Complex Number...

BEST
IIT AND BOARD MATERIAL

REVISED AS PER CBSE
CLASS-12
2023
MATH EDITION
COMPLEX NUMBER
HIGHLIGHT
• USEFUL FOR IIT & BOARD EXAMS
• COVERS COMPLETE THEORY,
PRACTICE AND ASSESSMENT
• EVERY TOPIC EXPLAINS WITH
DETAILED ILLUSTRATION
PICTURES
1 COMPLEX NUMBER
x 
x 2 − 2x + 10 = 0
2 4 − 40 1  3 − 1,
2
( x1 + iy1 )  ( x 2 + iy 2 ) = ( x1  x 2 ) + i ( y 1  y 2 )
( x1 + iy 1 ) ( x 2 + iy 2 ) = ( x1 x 2 − y 1y 2 ) + i ( x1y 2 + x 2 y 1 )
x1 + iy1 x x + y1y 2 i ( x2 y1 − x1y 2 )
= 1 22 +
x2 + iy 2 x2 + y 2
2
x22 + y 22
2 −4 x 4 + 9 x 3 + 35 x 2 − x + 4.
x = − 5 + 4i (i = − 1)
x 2 + 10 x + 25 = − 16  x 2 + 10 x + 41 = 0
x 4 + 9 x 3 + 35 x 2 − x + 4 = ( x 2 + 10 x + 41) ( x 2 − x + 4) x 2 + 10 x + 41 = 0
− −
QUICKLET EDUCATION PVT. LTD MOB. : 9163681973

2 COMPLEX NUMBER
( x 1, y 1 ) + ( x 2 , y 2 ) = ( x 1 + x 2 , y 1 + y 2 )
( x 1, y 1 ) − ( x 2 , y 2 ) = ( x 1 − x 2 , y 1 − y 2 )
( x1 , y1 )  ( x2 , y2 ) = ( x1 x2 − y1 y2 , x1 y2 + x2 y1 )
 x x + y 1y 2 x 2 y 1 + x1y 2 
( x1, y 1 )  ( x 2 , y 2 ) =  1 22 , 

 x2 + y 2 x 22 + y 22
2

      
Z1 = 2 + 3i and Z2 = − 1 + 5i
Z1 + Z 2 = 2 + 3i + ( −1 + 5i ) = 2 − 1 + 8i = 1 + 8i
Z1Z2 = (2 + 3i ) ( −1 + 5i ) = − 2 + 15i 2 − 3i + 10i = − 17 + 7i (i 2 = − 1)
1
(1 − cos  + i sin )
1 (1 − cos ) − i sin 
=
(1 − cos  + i sin ) (1 − cos  + i sin ) (1 − cos  − i sin )
(1 − cos ) − i sin 
= {(1 − cos ) − i sin } {(1 − cos ) 2 + sin 2 } =
2 − 2 cos 
 
i  2 sin cos
=
1 − cos 
− 2 2 = 1 − i  cot θ
2(1 − cos )  2 2
2 sin2
2

3 COMPLEX NUMBER
 



Y
P (x, y) = Z
r
 

X X
O M
 
Y
 

   

 
−
− 
 


4 COMPLEX NUMBER
 
x 2 +y 2
(1 + i 3 )2 / 4i (1 − i 3 )   
 
1 + cos + i sin
3 3
i (1 − i 3 ) = i − i 2 3 = 3 + i
(1 + i 3 ) 2 (1 + i 3 ) 2 − 2 + 2i 3 (−1 + i 3 ) ( 3 − i )
 = = = =
− 3 + 3 + 4i
=
i
4i (1 − i 3 ) 4( 3 + i ) 4( 3 + i ) 2( 3 + i ) ( 3 − i ) 2(3 + 1) 2
   (1 + i 3 ) 2 1   1
i
=
1
 cos + i sin  =  cos + i sin  = 
2 2  2 2 4i (1 − i 3 ) 2 2 2 2
 
 
i  − 
       e  2
cos   −  + i sin   − 
 2   2 
    
1 + cos + i sin = 2 cos 2 + i  2 sin cos
3 3 6 6 6
    
= 2 cos  cos + i sin  = 2 cos e i / 6
6  6 6 6
OP OP

OP OQ
OR OR = OP + OQ

5 COMPLEX NUMBER
QP QP = OP − OQ
PQ
Q Q
R
O O P
P
   
   
OP OQ  
Y R
r2 Q
r1 P
2
1
O X
E
XOR = XOQ + QOR = XOQ + EOP = 2 + 1
OR OP
=
OQ OE
 
OR
Z1  r1 
=   cos (1 −  2 ) + i sin (1 −  2 )
Z 2  r2 
Q
r2
r1
2 P
1
O
E X
R
 
OR
=
OP
 OR =
r1 ROX = ROP − EOP = EOQ − EOP  −
OE OQ r2
 XOR = 1 −  2
OR Z1
Z2

6 COMPLEX NUMBER
Z 3 − Z1 CA
=    BAC
Z 2 − Z1 BA
C(Z3)
Y
Q(Z3 − Z1) 
B(Z2)
A(Z1)
P(Z2 − Z1)

O X
CA OQ
 = and QOP = BAC = 
BA OP
Z 3 − Z1 OQ CA
= POQ 
Z 2 − Z1 OP BA
Z 3 − Z1  CA 
   
Z 2 − Z1  BA 
Z 3 − Z1
 
Z 2 − Z1
 Z 3 − Z1 
  = BAC
 Z 2 − Z1 
 Z2 − Z3 
  = ACB and
 Z1 − Z 3 
 Z1 − Z 2 
  = CBA
 Z3 − Z2 

7 COMPLEX NUMBER
z = (a, − b ) = a − ib
i = −1 
−
− − −
− −
(z ) = z
z =z
z = −z 
z+z Imaginary axis
Re ( z ) = Re ( z ) =
2
z−z A(z)
Im ( z ) =
2i
z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 O
Real axis
z1 − z2 = z1 − z2
B(z)
 z1  z1
  = ( z 2  0)
 z2  z2
z1 z2 + z1 z2 = 2 Re (z1z2 ) = 2 Re (z1 z2 )
z n = (z )n
z = f (z1 )
x2 + y 2
•   
−   − 
• |z| − | −z |
• z z = | z |2
•
•

8 COMPLEX NUMBER
z1 | z1 |
• = ( z 2  0)
z2 | z2 |
•  
• z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 z1 z2
•   −
• z1 − z2 = | z1 − z2 | z1 z2
•
• − 
• −
•   (z1  z2 ) = | z1 |2 + | z2 |2  (z1 z2 + z1z2 )

• | z1 |2 + | z2 |2  2 Re (z1 z2 )
• z1 z2 + z1z2 = 2 | z1 | | z2 | cos (1 −  2 )  
• | z1 + z2 |2 = | z1 |2 + | z2 |2  z1
z2
• 
| z1 + z2 |2 + | z1 − z2 |2 = 2 | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 
• | az1 − bz 2 |2 + | bz1 + az 2 |2 = (a 2 + b 2 ) (| z1 |2 + | z2 |2 ) 
  
z 
|z|
• 
   
cos (1 +  2 ) + i sin (1 +  2 )  
  
 
•    
−

9 COMPLEX NUMBER
Z1 Z1
• =
Z2 Z2
   
Z1 r (cos1 + i sin1 ) r    
= 1 = 1
Z2 r 2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ) r2
 1 
 since = cos  2 − i sin  2 
 cos 2 + i sin 2 
r 
=  1  (cos1 cos 2 + sin1 sin 2 ) + i (sin1 cos 2 − cos1 sin 2 )
 r2 
r 
=  1  cos (1 − 2 ) + i sin (1 −  2 )
 r2 
Z1 r Z1
= 1 =
Z2 r2 Z2
• 
= r1 (cos 1 + i sin1 ) + r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )

