CEP Problem

The class AB power amplifier follows the audio preamp and drives the speaker as shown
in the PA system block diagram in Figure. In this application, the power amplifier is
developed and interfaced with the preamp that was developed in Chapter 6. The
maximum signal power to the speaker should be approximately 6 W for a frequency
range of 70 5 kHz. The dynamic range for the input voltage is up to 40 mV. Finally, the
complete PA system is put together

A) Design 12V DC Power supply

B) Design Audio Pre-Amplifier Stage
C) Design Power Amplifier Stage
DESIGNING 12V DC POWER SUPPLY
We have to design a 12V DC power source which is used in Class AB audio
amplifier. To design a such DC voltage source we have to use following
components.
o COMPOSITION
1. 12V Step down Transformer (16.9:1)
2. Full wave bridge rectifier
3. Germanium diodes (IN-4007)
4. Variable Capacitor
5. Capacitors
6. Resistors
7. Transistor (7812)
8. Led light
o CIRCUIT

o PROCEDURE

1. TRANSFORMER
In this circuit we are going to use a 12V step down transformer. The
number of turns ratio of primary and secondary coils is 16.9:1 which
means that it converts AC voltage of 220V into AC voltage of 16V.
2. FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
This full wave rectifier bridge consists of 4 (IN-4007) Germanium
diodes. This rectifying bridge works in 2 half cycles i.e. (positive half
 cycle and negative half cycle. This will give output voltage ac
pulsating DC voltage.
3. CAPACITVE FILTER
A capacitor is used a capacitive filter above circuit which lessens the
fluctuations of pulsating DC voltage in the form of ripples.
And the voltage is called Ripple voltage (Vr). The greater the
capacitance of capacitor lesser the fluctuations of pulsating DC
should occur.
4. SURGE RESISTANCE
The capacitive filter may produce surge current in the circuit, which
may damage or burns the diodes. To reduce the risk of damaging
diodes we use surge resistance (Rs) in the circuit. Surge resistance
limits the amount of current flowing in the circuit, and its value
depends upon how much current we want to flow in the circuit.
5. VOLTAGE REGULATOR
If there is short circuit in there circuit the current flowing in the
circuit will also enhancing the risk of damaging the diodes of
rectifier bridge,so we add an transistor (7812) which act as voltage
regulator.it can help to maintain an constant output voltage. We
are using a 12 volts transistor so it can maintain the voltage
between Rs and load resistance.
6. LINE REGULATION
Line regulaton is defined as the change in output voltage per unit
change in input voltage.

• Note: the calculations of whole procedure are on the hand written

notes attached to this report.
o Conclusion
First of all, we converted 220V AC voltage to 16V AC voltage, by
the help of an step down transformer of 16.9:1 coil turns.in step 2
the rectifying bridge converts that 16V AC voltage into 14.7V
pulsating DC voltage. Then we use capacitive filter to reduce the
fluctuations of the pulsating DC. Then we use a 12V voltage
regulator to maintain the input and output voltage of the circuit
which is of type 7812. And it regulates that 14.7V to 12V.
Design Audio pre-amplifier Stage
We have to A preamplifier, also known as a preamp, is an electronic amplifier that
converts a weak electrical signal into an output signal strong enough to be noise-
tolerant and strong enough for further processing, or for sending to a power
amplifier and a loudspeaker. Without this, the final signal would be noisy or distorted.
They are typically used to amplify signals from analog sensors such
as microphones and pickups. Because of this, the preamplifier is often placed close
to the sensor to reduce the effects of noise and interference.

Audio input type Analog Input Architecture Class-AB Speaker channels (Max)
Mono Power stage supply (Max) (V)22
Power stage supply (Min) (V)10
Load (Min) (ohms)4
Output power (W)2.5THD + N @ 1 kHz (%)0.2Iq (Typ) (mA)7
Control interface Hardware Closed/open loop Open Analog supply (Min) (V)10
Analog supply (Max) (V)22PSRR (dB)38
Operating temperature range (C)0 to 70

Although the recommended supply voltage is 12 volts, the preamplifier can be

powered as well from any voltage source ranging from 9 volts to 15 volts. If
you choose to use 9-volt, the maximum input signal amplitude will be limited to
120 mV p/p. Significant distortion may be present, if you exceed this limit.
It worth’s to remind that in order to convert the value of a voltage expressed in
volts peak / peak in a voltage expressed in volts (rms), you must divide the p/p
value into the fixed number 2.82. Thus, 150 mV p/p are equivalent to:
150/ 2.82 = 53 mV rms
The maximum output voltage of 8 volts p / p corresponds to an rms value of:
8/ 2.82 = 2.8 V rms.

If you want to increase the gain more, then change the values of these resistor or
replace one of them with same value potentiometer. But further increase in gain
may produce noise in the signal. But I am making this circuit to test my
amplifiers with different gain. So, I changed the resistor of all 4 channels as
22k, 33k, 47k and 54k which gives me the desired fixed gain of 3.2, 4.3, 5.7 and
6.4 respectively.

Audio Power Amplifier

An audio power amplifier (or power amp) is an electronic amplifier that
amplifies low-power electronic audio signals, such as the signal from a radio
receiver or an electric guitar pickup, to a level that is high enough for
driving loudspeakers or headphones. Audio power amplifiers are found in all
manner of sound systems including sound reinforcement, public address, home
audio systems and musical instrument amplifiers like guitar amplifiers. It is the
final electronic stage in a typical audio playback chain before the signal is sent
to the loudspeakers.

Circuit
Applications
• AM-FM Radio Amplifiers
• Portable Tape Player Amplifiers
• Intercoms
• TV Sound Systems
• Line Drivers
• Ultrasonic Drivers
• Small Servo Drivers
• Power Converters