problem

The cost of fuel to run a locomotive is proportional to the square of the speed and
$25 per hour four a speed of 25 mph. Other costs amounts to $100 per
hour, regardless of the speed. Find the speed that minimizes the cost per mile.

Solution:
C = KV 2

25 = K(25)2

1
K=
25
Distance
V=
Hour
KV 2 + 100
Total cost C = (dollars/mile)
V
Cost $/hr. Cost
= V = mph
1 mile/hr. mile
V2
+ 100
C= 25
V
V 100
C= +
25 V
dC 1 100
= - 2 =0
dV 25 V
V 2 = 2500
V = 50 mph
problem
At 9:00 AM, ship B is 65 miles due east of another ship A. Ship B is then
sailing due west at 10 mph and A is sailing due south at 15 mph. If they continue
on their respective courses, when will they be nearest one another and how near?

Solution:
S2 = (65 - 10t)2 + (15t)2
dS
2S = 2(65 - 10t)(- 10) + 2(15)2 t
dt
dS 225t - 10(65 - 10t)
=
dt S
dS 325t - 650
= =0
dt S
325t = 650
t = 2 hrs.

S = (65 - 20)2 + (225)(4)

S = 2025 + 900

S = 2925

S = 225(13)

S = 15 13 miles
problem
The Richter magnitude of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake is estimated to
have 8.3. The 1989 “World Series” earthquake in San Francisco had a magnitude
of 7.1 on the Richter scale. How much greater was the internsity of the 1906
earthquake than that of the 1989 earthquake?

Solution:
I
R = log
I0
In 1906: I
8.3 = log
I0
I
10 8.3 =
I0
In 1989:
I
7.1 = log
I0
I
10 7.1 =
I0
10 8.3
N = 7.1 = 15.85
10
N = 16 times stronger than 1989 earthquake
problem
Five milligrams of dye are injected into the pulmonary artery. Find the cardiac
output of the heart over a period of 30 sec. if the concentration of the dye is
5
⎛ 1 ⎞ R=
30 ⎛ 1 ⎞
c(t) = -⎜
⎝ 100 ⎟⎠
t(t - 30) milligrams per liter. Hint
∫0 - ⎜⎝ 100 ⎟⎠ t(t - 30)dt

Solution:
30 1
∫0 100 t(t - 30)dt
-

30 1 2
∫ 0
-
100
(t - 30t)dt
30
1 ⎡ t3 2
⎤
=- ⎢ - 15 t ⎥
100 ⎣ 3 ⎦0
1 ⎡ (30)3 2
⎤
=- ⎢ - 15(30) ⎥
100 ⎣ 3 ⎦
= 45
5
R=
45
1
R= liters/sec
9
1
R = (60)
9
R = 6.67 liters/minute
problem
A tennis ball is thrown vertically downward from a height of 54 ft with an initial
velocity of 8 fps. What Is the impact velocity of it hits a 6 ft. tall person on the
head?

Solution:

V22 = V12 + 2aS

V22 = (8)2 + 2(32)(48)
V2 = 56 fps
PROBLEM
A hemispherical tank of radius 20 ft. is filled with water to a 15 ft. depth. Find the
work done in pumping at all the water to a point 10 ft. above the hemispherical
tank.

Solution:

20
Work = ∫ πx 2 dy(10 + y)(62.4)
5

x 2 + y 2 = (20)2
x 2 = 400 - y 2
20
work = 62.4 π ∫ (400 - y 2 )(10 + y)dy
5
20
work = 62.4 π ∫ (4000 - 10y 2 + 400y - y 3 )dy
5
20
⎡⎛ 10y
3
400y
2
y ⎞⎤
4

work = 62.4 π ⎢⎜ 4000y - + - ⎟⎥

⎣⎝ 3 2 4 ⎠ ⎦5
work = 13,508,063 ft. lb.

\
problem
A cable weighing 6 lb/ft. is connected a construction elevator weighing 1500 lb.
Find the work done in lifting the elevator to a height of 500 ft.

Solution:

wt. of elevator = 1500

wt. of cable = 6(500 - x)
500
Work = ∫ ⎡⎣1500 + 6(500 - x) ⎤⎦ dx
0
500
Work = ∫ (4500 - 6x)dx
0
500
⎡ 6x ⎤ 2
Work = ⎢ 4500x - ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦0
Work = 1,500,000 ft. lb.
problem
A projectile is shot vertically upward from ground level with an initial velocity of 49 m/sec.

À What is the velocity at t = 2 sec?

Á What is the maximum height attained by the projectile?
 How long is the projectile in the air?
à What is its impact velocity?

Solution:
À Velocity at t = 2 sec.
V2 = V1 ± gt
V2 = 49 – 9.80(2)
V2 = 29. 4 m/s
V3
Á Max. height attained by the projectile
V32 = V12 – 2gh
0 = (49)2 – 2(9.80)h
h = 122.5 m.

 Time the projectile is in the air

V3 = V1 – gt1
0 = 49 – 9.80t1
t1 = 5 sec.
h = ½ gt22
122.5 = ½ (9.80)t22
t2 = 5 sec.
Total time the projectile is in the air:
t = t1 + t2
t=5+5
t = 10 sec.