= (r1cos1 + r2 cos 2 ) + i (r1 sin1 + r2 sin 2 )
= (r1 cos1 + r 2 cos 2 ) 2 + (r1 sin1 + r 2 sin 2 ) 2 = r12 + r 22 + 2r1r 2 cos (1 −  2 )
 r12 + r 22 + 2r1r 2   
 Z1 + Z 2  (r1 + r 2 )
2
Z1 + Z 2  Z1 + Z 2  Z1 + Z 2
 
•
− 
Z1 −Z 2 =r1 cos1 − r 2 cos 2 + i (r1 sin1 − r 2 sin 2 )
 Z1 − Z 2 = (r1 cos1 − r2 cos 2 ) 2 + (r1 sin1 − r2 sin 2 ) 2 = r12 + r 22 −2r1 r 2 cos (1 −  2 )
 r12 + r 22 − 2r1 r 2 ( 1 −  2 )  1
 Z1 − Z 2  (r1 −r 2 ) 2 = r1 − r 2
Z1 − Z 2  r1 ~ r2 = Z1 ~ Z 2

10 COMPLEX NUMBER
• Z =Z
= x 2 +y 2
Z
 Z = x 2 + (−y )2 = x2+ y 2
 Z
− 
− 
 −  − −
 −  − 5
− 5  − 
 − 5 
 −  − 5
 5 −2 |z|  5 +2
5 +2 5 −2
1
Z + = a,
Z
1 1
|Z| |Z|
 1 1
Z +
1 Z − −   | Z | −
Z  Z |Z|
| Z |2 
| Z |2 − a | Z | − 1 = 0
a a2 + 4 a− a2 + 4 a+ a2 + 4
|Z|
2 2 2
a− a2 + 4

2
a+ a 2
+4
|Z|
2
a+ a2 + 4
2

11 COMPLEX NUMBER
1 1
−|Z |0
|Z| |Z|
1 1 1
Z+ = − ( −Z )  −|Z |
Z Z |Z|
| Z |2 + a | Z | − 1  0
| Z |2 + a | Z | − 1 = 0
−a  a2 + 4 −a − a2 + 4
;
2 2
− a + a2 + 4
|Z|
2
Z1 − 2Z 2
=1 
2 − Z1Z 2
| Z 1 − 2Z 2 | = | 2 − Z 1Z 2 |
 | Z1 − 2Z2 |2 = | 2 − Z1Z2 |2
 ( Z1 − 2Z 2 ) ( Z 1 − 2Z 2 ) = ( 2 − Z1Z 2 ) ( 2 − Z1Z 2 )
 Z1Z1 − 2Z1Z 2 − 2Z1Z 2 + 4Z 2 Z 2 = 4 − 2Z1Z 2 − 2Z1Z 2 + Z1Z1Z 2 Z 2

 Z1Z1 + 4Z 2 Z 2 − 4 − Z1Z 1Z 2 Z 2 = 0
| Z1 |2 + 4 | Z2 |2 − | Z1 |2 | Z2 |2 − 4 = 0
(| Z 1 )(
|2 − 4 | Z 2 |2 − 1 = 0 )
| Z2 |  1 | Z1 | 2 = 4
| Z1 | = 2
  r = x2 + y 2
   
x y
= = 
x +y
2 2
x +y 2
2
  
 − −  −
b
 −
a

12 COMPLEX NUMBER
•
 2 
• 2

3
•
4
3
•
4
1
•
2
 

2

2
− 
− 


  (OC ) 2 − (CP ) 2 = (25) 2 − (15 ) 2 = 20

13 COMPLEX NUMBER
OP 20 4
sin  = = = D 40i
OC 25 5
4
 tan  = Tangent from
3 origin
4
C 25i
  = tan −1  
3 
Q P
4
 = tan −1   E
3 
 3 4 
Z P = 20 (cos  + i sin ) = 20  + i 
 5 5  O N
 Z P = 12 + 16i
ZQ = −12 + 16i
Z E = OE = OC − EC = 25i − 15i = 10i
Z D = OD = OC + CD = 25i + 15i = 40i
•  −


 z1 
•   −  −
 z2 
z
•  =2  −
z
•  −
 z2   z1 
•   =    = 2k −  
 z1   z2 
• z −
• 
−

zz 0

14 COMPLEX NUMBER
− | zz 0 − 1 |
 − Y
 P0(z0)
−
zz 0 − zz 0
z0
P(z)

z −0 z  A(1)
P0OP = arg  0  = arg  0  X
 z−0   z  O
Q( zz0 )
 zz   zz   zz   1 
= arg  0  = arg  02
| z |
 = arg  0
  1  = − arg ( zz0 ) = − arg( zz 0 ) = arg  

 zz       0
zz
 1− 0 
= arg  
 
 0
zz − 0 
 − | zz 0 − 1 |
1
arg (z 2 + z z 1 / 3 )
2
1
arg ( z 1/ 3 ) = arg ( z 2 + zz 1/ 3 )
2
 2 arg ( z 1/ 3 ) = arg ( z 2 + zz 1/ 3 )
 arg ( z 2 / 3 ) = arg ( z 2 + zz 1/ 3 )
 arg ( z 2 + zz 1/ 3 ) − arg( z 2 / 3 ) = 0
 z 2 + zz 1/ 3 
 arg  =0
 z2/3 
 
  z 
arg  z 4 / 3 + 1/ 3  = 0
 z 

z
  z 
z4/3 + 1/ 3
Im  z 4 / 3 + 1/ 3  = 0
z  z 

15 COMPLEX NUMBER
 4/3 z   4/3 z 
z + 1/ 3  − z + 1/ 3 
 z   z 
 =0
2i
z (z )
 z4 / 3 + 1/ 3
= ( z )4 / 3 +
z ( z )1/ 3
( z ) ( z )1 / 3 z (z)1/ 3
 z
4/3
+ = (z ) 4 / 3 + [ z 1/ 3 ( z )1/ 3 = ( zz )1/ 3 = | z | 2 / 3 ]
| z |2 / 3 | z |2 / 3
 z 4 / 3 − (z ) 4 / 3 − 1
(( z ) 4 / 3 − ( z ) 4 / 3 ) = 0
| z |2 / 3
 1 
{z 4 / 3 − ( z ) 4 / 3 } 1 − 2/3
=0
 | z | 
  z
  | Z − W | 2  (| Z | − | W |) 2 + (arg Z − arg W ) 2
= | Z | (cos  + i sin ) and W = | W | (cos  + i sin )
| Z − W |2 = (| Z | cos  − | W | cos )2 + (| Z | sin  − | W | sin )2

= | Z | 2 (cos 2  + sin 2 ) + | W | 2 (cos   + sin 2 )
−2 | Z | | W | (cos  cos  + sin  sin )
= | Z |2 + | W |2 − 2 | Z || W | cos ( − )
(| Z | − | W |)2 + 2 | Z || W | (1− cos( − ))
(| Z | − | W |)2 + 4 | Z || W | sin 2   −  
 2 
2
−
 (| Z | − | W |) + ( − ) sin ( − )  
2 2

2
| Z | 1, | W | 1
 2 

16 COMPLEX NUMBER
− −
4 n +7
i
k =1
k
1+ i 1+ i
a=
2 2
− − −
−i 3
( 2 + 3i ) 2
a + ib =
2+i
n
 1+ i 
  =1
 1− i 
x y
4( X 2 − Y 2 ) = +
X Y
z1 = z2 = z3 ........ = zn
1 1 1
z1 + z 2 + z3 + ..... + z n = + + ..... +
z1 z 2 zn
− −
−
− − −
−
2 29
a= ,b =
5 5
(cos  + sin ) n
(cos n + sin n)
(cos  + i sin ) −n = (cos n − sin n) = (cos  − i sin )n

