Hill Road

Diploma in Civil Engineering

Compiled & Presented By:-

Er. Suman Paudel

CTEVT
(Balaju School of Engineering anf Technology)
2079
 Unit 8: Road side Facilities, Safety and Environment
Contents
8.1 Introduction and importance of road side facilities
8.2. Types of road side facilities
8.3. Introduction to hill road safety
8.4. Introduction
8.5. Causes of accidents
8.6. Safety measures (engineering, enforcement,
education)
8.7. Introduction to environment
8.8. Impact of highway projects on environment
8.9. Mitigation measures of adverse environmental
impacts
 Introduction and importance of road side facilities
 Road side development deals with the development of aesthetic
and other amenities of road and the abutting land or right of way.
 Proper planning is needed for road side development right from
the stages of preliminary survey for highway alignment and
during construction.
Points to be Considered:
 Consistent and smooth horizontal and vertical alignments
 Wide right of way and shoulders in Rural Highways.
 Flat slopes in embankments
 Suitable planting of road side tree and shrubs and proper
maintenance.
 Turfing on slide slopes and on shoulder or rural road
 Developing pleasant views and parking places.

In hill road side facility includes mainly bioengineering,

parking facility, informatory and other traffic sign and
signal.
 Importance of road side facilities
 Bioengineering provides attractive landscape of road sides
 Trees on the road side intercept the annoying sound waves
and fumes from the road vehicles.
 To improve the stability of road side land and control
landslide during rainy reason.
 To facilitate space for vehicle parking during emergency
situations also permit the motorists to easily leave the
roadway for recreational area.
 To provide information about the road condition safety
measures for road users in advance.
 To enhance level of safety during driving.
 Types of road side facilities
Road side facilities consists various types of services to prove the
easy and comfort journey to road users.
Types of road facility are
1. Gas filling station or Oil filling station: Location and
general design of it along the road and their spacing be as
per guidelines published by DOR.
2. Hotel, highway motels, camping stations and technical
services centers. They should be provided at 5o to 100 km
distances.
3. Telephone Booths: they should be provided at least 20 km
distance but in case of hill road it may not be feasible to
establish telephone booth.
4. Highway police control rooms and Medical services centers
5. Bioengineering , turfing etc to improve stability of soil
slopes and to enhance aesthetic appearances..
 Introduction to Hill Road Safety
 Road safety has been a much neglected area in the design of
roads, with an increasing number of accidents each year,
attention to road safety should be emphasized , while the road
elements is only one of the three groups influences causing
accidents, it is nonetheless the responsibility of the designer to
provide as safe a road environment as possible .
 Thus the technique and various measure adopted during the
design of hill road to provided optimum safe facility to
minimize the road accidents is called hill road safety.
 Warning sign must be provided on the road side , for
inadequate geometric design to enhance hill road safety.
 Introduction and Causes of Accidents
 Accident, unexpected event, typically sudden in nature and
associated with injury, loss, or harm. Accidents are a
common feature of the human experience and result in
injury or permanent disability to large numbers of people
worldwide every year. Many accidents also involve damage to
or loss of property. Accidents can occur anywhere, including
in the home, during transportation, in the hospital, on the
sports field, or in the workplace. With
appropriate safety precautions and awareness of one’s
actions and environment, many accidents can be avoided or
prevented.
 Road accident is most unwanted thing to happen to a road
user, though they happen quite often. The most unfortunate
thing is that we don't learn from our mistakes on road. Most
of the road users are quite well aware of the general rules
and safety measures while using roads.
 Causes of Accidents
Driver- High speed, careless and violation of rules and
regulation
Pedestrian- violation of rules and regulation , careless in using
roadway
Passenger:
Vehicle defects: Failure of break, Steering system, lighting
system, tire burst
Road Conditions: Slippery or skidding road surface, pot holes
and rats, inadequate road marking, unexpected obstruction
Road design: Improper and defective design
Weather: Unfavorable weather condition like snow, heavy
rainfall, dust smoke, fog
Natural calamities: Landslides after heavy rainfall, flood, soil
movement, snow fall
Animals: Stray animals, Wild animals
 Safety measures
The various measures to decrease the accidents may be divided
into three groups:
 Engineering
 Enforcement and
 Education

Theses three measures are generally termed as “3-Es”

 Engineering Measures
Road Design:
 Geometric design features of the road are checked and
corrected if necessary.
 Pavement surface characteristic should be design standard.
 Gradient and fly over
Preventive Maintenance of vehicles:
 Steering and lighting system should be checked
Before and after studies:
 Record of Accidents and their pattern are maintained.
 And it is again done after making necessary improvement
Road Lightening :
 Proper lightening should be arranged
 Enforcement Measures
 Speed Control:
 Traffic control devices
 Training and supervision
 Medical Checkup
 Special precaution for commercial vehicles
 Observation of law and regulation
 Enforcement Measures
 Speed Control:
 Traffic control devices
 Training and supervision
 Medical Checkup
 Special precaution for commercial vehicles
 Observation of law and regulation
Educational Measures
 Education to road users
 Safety Drive
 Introduction to Environment
 While planning development of road and transportation
facilities, apart from aiming at operational efficiency, it is
also necessary to consider the quality of the envorimnet due
to the development.
 It is important to prepare an environmental impacts
statements at he planning stage itself. Good results could be
achieved if the aesthetic of the road are given due
consideration at the time of hill road planning.
 The air pollution and noise pollution aspects are also
considered.
 EIA/IEE should be carried out
EIA:Environmental Impact Assessment
IEE: Initial Environmental Examination
 Impact of highway projects on environment
 The environmental impact of roads include the local effects
of highway such as noise, water pollution, habitat
destruction an local air quality and water effects which may
include climate change from vehicle emulsion.
 Encroachment on ecology: Disturbs natural habitat,
vegetation of land will be affected
 Impact on ancient monuments: emission of carbon dioxide
and carbon monoxide released into the atmosphere.
 Impact on the quality of water: Water pollution
 Erosion: Deforestation leads to erosion
 Noise and vibration: use of construction tools and
equipments lead to noise and vibration.
 Air pollution hazards: emission of carbon dioxide and
carbon monoxide released into the atmosphere leads to air
pollution.
 Land acquisition: Agriculture product reduces
 Mitigation measures of adverse environmental impacts
 Mitigation measures are means to prevent, reduce or control
adverse environmental effects of a project, and include
restitution for any damage to the environment caused by
those effects through replacement, restoration,
compensation or any other means.
The mitigation measures aim to:
 protect the physical, biological and human environments;
manage mineral wastes;
 manage hazardous compounds and wastes; and
 provide the basis for the development of monitoring plans.
 Mitigation measures of adverse environmental impacts
 All road should be designed and constructed with proper
assessment of all environmental and social aspects and their
impacts.
 Environment Protection Acts and Rules of Government of Nepal
old be followed.
 All design elements of highways should be properly blend with
the surrounding elements of nature .
 Road alignment should avoid preserved zones like national parks,
historical monuments and other sensitive to flora, fauna and
people.
 Highway should be located away from the populated area so as to
minimize the disturbances to people from construction activities
and noise from moving vehicles.
 Road alignments should be located on wind leeward side of the
populated areas so as to minimize the effect of dust and smoke
pollution during construction and vehicles movements.
 Mitigation measures of adverse environmental impacts
 Bioengineering technique should be applied on the slope
stabilization.
 Provision of sound barriers should be made on roads
passing through populated areas.
 Quarries of construction materilas should be properly
managed .
 Water Supply Scheme
 Figure 3 Schematic Diagram of Water Supply in Terai
Area