 + i. 1 
 2 2


 2 cos  + i sin 
4 4 
 2 cis 
4

 , kz
 2 cis 2k  4 
2 2
2 3 3
 (1+ i)  2 cis  8k +1 4

3

1
= 2 cis  8k +1 . 2 .  ,
3
k = 0, 1, 2
3 4
1
= 2 cis  8k +1  ,
3
k = 0, 1, 2
6

8 De Moivre’s Theorem