17 COMPLEX NUMBER
(cos  + i sin )n = (cos n + sin n) = (cos  − i sin ) − n

1
x+ = 2 cos ; x = cos  + i sin 
x

1 −
= cos  − i sin 
x
− 1 
cos  − i sin  = cos  + i sin 
x
1 1
 x+  + ,
x y
= 2 cos(m + n )
1
x my n +
x my n
xm yn
n
+ m = 2 cos (m − n)
y x
1
x+ = 2 cos   x 2 − 2 x cos  + 1 = 0. x = cos   i sin 
x
1
x = cos  + i sin ; = cos  − i sin .
x
1
x+ = 2 cos 
x
1
x
1
x
1
2 cos  = y + , y = cos  + i sin 
y
 x m = (cos  + i sin ) m = cos m + i sin m; and
y n = (cos  + i sin ) n = cos n + i sin n
x m y n = (cos m + i sin m) (cos n + i sin n)
= cos (m + n) + i sin (m + n)
1
and = cos(m + n) − i sin (m + n)
xmy n
1
xmy n + = 2 cos ( m + n)
xmy n
xm yn
+ = 2 cos (m − n)
yn xm

18 COMPLEX NUMBER

0 if n be odd

 n
(1 + i) 2n + (1 − i) 2n = 2 n + 1 if be even
 2
 n+1 n
 −2 if be odd
 2
2n
    n n 
(1 + i ) 2n = 2 n  cos + i sin  = 2 n  cos + i sin 
 4 4  2 2
2n
    n n 
(1 − i ) 2n = 2 n  cos − i sin  = 2 n  cos − i sin 
 4 4  2 2
 (1 + i ) 2n + (1 − i ) 2n = 2 n  cos n + i sin n + cos n − i sin n 
 2 2 2 2 
 n 
= 2 n + 1 cos  
 2 

2
n
2n +1
cos ( 2k) 2n + 1
2
 n 
2n + 1 cos   = −2n +1
 2
x 3 = 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = cos 2k + i sin 2k

x = 3
1 = (cos 2k + i sin 2k)1/ 3
 2k   2k 
= cos   + i sin  
 3   3 
Y
B
1 3i
=− +
2 2
2/3 2/3 A
X X
2/3 1+0i
C
1 3i
 =− −
2
2 2
Y

19 COMPLEX NUMBER
2 2
cos + i sin =
3 3
4 4
cos + i sin = 2
3 3
 
 

 
   − 
 −1 −1  −1
+ +
−1  −1  −1
−
 −  − −
3
 x − 1
   = 1 x − 1 = (1)1/ 3  
 − 2  −2
 − −  − 
 −  −   − 
 − − − −  − − 
 − 1  − 1  − 1  − 2   − 2   − 2 2 

+ + = +  +
 − 1  − 1  − 1  − 2   − 2 2   − 2 

1 1
= + + 2
 
=  2 +  2 +  2 = 3 2
 
− − − −
−    
x3 x6
+ + .......... .
3! 6!
x4 x7
+ + .......... 
4! 7i
x2 x5 x8
c= + + + ........
2! 5! 8!
−
−    

20 COMPLEX NUMBER
2
e x e x e  x
2
e x(1++ )
2 2 4 4 2(n − 1) 2(n − 1)

cos + i sin , cos + i sin , ... , cos + i sin
n n n n n n
   −
   − Y
 A4 A3
  −
A2
2/n
A5
/n
2
2/n A1
X X
1+0i
|z| = 1
n −1
 
k =0
k
=0 Y
n −1
 2k   2k  
   cos 
k =0
 + i  sin
n  

n  
n −1 n −1
 2k  2k 
  k =0
cos 
 n 
=0  sin 
k =0
n 
=0
x n = a + ib
     
x n = a + ib
  + 2k  + 2k 
n
r  cos + i sin ; k = 0, 1, 2..., (n − 1)
 n n 
2 2 x 5 = ( 3 − 1) + i ( 3 + 1)
2 2 x5 = 3 − 1 + i ( ) ( 3 + 1)
 3 − 1  3 + 1
x5 =  +i 
 2 2   2 2 
   

21 COMPLEX NUMBER
5 5
x 5 = cos + i sin
12 12
 5 3 + 1 
 cos 5 = cos 75 = 3 − 1; and sin = sin 75 =

 12 2 2 12 2 2 
 5   5 
= cos  2k +  + i sin  2k + 
 12   12 
 5   5 
 2k +   2k + 
x = cos  12  + i sin  12  (k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
 5   5 
   
   
  
− − − −
 2 3 (n − 1)  n
sin sin sin ....... sin = n −1 , n  2
n n n n 2
   −
 − − − − − −
xn −1
 − − − − −
x −1
 − − − −
2k
k =  1 −  k = 2 sin k
n n
 1−  1 −  2 ......... 1 −  n −1 = | n |
    2   (n − 1)  
 2 sin   2 sin  ........  2 sin =n
 n  n   n 
 2  n
 sin sin ....... sin (n − 1) = n −1
n n n 2

22 COMPLEX NUMBER
D(z4)
 B(z2)
→
AB = z 2 − z1
A(z1)
→ C(z3)
CD = z 4 − z3 1 2
→ →
AB = 1 CD =  2
→ →  z 4 − z3 
  − CD − AB − − −  
 z 2 − z1 
 z 4 − z3 
   
 z 2 − z1 
 z 4 − z3 
 
 z 2 − z1 
  z 4 − z3   z 4 − z3 
=    
2  2
z − z1   2
z − z1 
Y z3
z2

z1
X X
O
Y

;
2

23 COMPLEX NUMBER
B
 z − (2 − i ) =
1
((1 + i ) − (2 − i )) e i / 2
2
1 1
= ( −2 − i ) = − 1 − i
2 2
1 3i
z = −1− i + 2 − i = 1− C
2−i
A
2 2 M
1+i
1 1 D
1+ i + 2 − i = 3 − i
2 2
3i 1
 1− or 3 − i
2 2
Z1, Z 2 , Z 3 Z1, Z 2 , Z 3
Z1 a 1
Z2 b 1 =0
Z3 c 1
A (Z1) D (a)
 
   
B (Z2) C (Z3) E (b) F (c)
AB BC
= ABC DEF 
DE EF
Z1 − Z 2 AB
 = (cos  + i sin )
Z3 − Z2 BC
a−b DE
= (cos  + i sin )
c−b EF
Z1 − Z 2 a−b
Z1 − Z 2 a − b
 = =0
Z3 − Z2 c −b Z3 − Z2 c − b
Z1 − Z 2 a−b 0
Z2 b 1 =0
Z3 − Z2 c−b 0

24 COMPLEX NUMBER
Z1 a 1
Z2 b 1 R2 R1 R2 R3
Z3 c 1
 z1 − z3  z −z 
  = arg  1 4  = 
 z 2 − z3   z2 − z4 
z1
z1 − z3 z −z
= 1 3 e i
z 2 − z3 z 2 − z3 z4

z1 − z 4 z −z
= 1 4 e i
z2 − z 4 z2 − z 4


z3 z2
z1 − z3 z 2 − z 4 z − z z − z4
. = 1 3 2
z 2 − z3 z1 − z 4 z 2 − z3 z1 − z 4
Y
Q(z2)
 r
 P(z1)
  


 X
O
X

→ Y
OP 
−
→
OP

25 COMPLEX NUMBER
C(z3)
 
→
AC − 
B(z2)
→ A(z1)
AB = z2 − z1 
− − 
Z1,Z2 , Z3
 = 90 (Z 1 − Z 2 ) 2 = 2(Z 1 − Z 3 ) (Z 3 − Z 2 )
Z 12 + Z 22 + 2Z 32 = 2Z 1Z 3 + 2Z 2 Z 3
90 
  B (Z2)
 Z 2 − Z 3 = (Z1 − Z 3 ) (cos + i sin )
2 2
(Z 2 − Z3 )2 + (Z1 − Z3 )2 = 0
Z12 + Z 22 + 2Z32 = 2Z1Z3 + 2Z 2 Z3
Z12 + Z 22 = 2Z1Z 3 + 2Z 2 Z 3 − 2Z 32 C (Z3) A (Z1)

Z12 + Z 22 − 2Z1Z 2 = 2Z1Z 3 + 2Z 2 Z 3 − 2Z 32 − 2Z1Z 2
( Z1 − Z 2 ) 2 = 2( Z1 − Z 3 ) ( Z 3 − Z 2 )
 C(z3)

z 3 − z1 z 2 − z1 B(z2)
= e i A(z1)
| z 3 − z1 | | z 2 − z1 |

26 COMPLEX NUMBER
P (Z1)
 
− ,
2 2
   
 − −
(Z 3 − Z 2 ) 2 = 4(Z 3 − Z 1 ) (Z 1 − Z 2 ) sin 2   2 2 2 2
2
Q (Z2) R (Z3)
 
− ;
2 2
PQ       
 Z1 − Z2 = (Z3 − Z2 ) cos  −  + i sin  − 
QR  2 2  2 2 
PR       
 Z1 − Z 3 = (Z 2 − Z 3 ) cos  −  − i sin  − 
QR  2 2  2 2 
PQ  PR       
( Z1 − Z 2 ) ( Z1 − Z 3 ) = (Z 3 − Z 2 ) (Z 2 − Z 3 ) cos 2  −  + sin 2  − 
QR 2  2 2  2 2 
QR PQ PR
= =
sin  cos  
cos
2 2

cos 2
 PQ  PR 2
=
QR 2  
4 sin 2 cos 2
2 2

 (Z1 − Z 2 ) (Z1 − Z 3 )4 sin 2 = (Z 3 − Z 2 ) (Z 2 − Z 3 )
2

(Z 3 − Z 2 ) 2 = 4(Z 3 − Z1 ) (Z1 − Z 2 ) sin 2 .
2
an z n + an−1z n−1 + ....... + a1z + a0 = 0

  
a
  1 = − an −1
n

27 COMPLEX NUMBER
an −2
  1 2 =+
an
a0
1 2 ........ n = ( −1) n
an
z1 + z 2 + z 3
z1 + z 2 + z 3 = −3a = −a
3
z1z 2 + z 2 z 3 + z 3 z1 = 3b
−
z12 + z 22 + z 32 = z1z 2 + z 2 z 3 + z 3 z1
 ( z1 + z 2 + z 3 ) 2 = 3( z1z 2 + z 2 z 3 + z 3 z1 )  −
2Z 3 − 3Z 2 − 18iZ + 27i
2Z 3 − 3Z 2 − 18iZ + 27i = 0
Z 2 ( 2Z − 3) − 9i (2Z − 3) = 0
( 2Z − 3) ( Z 2 − 9i ) = 0
 2Z − 3 = 0  | Z | = 3 / 2 Z 2 = 9i  | Z | = 3
 
  
 
y
r = (x 2 + y 2 )  = tan −1  
x
 

28 COMPLEX NUMBER
y
loge ( x 2 + y 2 ) + i tan −1  
x
loge ( z ) = loge | z | + i
 − 


− −
 −
 −
cos (log i i ) = {1 − sin 2 (log i i )} = 1 − 1 = 0
AC
BC
z1 − z | z1 − z | i m 
= e = ( −1)
z2 − z | z2 − z | n
nz1 + mz 2
 z=
m+n A(z1) C(Z) B(z2)
m n
mZ 2 + nZ 1
m+n
Z1 + Z 2
2
Z 1, Z 2 , Z 3
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3
3

29 COMPLEX NUMBER
Z 1 , Z 2 and Z 3
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3
3
(a sec A) Z 1 + (b sec B)Z 2 + (c sec C )Z 3
a sec A + b sec B + c sec C
(tan A) z 1 + (tan B) z 2 + (tan C ) z 3
tan A + tan B + tan C
(sin 2 A)Z 1 + (sin 2B)Z 2 + (sin 2C )Z 3
sin 2 A + sin 2B + sin 2C
Z2 + Z3
2
 Z + Z3  A(z1)
2  2  + Z1
 2 
2+1
2
 Z 2 + Z 3 + Z1 
 
 3 
Z1, Z 2 , Z 3 G
B(z2) D C(z3)

Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3
3
A(z1)
E
BD c cos B c sec C
= = O
DC b cos C b sec B
C(z3)
D
BD B(z2)
DC
(c sec C )Z3 + (b sec B )Z2 AO Area of  ABO
; =
b sec B + c sec C OD Area of  OBD
1 1
= AB  BO sin  BO  BD sin 
2 2

30 COMPLEX NUMBER
a cos A b cos C + c cos B 1

c cos A (c cos B  cos C ) = =
a cos B cos C cos B cos C a sec A
b sec B + c sec C
=
a sec A
AO

OD
AO (complex number of D ) + OD (complex number of A)
AO + OD
 b sec B  Z2 + c sec C  Z3 
(b sec B + c sec C )   + a sec A  Z1
 b sec B + c sec C 
=
b sec B + c sec C + a sec A
(a sec A)Z1 + (b sec B )Z2 + (c sec C )Z3
=
Z1a sec A + Z2b sec B + Z3c sec C

Z1 tan A +Z 2 tan B + Z 3 tan C

tan A + tan B + tan C
A(Z1)
R C
S
A
B(Z2) D P C(Z3)
BD area of ABD
= (Triangles of the same altitude )
DC area of ACD
AB  AD  sin  BAD c sin (90 − C )
= =
AC  AD  sin  CAD b sin (90 − B )
sin 2C
=
sin 2B
(sin 2C )Z 3 + (sin 2B )Z 2

sin 2B + sin 2C

31 COMPLEX NUMBER
AS area of ASB AS  BS  sin 2C

= =
SD area of BSD BS  BD sin (90 − A)
R sin 2C
=
BD cos A
BD DC BD + DC a
= = =
sin 2C sin 2B sin 2B + sin 2C sin 2B + sin 2C
AS R sin 2C
=
SD a sin 2C
 cos A
sin 2B + sin 2C
R sin 2C sin 2B + sin 2C
= =
2R sin A cos A sin 2C sin 2 A
sin 2B + sin 2C

 sin 2C  Z 3 + sin 2B  Z 2 
(sin 2A)Z1 + (sin 2B + sin 2C )  
 sin 2B + sin 2C 
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
Z1 sin 2 A + Z 2 sin 2B + Z 3 sin 2C
sin 2 A + sin 2B + sin 2C
x 2 + y 2 = 1,

32 COMPLEX NUMBER
A(z1
)
B(z2)
C(z)
 z − z1 
arg   = 0 
 z 2 − z1 
 z − z1 z − z1
=
z 2 − z1 z 2 − z1
z z 1
z1 z1 1 =0
z2 z2 1
az + a z + b = 0
za + za + b = 0
( a + a ) x + i ( a − a )y + b = 0
a+a − Re( a )
=
i (a − a ) Im( a )
a coeff of z
− =−
a coeff of z
az + az + b a z + az +  = 0 
za − za + i = 0
• 

•   
 
•  
 

33 COMPLEX NUMBER
| a z0 + az0 + b |
• a z + az + b = 0 =
2|a|
•
•    

•   
AP
  = k (k  1)
PB
 
AL MA
= = k 1
LB MB
AP
= k.
PB
|Z −|
=k 1
|Z −|
APB
M B()
O A() L
 Z − Z1 
•   = 0
 Z − Z2 

34 COMPLEX NUMBER
 Z − Z1 
•   
 Z − Z2 
 Z1 − Z 2 
  
 1
Z − Z 3 
 Z − Z1   Z − Z1 
•   =   0     
 Z − Z 2   Z − Z2 


    
 
ZZ + aZ + a Z + b 2 = 0
ZZ + aZ + a Z + b 2 = 0
 ZZ + aZ + a Z + aa = aa − b 2
(Z + a ) (Z + a ) = | a | 2 − b 2 | Z + a | 2 = r 2 where r 2 = | a | 2 − b 2
r = | a |2 − b 2
| a |2  b 2 .
| Z − a |2 + | Z − b |2 = k
| Z − a | 2 = ( Z − a ) (Z − a ) = ZZ + aa − (Za + Z a )
= | Z |2 + | a |2 − 2 Re (Za )
| Z − b | 2 = | Z | 2 + | b | 2 − 2 Re ( Zb )

35 COMPLEX NUMBER
2 | Z |2 + | a |2 + | b |2 − 2 Re( Z (a + b )) = k
 Z (a + b )  | a + b |2 k 1 | a |2 | b |2
| Z |2 − 2 Re  + = + | a + b |2 − −
 2  4 2 4 2 2
 
2
a+b 1 1 
Z− = k − | a | 2 + | b | 2 − 2 Re ab 
2 2 2 
2
a+b 1 1 2
Z− = k − | a − b | 
2 2 2 
2
a+b 1 a−b
2k − | a − b |2 
2 2 2
Z1 = 10 + 6i ; Z2 = 4 + 6i .
 Z − Z1 
  =  / 4.
 Z − Z2 
| Z − 7 − 9i | = 3 2
 Z − Z1  
   = arg (Z − Z1 ) − arg (Z − Z 2 ) =
 Z − Z2  4

 A(Z1 ) B(Z 2 )
4
C
P(Z)
B M A
(4, 6) (7, 6) (10, 6)
O

4

= 9+9 =3 2
| Z − (7 + 9i ) | = 3 2

36 COMPLEX NUMBER
| Z − (7 + 9i ) | = 3 2
 Z − Z1 
  =  / 4.
 Z − Z2 
 Z − Z1 
  =  / 4
 Z − Z2 
 Z − Z1     − 3
  = −   −  =
 Z − Z2   4 4
a z + az + b = 0
| az + a z + b |
| z − z0 | =
2|a|
− −
−
− − −
−
− −  
 −
| i − 1 − 2Z |  9 4  | 2Z + i |  6

37 COMPLEX NUMBER
| Z + i | = | Z − 1| | Z − 1 |2 + | Z + 1 |2 = 4
 1 i 
i − 1 − 2Z = − 2  Z + − 
 2 2
  − 1 + i 
| i − 1 − 2Z | = − 2 Z −  
  2 
 −1+ i 
=2 Z − 
 2 
 −1+ i  9
 Z −  
 2  2
−1 + i   1 1 
 i .e.  − ,  
2   2 2 
 i
2Z + i = 2  Z + 
 2
1
| 2Z + i | = 2 Z + i
2
 4  | 2Z + i |  6 gives
1 i
42 Z + i  6 i .e. 2  Z + 3
2 2
i   1 
−  i .e.  0, −  
2   2 
1   1 
− i  i .e.  0, −  
2   2 
| Z + i | = | Z − 1|
| Z + i | = | Z − ( −i ) |
| Z − 1 |2 + | Z + 1 |2 = 4
| Z − 1|2 + | Z + 1|2 = (Z − 1) (Z − 1) + (Z + 1) (Z + 1) (| Z |2 = ZZ )

= ZZ − (Z + Z ) + 1+ ZZ + (Z + Z ) + 1
= 2ZZ + 2

38 COMPLEX NUMBER
2ZZ + 2 = 4 i .e. ZZ = 1 i.e. | Z | 2 = 1 i .e. | Z | = 1.
 
−  −  − 
   −
− − − − −
z1 − z 2
z3 − z 4
−
− −
i ( 2k +1) 
x =e 7
3n − 1
2
−
−

39 COMPLEX NUMBER
 3

2 2
−
 − −
 − −


 

 −  − 
2
b d bd
 OA =  = −1
a c a c
2 2 2 2
 1  2 1   3 1   21 1 
z +  +  z + 2  +  z + 3  + ........ +  z + 21 
 z  z   z   z 
  
1 1
 = 2  = 
z z
2 2
 n 1   1 
 z + n  =   n + n  = (1 + 1) 2 = 4
 z    
2 2
 n 1   
2
1  n  3n 
 z + n  =   n + n   + 
 z      n 
 
  −   
−
 

40 COMPLEX NUMBER
    
− − − − − − − − −
− − − − − −
   
   
   
         
      
− − − − − −       −

(z 1 z 2 ) = 0  
    ( 1  2 ) = 0 ( 1  2 ) = 1

Re ( z1z 2 ) = 0
 −

 − 
 − −
  


 
( 1  2 ) −


 ( 1  2 )

41 COMPLEX NUMBER
       
2 2
 (nn (n + 1)   (n (n + 1)  2
    −n  n (n + 1) 
  +n
 2   2   2 
n
 (r + 1) (r + 1) (r2 + 1)
r =1
n
 (r + 1) (r 2 + r ( + 2 ) + 1)
r =1
n n
 (r + 1) (r 2 − r + 1) =  (r 3 + 1)
r =1 r =1
2
 n (n + 1) 
  +n
 2 
    −
    −
1 + (−1) n
1 − (−1) n
−
2 2
   −
− − − − − −
x −1n
 − − − − x n −1 + x n −2 + ........ + x 2 + x + 1
x −1
−
− − − − − − − − −
− −
   ( −1) n −1 (1 − ( −1) n )
−
1 − ( −1)
1 − ( −1) n
    −
2

42 COMPLEX NUMBER
1 − iz
w =
z−i
1 − iz
|| =1  =1
z−i
 1 − i ( x + y ) = x + yi − i  (1 + y ) 2 + x 2 = x 2 + ( y − 1) 2



a b c
   + + =1 − − −
b c a
a b c
+ + =1
b c a
cis  cis  cis 
 + + = 1 − − −
cis  cis  cis 
 − − −
− −
2 2 −1 2 2 2 2 +1 2 2 −2
− −
− − −
 − −
 2 2 + 2 2  | z | +1  | z |  2 2 − 1
2 2 −1
 1   1 
z =  2 −  + 2 −
 
i
 −
 2  2

43 COMPLEX NUMBER
 1   1 
2 −  + 2 −  i (2 2 − 1)
   
 2   2 
− y
C
(2, 2)
− A
22 + 22 − 1 = 2 2 − 1 y
O
−
−
−

− − −
−  2 − i = 2 2 + 12 cis  = 5 cis
 5 cos  = 2 5 sin  = −1
  
5 cis   − 
 2 

     
= 5  cos   −  + i sin  −  
  2  2 
= 5 (sin  − i cos )
= 5 sin  − i 5 cos  = −1 − 2i
2−i 2
= −1 +
i i
− −

44 COMPLEX NUMBER
1 1 1
1 3
 = − +i 1 − 1 − 2 2
2 2
1 2 4
  −   −
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1
1 − 1 − 2 2 = 1  2 = 0  2
1 2 4 1 2 4 0 2 4
→
− −
−
| z 2 | = | ( z 2 − 3 − 4i ) + (3 + 4i )  | z 2 − 3 − 4i | + | 3 + 4i | = 5 + 5 = 10
| z1 − z 2 |  | z1 | − | z 2 |
−  −   − −
 2k 
cis   , k = 0, 1, 2, .......n − 1
 n 
 2k  
z1 = cis  1 
 n 
 2k  
z 2 = cis  2 
 n 
−
2k 1 2k 2  
− = , k1  k 2
n n 2

45 COMPLEX NUMBER
2 
 k1 − k 2 =  −
n 2
  

 −  −
  
  −
−
− −
−   − −  −
− −
− −
 − −
− −
− −
−

−5+i 3
( x 2 + 5 x )2 + x ( x + 5) for x =
2

46 COMPLEX NUMBER
−5 + i 3 5+i 3
x+5= +5=
2 2
 − 5 + i 3   5 + i 3  ( −5) 5 + 3i 2
 x ( x + 5) =   =
 2  2  4
  
−25 − 3
= = −7
4
 (−7 ) 2
so that a + p = 3; ap = 2  a = 2 a = 1
 or 
p = 1 p = 2
2 + 2i 
b = − 3 
 3 
q =1  1− i
2 
2 + 2i 
2 − 3i  
 3 
1+ i 1− i
2 
| Z1 + Z 2 |2 + | Z1 − Z 2 |2 = 2(| Z1 |2 + | Z 2 |2 )
 − a2 − 2 +  +  2 + 2 = |  +  | + |  −  |  
| Z1 + Z 2 |2 = ( Z1 + Z 2 ) ( Z1 + Z 2 ) = Z1Z1 + Z 2 Z 2 + Z1Z 2 + Z 2 Z1
| Z1 − Z 2 |2 = ( Z1 − Z 2 ) ( Z1 − Z 2 ) = Z1Z1 + Z 2 Z 2 − Z1Z 2 − Z 2 Z1

47 COMPLEX NUMBER
| Z1 + Z 2 |2 + | Z1 − Z 2 |2 = 2( Z1Z1 + Z 2 Z 2 )
= 2 (| Z1 | 2 + | Z 2 | 2 )
 −  2 − 2 +  +  2 − 2
1 2 
=  2 − 2  −  + 2 + 2  −  
2 2 2
2  
1 2 
=  ++−−2  − + ++−+2  − 
2 2 2
2  
1  2 2
=  + − − + + + − 
2  
=
1
2

| Z1 − Z 2 | 2 + | Z1 + Z 2 | 2 
=
1
2

2 (| Z1 | 2 + | Z 2 | 2 ) 
2 2
= + + −
=| + | +| − |

c+i
c−i
 
  
     sin  
 cos + i sin   cos + i 
 2 2  2 2 
 
cos + i sin
2 2
 
cos − i sin
2 2

cot +i
2  
 Dividing by sin 

cot − i 
2
2
c+i 
cot
c−i 2

48 COMPLEX NUMBER
2 x 2 + y 2 − 4b( x + iy ) + 1 + ib = 0
2 x 2 + y 2 − 4bx + 1 = 0
− 4by + b = 0
2 x2 + y 2 + 1= 0
 
1
4
1
4
1
2 x2 + = 4bx − 1
16
1
4b
 1 
4 x 2 +  = 16b 2 x 2 − 8bx + 1
 16 
3
x 2 (16b 2 − 4) − 8bx + =0
4
8b  16b 2 + 12 4b  4b 2 + 3
=
2(16 2 − 4) 16b 2 − 4
1
16b 2 − 4  0, b
2
1
x
4b
1
 b ,
2
1
b ,
2
4b + 4b 2 + 3 i
Z= +
16b − 4
2 4

49 COMPLEX NUMBER
2 2
z w − w z = z −w z =w
zw = 1
2
z z +1
= 2
w w +1
z z z
 =    zw = zw
w w w 
2 2
z w − w z = z −w
zzw − ww z = z − w
zw (z − w ) = z − w
(zw − 1)(z − w ) = 0  z = w zw = 1
z =w
zw = 1 
z −w
1 1 1
+ + =0 Z 12 + Z 22 + Z 32 = Z 1Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z 1
Z2 − Z3 Z 3 − Z1 Z1 − Z2
A (Z1)
A(Z1 ); B(Z 2 ) and C(Z 3 )

 
Z 3 − Z1 = (Z 2 − Z1 ) (cos + i sin )
3 3

B (Z2) C (Z3)
1 1  
= {− cos + i sin }
Z 3 − Z1 Z1 − Z 2 3 3
1 1  
= {− cos − i sin }
Z2 − Z3 Z1 − Z 2 3 3

50 COMPLEX NUMBER
1 1 1
+ =−
Z 3 − Z1 Z2 − Z3 Z1 − Z 2
1 1 1
+ + =0
Z 3 − Z1 Z 2 − Z 3 Z1 − Z 2
 (Z − Z ) (Z − Z ) = 0
1 2 3 1
 Z (Z − Z ) −  Z (Z
1 3 1 2 3 − Z1 ) = 0
Z12 + Z22 + Z32 = Z1Z2 + Z3Z1 + Z2Z3 (  Z (Z

2 3 − Z1) = 0)
Z1, Z 2 and Z 3
1 1 1
+ + =0
Z2 − Z3 Z 3 − Z1 Z1 − Z 2
p = Z 2 − Z 3 , q = Z 3 − Z1; r = Z1 − Z 2 ; p + q + r = 0
 p(q + r ) + rq = 0  p( − p ) + qr = 0  p 2 = qr
 p 2 = qr ; p2 = q r
 p 2 p 2 = qq rr  ( pp ) 2 ( pp ) = (qq ) ( rr ) ( pp )
pp qq rr = (qq ) 3 = ( rr ) 3
pp = qq = rr
| p 2 | = | q |2 = | r |2
| Z 2 − Z 3 | = | Z 3 − Z1 | = | Z1 − Z 2 |

Z12 + Z 22 + Z 32 − Z1Z 2 − Z 2 Z 3 − Z 3 Z = 0
 
( Z1 + Z 2 +  2 Z 3 ) ( Z1 +  2 Z 2 + Z 3 ) = 0
Z1 − Z 2 = − Z 2 − Z 2 −  2 Z 3
 = − Z 2 (1 + ) −  2 Z 3
= − Z 2 ( − 2 ) −  2 Z 3
Z1 − Z 2 =  2 ( Z 2 − Z 3 )
 | Z1 − Z 2 | = |  2 | | Z 2 − Z 3 |  | Z 1 − Z 2 | = | Z 2 − Z 3 |
| Z1 − Z 3 | = | Z 2 − Z 3 |
| Z 1 − Z 2 | = | Z 2 − Z 3 | = | Z 3 − Z1 |


51 COMPLEX NUMBER
Z = iZ 2 .
Z Z 2 = x 2 − y 2 + 2ixy
 ( x 2 − y 2 + 2ixy )
− y = x2 − y 2
1 1 1
y =− , + = x2
2 4 2
3
 x=
2

3 1 3 1
Z1 = i ; Z 2 = − i ; Z3 = − − i
2 2 2 2
AC  BD  AB  CD + AD  BC .
(Z1 − Z 4 ) (Z 2 − Z 3 ) + (Z 2 − Z 4 ) (Z 3 − Z1 ) + (Z 3 − Z 4 ) (Z1 − Z 2 ) = 0
 − (Z 3 − Z1 ) (Z 2 − Z 4 ) = (Z1 − Z 4 ) (Z 2 − Z 3 ) + (Z 3 − Z 4 ) (Z1 − Z 2 )
 | (Z 3 − Z1 ) (Z 2 − Z 4 ) | = | (Z1 − Z 4 ) (Z 2 − Z 3 ) + (Z 3 − Z 4 ) (Z1 − Z 2 ) |
 | Z1 − Z 4 | | Z 2 − Z 3 | + | Z 3 − Z 4 | | Z1 − Z 2 |
AC  BD  AD  BC + AB  CD
| (Z1 − Z 4 ) (Z 2 − Z 3 ) + (Z 3 − Z 4 ) (Z1 − Z 2 ) |
= | Z1 − Z 4 | | Z 2 − Z 3 | + | Z 3 − Z 4 | | Z1 − Z 2 |
 arg(z1 − z4 ) (z2 − z3 ) = arg(z3 − z4 ) (z1 − z2 )
 arg(z1 − z4 ) (z2 − z3 ) − arg(z3 − z4 ) (z1 − z2 ) = 0
 (z − z ) (z − z )
 arg  1 4 2 3  = 0
 (z3 − z4 ) (z1 − z2 )

52 COMPLEX NUMBER
Z + a | Z + 1| + i = 0 
a x 2 + 2x + 1 + y 2 + i = 0

 x + a x 2 + 2x + 1 + y 2 = 0
−
− − 
− 
 
   2
− a2  a 2 − a2
x= ,0
a2 − 1
− a2  a 2 − a2 
 
Z= −i   2
 a2 − 1 

53 COMPLEX NUMBER
MIND MAP
Properties of modulus, conjugate and argument
Complex numbers • | z | =| z | • zz = | z |2
• z = x + iy, x, yR and i 2 = −1 z1 |z |
• Real part of z = Re (z) = x • | z1z2 | = | z1 | | z2 | • = 1
z2 | z2 |
• Imaginary part = Im (z) = y
• | z1  z2 |  | z1 | + | z2 |
• Modulus of z = |z| = x2 + y 2 • | z1  z 2 |  | z1 | − | z 2 |
• Conjugate of z = z = x − iy  z1  z1
• z1  z 2 = z1  z 2 • 
z
=
 z
• Argument of z = , −, − + , −  2  2
 y 
 where  = tan−1

 according as z lies • z = z  z is purely real.
 x 
z = −z  z is purely imaginary.
in first, second, third or fourth quadrant. • Arg (z1z2) = Arg (z1) + Arg (z2) + 2k, where
Cube roots of unity k = –1, 0, 1 which is suitable
1, , 2 are roots of x3− 1 = 0 such that
z 
1 +  + 2 = 0 Arg  1  = Arg z1− Arg z2 + 2k, where
3 = 1  z2 
Geometrically they represent vertices of an k = –1, 0, 1 which is suitable, Arg z = − Arg z
equilateral triangle inscribed in |z| = 1 • If arg (z) = 0 z is real.
nth roots of unity
Roots of xn− 1 = 0 are 1, , 2 ….. n−1
Logarithm of a complex number
i 2k
loge (z) = loge | z | + i arg (z)
COMPLEX NUMBERS
where k = e n k = 0 , 1, …. (n− 1)
Section formula
n −1 i 2k
z divides join of A(z1) and B(z2) in ratio m : n
1 +  + …. n−1 = 0  e n =0
k =0 then
n −1 n −1 mz2 + nz1
2k 2k z=
  cos n
= 0 and  sin n
=0 m+n
k =0 k =0 Straight line
Geometrically they represent vertices of an n Line passing through point z1 and z2 is
sided regular polygon inscribed in |z| = 1 z − z1 z − z1
=
z2 − z1 z2 − z1
Rotation theorem Ray

arg (z−) =  is a ray from point  and
 z − z1 
• If arg  3 =
 pointed in direction of join of  to z and
 z2 − z1  inclined at an angle  to positive direction of x-
z3 − z1 z − z1 i axis.
Then = 3 e Perpendicular bisector
z 2 − z1 z 2 − z1
of line joining z1 and z2 is |z−z1| = |z−z2|
• Four points z1, z2, z3, z4 are concyclic if
Circle
( z1 − z 3 ) ( z 2 − z 4 )
is real. • |z−z0| = r is circle with centre z0 and radius
( z1 − z 4 ) ( z 2 − z 3 )
r.
Theory of equation with complex coefficients • |z−z1| = k |z−z2| (k 1) is also a circle.
An nth degree equation with complex  z − z1 
coefficients an , an−1, ……, a0 is given as • arg   =  ( 0, ) represents segment

 z − z2 
an z n + az −1z n −1 + ....... + a1z + a0 = 0 of a circle described on join of z1 and z2.
Parabola
It has n roots say 1 , 2 , ……..n, and Equation of parabola with focus at z0 and
directrix as a z + az + b = 0 is given by
 
an −1 , an −2
 1 = − 1 2 = ........ | az + a z + b |
an an | z − z0 | =
2|a|
1 2........ n = ( −1)n a0 / an
Equation of ellipse with foci of z1 and z2 and
In case of quadratic equations, length of major axes as 2a is
discriminant has no role for existence of roots. |z−z1| + |z−z2| = 2a where 2a> |z1−z2|
Hyperbola
Equation of hyperbola with foci at z1 and z2
and length of transverse axes as 2a is
||z−z1| − |z−z2|| = 2a where 2a< |z1−z2|
54 COMPLEX NUMBER
i 592 + i 590 + i 588 + i 586 + i 584

i 582 + i 580 + i 578 + i 576 + i 574
     
17 17
 − 1+ i 3   − 1− i 3 
  +  = −1
 2   2 
   
− − − −
 
 −  
− 5 + 12i
(
4ab − 2 a 2 − b 2 i ) x2 +
x
1
2
 1
+ 4i  x −  − 6
 x
(x + iy )(2 − 3i ) = 4 + i
(1 + i )x − 2i + (2 − 3i )y + i =i
3+i 3−i
a + ib
5+ 2i
(1 − i )4
1− 2 i
z1 z2
Re(z1z 2 ) = Re z1 Re z 2 − Im z1 Im z 2
(a + ib)(c + id ) (e + if )(g + ih) = A + iB
(a 2
)( )(
+ b2 c 2 + d 2 e2 + f 2 g 2 + h2 )( )
4
− 64
3 + 2i sin 

1 − 2i sin 
(3 − 2i )(2 + 3i )
(1 + 2i )(2 − i )
1 + 2i 1+ i 1− i
−
1 − 3i 1− i 1+ i

55 COMPLEX NUMBER
1+ i − 3 −i
1− i
1 + 2i
1+ i
1 − 3i
2z − 1 = z − 2 z
x = 2 i −1 x 4 + 4x 3 + 6x 2 + 4x + 9
(1+ a )(1+ b ) 2 2
(1 + i )4n +5
(1 − i )4n +3
(
x + iy = 1 − i 3 ) 100
(2 , 2 3 )
99 99
(2 99
, − 299 3 )
(− 2 , 2 3 )
99 99
(1 + i )2n = (1 − i )2n
 (i )
13
n
+ i n +1 i = −1
n =1
i i −1 −i
z1, z 2 z3 , z 4
z  z 
arg 1  + arg 2 
 z4   z3 
 3

2 2
Z 2 + 3z = 0
 z −2 
arg =
 z + 2 2

56 COMPLEX NUMBER
ii
e − 2 e 2 e e −
z + z−2
(
z = 1− t + i t 2 + t + 2 )
1
z 3 z+
z
8 3 10
3 8 3
6
 2k 2k 
  sin
k =1 7
− i cos
7 

| z1 + z2 | = | z1 | + | z2 |, arg z1 − arg z2
 
 −
2 2
| z + i | = | z − i |,
mz2 + z3
z1 = mR+, z1 z2
m +1
z3
m 1
m +1 m +1
| z − 4 |  | z − 2 |,
Re z  3 Re z  2 Re z  2 Re z  3
− 1 + 3i − 1 − 3i z13 + z23 − 3z1z2
z1 = and z2 = ,
2 2
ix2 − 2(1 + i )x + (2 − i ) = 0 2 − i,
2+i 2−i
x1, x2 , y1, y 2  R, 0  x1  x2 , y1 = y 2 z1 = x1 + iy 1, z 2 = x 2 + iy 2
z1 + z2
z3 = ,
2

57 COMPLEX NUMBER
z1, z2 z3
| z1 |  | z3 |  | z2 | | z1 |  | z3 |  | z2 |
| z1 |  | z2 |  | z3 | | z1 | = | z2 | = | z3 |
| z |= 4 |z|=|z −6|
| z − 1| − | z + 1| = 
−2   2 2
02
z −1
|z|
z +1
50
3  25
 + i 3  = 3 ( x + iy ),
2 2  2
( x, y )

(1, − 3 ) ( 3, 1)
(1, 3 ) ( 3, − 1)
zz + ( 4 − 3i )z + ( 4 + 3i )z + 5 = 0
2 5 5
5
2
M= |z| |z|
| z − (3 + 4i ) |= 1
(M , m )
z, z −1
= 2,
z +1
 
xr = cos r
+ i sin r x1x 2 x3 .....
2 2

58 COMPLEX NUMBER
sin  + sin  + sin  = 0 = cos  + cos  + cos  cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2
1, , 2 ,......,n−1 (5 − )(5 − 2 )....(5 − n −1)

5n − 1 5n + 1
4 4
5n 5n + 2
4 4
z − 3i + z − 4 = 5 z
5 12
12 5
| z |  1, | w |  1
| z + iw | = | z − iw | = 2,
334 365
 1 i 3  1 i 3
i = − 1, 4 + 5 − +  + − + 
 2 2   2 2 
   
1− i 3 − 1+ i 3
i 3 1 + 2i 3
z1 − z3 1 − i 3
z1, z2 z3 =
z2 − z3 2
 z − 1 
arg =
 z + 1 4
c = (1 − r )a + rb w = (1 − r )u + rv

 =  cos
8
+ i sin
8 
 Re(  +  2 +  3 +  4 +  5 )
 11 11 

59 COMPLEX NUMBER
1 1
−
2 2
25
z−
Z
| z − 3i |= 3   cot(arg z ) −
6
arg z   0, 
 2 z
i −i
2i − 2i
arg z  0 arg (− z ) − arg (z )
 
 
−
2 2
n1, n2 (1 + i )n1 + (1 + i 3 )n1 + (1 + i 5 )n2 + (1 + i 7 )n2
n1 = n2 n1 + 1 = n2
n1 = n2 + 1 n1, n2
| z | − | z | +1
2
log 1 
 −2,
  | z | +2
 3
z1, z2 , z3
| z |= 1 z1 = i ,
3 i 1 3
z2 = − − z2 = − −i
2 2 2 2
1 3 3 i
z3 = −i z3 = +
2 2 2 2
(1 +  ) = (1 +  )
2 n 4 n
 2
z1 z2 z12 + z22 = 4
(z1 + z1 )2 + (z2 + z2 )2
60 COMPLEX NUMBER
z1 = 1, z2 = 2, z3 = 3 9z1z2 + 4z1z3 + z2 z3 = 12
z1 + z2 + z3
az 2 + bz + c = 0
(bc + cb )(ab + a b) + (ca − a c ) 2

=0 (bc − cb )(ab − a b) + (ca − a c ) 2
=0
a b c a b c
=− = = =
a b c a b c
z + 1− i  1
1− i − 1+ i
−i i
z =1 z  1 z
1− z2
z = 2
3e i 4 + 4i (3 − 4i ) ei 4
(4 + 3i ) ei 4 (3 + 4i ) ei 4
 a − ib 
tani log
 a + ib 
ab 2ab
a + b2
2
a − b2
2
ab 2ab
a2 − b2 a2 + b2
| z |= 2 z1 
z1 z2 arg =
z2 2
z1 z2
| z |=8 | z |= 2 2
| z |= 4 | z |= 4 2

61 COMPLEX NUMBER
|z+z|+|z−z|=2 | i z − 1| + | z − i | = 2
1 1
−i
i i3
iz2 = z 2 + z, arg(z )
 3  3
− −
4 4 4 4
1 + 3i
z=
1+ i
Re(z ) = 2 Im (z ) Re(z ) + 2 Im (z ) = 0
z =5 amp (z ) = tan −1 2
− 3 + ix 2 y x 2 + y + 4i (x, y )
(1, − 4) (− 1, − 4)
(2, 1) (− 2, 1)
g (x ) h(x ) ( ) ( )
p(x ) = g x 3 + xh x 3 p(x )
x + x +1
2
g (1) + h(1) = −1 g (1) + h(1) = 0

g (1) − h(1) = 0 g (1) = h(1) = −1
x 2 − 2 x cos  + 1 = 0
(x + cos n)2 + sin 2 n = 0 (x − cos n)2 + sin 2 n = 0

x 2 − 2 x cos n + 1 = 0 x 2 − 2 x cos  + 1 = 0
cos A + cos B + cos C = sin A + sin B + sin C = 0
 cos 2A = 0  sin 2A = 0
 cos(A + B ) = 0  sin(A + B) = 0
  
tan  − i sin + cos 
 2 2


1 + 2i sin 
2
 
n + n −
4 4

2n 2n +
4

62 COMPLEX NUMBER
z1, z 2 , z 3 , z 4 a0 z 4 + a1z 3 + a2 z 2 + a3 z + a4 = 0
a0 , a1, a 2 , a3 , a 4
z1, z 2 , z 3 , z 4
z1 z 2 , z3 , z 4
− z1, − z 2 , − z 3 , − z 4
− z1, − z 2 , − z 3 , − z 4
amp (z1z 2 ) = 0 z1 = z2 = 1
z1 + z 2 = 0 z1z 2 = 1
z1 = z 2 z1 − z 2
iz iz
−z − iz
z1 = z2 = z3 = 1 z1, z 2 , z 3
z1 + z 2 + z 3 = 0 z1z 2 + z 2 z 3 + z1z 3 = 0
z1z 2 z 3 = 1 z12 + z22 + z32 = 0

2 2 2
z1 + z 2 = z1 + z2
z1
z1z 2 + z 2 z1 = 0
z2
z  
z1 amp  1  = 
z2  z2  2
z1 z2 z1 = z2 z1
z1 + z 2
z2
z1 − z 2
z 6 + z3 + 1 = 0 re i 0    90 º ,
º º
º º

63 COMPLEX NUMBER
 z − i  3 
arg = , |z|
z+i  4 4
 4
arg( z ) = , arg( z ) − arg 
4 z
z1 and z2
| z + 2 | + | z − 2 |= 4 | z |= 1 z1 + z2
| z | 1

− 
 arg( z )  2
4 4
z − 2i + z − 7i = k
z −1 + z − 6 = k
| z − 3 | − | z − 4i | = k
z − (2 + 4i ) =
k
az + a z + b
50
a = 3 + 4i
z1 + z2 = z1 − z2 arg z1 = arg z 2

z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 arg
z1
=
z2 2
z1 − z2 = | z1 | − | z2 | z1
z2
z1 − z2 = z1 + z2 z1
z2

64 COMPLEX NUMBER
A(z1 ), B (z 2 ) C (z 3 )
A
z2 z3
z12 + z22 + z1z2 = 0 z1, z 2

z1, z 2
i 2
z 2 = z1e 3
z1, z2 , z3 z 4
1 + ixy y + 2i x2 + y 2 = 5

65 COMPLEX NUMBER
z − 2i
z − 2i = 2 =3
z + 2i
 z−2 
Re =0 z − z1
2
+ z − z2
2
=k z1 − z 2
2
 2k
 z + 4i 
z = x + iy,
x, y ,  R
2i − t
z= (t  R )
3 + it
3i − t
z= (t  R )
2 + it
 3  5
 0,   0, 
 4  4
 2
 0,  (0, 0)
 3
3i − t
z=
2 + it
1 1
2 4
1
2
z − z1
= k; k  1
z − z2
k 2 z 2 + z1 k 2 z1 + z 2
k2 +1 k2 +1
k z 2 − z1
2
k z1 − z 2
2
k 2
−1 k2 −1

66 COMPLEX NUMBER
Z − 12 Z−4
= 5 / 3; =1
Z − 8i Z −8

    − − − − − −
4
2−
1
r k
r =1
(a + )−1 + (b + )−1 + (c + )−1 + (d + )−1 = 2−1,

(a + )−1 + (b + )−1 + (c + )−1 + (d + )−1 = 2()−1,  
(a + 1)−1 + (b + 1)−1 + (c + 1)−1 + (d + 1)−1 = 2

A B
+ =1
B A
 z − 4i  
arg =
 z−3  3
| AOB =   0

p 2 =4qcos 2  
2
f (x ) = 0   
   − 
f (x ) = 0
(z + 1)4 = 16z 4

67 COMPLEX NUMBER
a −1 + b −1 − c −1 − d −1
z=
a −1b −1 − c −1d −1
Z n cos  0 + Z n − 1 cos 1 + ..... + cos  n = 2  0 , 1,.....,  n 
2 2
A1 A2 + A1 A3 +...+ A1 An = 2n
2
A1 A2  A1 A3 ..... A1 An = n
−
  
    
  2  cos − sin  ,  = +
 2 2 4 2
 (4 − 3i )
 (2 + 3i )
 [(a + b) − i (a − b)]
 1 
  x − + 2i 
 x 
5 14
x= ,y =
13 13
x = 3, y = −1
1+ 2 2 i
−4
A + B2
2

68 COMPLEX NUMBER
 2(1  i )
 = n
63 16
+ i
25 25
1
2

2
5
−
6
1  3 3 
 cos + i sin 
2 4 4
  
2  cos + i sin 
 4 4
(1 − ab )2 + (a + b)2

69 COMPLEX NUMBER
Z = 6 + 8i or 6 + 17i
49
31
5
3
1 
 , 0
3 
1
Z =
2

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IIT AND BOARD MATERIAL

QUICKLET EDUCATION PVT. LTD MOB. : 9163681973

QUICKLET EDUCATION PVT. LTD MOB. : 9163681973

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QUICKLET EDUCATION PVT. LTD MOB. : 9163681973

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QUICKLET EDUCATION PVT. LTD MOB. : 9163681973

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AS area of ASB AS  BS  sin 2C

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