à Impact velocity
V4 = V3 – gt
V4 = 0 – 9.8(5)
V4 = - 49 m/s
V42 = V32 – 2gh
(V4)2 = 0 + 2(9.8)(122.5)
V4 = - 49 m/s
problem
Find the average value of f(x) = x2 on [0, 3]

Solution:
1 b
b - a ∫a
A(f) = f(x)dx

1 3 3
3 - 0 ∫0
A(f) = x dx

3
1 ⎡ x3 ⎤
A(f) = ⎢ ⎥
3 ⎣ 3 ⎦0

A(f) = 3
problem
Determine the value of x in the interval [0, 3] that corresponds to the average of
the function f(x) = x2

Solution:
f(x) = x 2
f(c) = c 2
1 3 2
A(f) =
3-0 ∫0
x dx
3
1 ⎡ x3 ⎤
A(f) = ⎢ ⎥
3 ⎣ 3 ⎦0

A(f) = 3

f(x) = A(f)
f(c) = 3 = c 2

c= 3
problem
Find the height f(c) of rectangle so that the area A under the graph of y = x2 + 1 on [-2, 2] is
the same as f(c) = [2 - (- 2)] = 4 f(c).

Solution:
2
A=∫ -2
ydx
2
A=∫ (x 2+ 1)dx
-2
2
⎡ x3 ⎤
A = ⎢ + x⎥
⎣3 ⎦- 2
28
A=
3
4f(c) = 4(c 2 + 1)
28
4(c 2 + 1) =
3
7
c 2+ 1 =
3
2
3c + 3 = 7
3c 2 = 4
2
c=
3
f(c) = c 2+ 1
2
⎛ 2 ⎞
f(c) = ⎜ +1
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
4
f(c) = +1
3
7
f(c) =
3
problem
Initially, the number of bacteria present in a culture is No At t = 1 hour the number
of bacteria is measured to be 3/2 No. If the rate of growth is assumed to be
proportional to the number of bacteria present, determine the time necessary for
the number of bacteria to triple.

Solution:
N(t) = c ekt
when t = 0
N(0) = c e 0
N(0) = c
N(t) = No ekt
when t = 1
3
N(1) = No
2
3
No = No ek(1)
2
3
ek =
2
⎛ 3⎞
k In e = In ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
k = 0.4055
problem
A fossilized bone is found to contain 1/1000 the original amount of C – 14.
Determine the age of the fossil if the halflife of the radio active C – 14 is 5600
years.

Solution:
A(t) = A o ekt
1
when t = 5600 A(t) = Ao
2
1
A o = A o ek(5600)
2
1
In = 5600 k In e
2
k = - 0.00012378
1
when A(t) = Ao
1000
Ao
= A o ekt
1000
1
= e - 0.00012378t
1000
⎛ 1 ⎞
In ⎜ ⎟ = - 0.00012378t In e
⎝ 1000 ⎠
t = 55,800 years
problem
Initially 50 lb. of salt is dissolved in a large tank holding a 300 gallons of water. A
brine solution is pumped into the tank at a rate of 3 gal/min, and the well stirred
solution is ten pumped out at the same rate. If the concentration of the solution
entering is 2 lb/gal.
 Determine the amount of salt in the tank at anytime.
 How much salt is present after 50 min?
 How much salt is present after a longtime?

Solution:
 Amount of salt in the tank at anytime:
dA
= rate of substance entering
dt
- rate of substance leaving.
Rate of substance entering
= 3 gal/min (2) lb/gal = 6 lb/min
dA ⎛ A ⎞
= 3(2) - 3 ⎜
dt ⎝ 300 ⎟⎠
dA A
=6-
dt 100
dA A
+ =6
dt 100

When A = 0
d(e t/100 A) t/100
= 6e
dt
e t/100 A = 600 e t/100 + c
A = 600 + c e -t/100
 Salt present after 50 min.
When A = 50
t=0
50 = 600 + c e 0
c = 50 - 600
c = - 550
when t = 50
A = 600 + (- 550) e - 50/100
A = 266.41 lb.

 Salt present after a longtime

When t = α A = 600 + (- 550)e-
α
A = 600 +0
A = 600 lb
problem
Find the slope of the tangent to the graph of r = 4 Sin 3q at q = π/6.

Solution:
r Cos q = x
r Sin q = y

x = r Cos q
x = 4 Sin 3q Cos q
y = r Sin q
y = 4 Sin 3q Sin q

dy dy / dθ
= = slope
dx dx / dθ
dy
= 4 Sin 3θ Cos θ
dθ
dx
= - 4 Sin 3θ Cos θ
dθ
dy 4 Sin 3θ Cos θ
= = - Cot θ
dx - 4 Sin 3θ Cos θ
dy
Slope =
dx
⎛ π⎞
Slope = - Cot ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6⎠
Slope = - Cot 30˚
Slope = - 3
problem
Find a polar equation that has the same graph as the parabola x2 = 8(2 – y).

Solution:
x2 = 8(2 – y)
x2 = 16 – 8y
x = r Cos q
y = r Sin q
r2 Cos2 q = 16 – 8(r) Sin q
r2 (1 – Sin2 q) = 16 – 8r Sin q
r2 – r2 Sin2 q = 16 – 8r Sin q
r2 = r2 Sin2 q – 8r Sin q +16
r2 = (r Sin q - 4)2
x
r = - (r Sin q - 4)
Using negative value
r = - (r Sin q - 4)
r + r Sin q = 4
r (1 + Sin q) = 4
4
𝑟=
1 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛q
problem
If 20% of a radioactive substance disappears in one year, find its half-life T.

Solution:
y = yo ekt
0.80 yo = yo ek(1)
0.80 = ek
k = ln 0.80
k = ln (4/5)
k = ln 4 – ln 5
y = yo ekt
½ yo = yo ekt
½ = ekt
ln ½ = kt ln e

t=
ln ()
1
2

k
t = 3.1063 yrs.
problem
Assume that the number of bacteria in a culture grows exponentially with a growth
constant of 0.02, time being measured in hours. Although the number of bacteria
must be a nonnegative integer, the assumption that the number is a continuous
quantity always seems to lead to results that are experimentally verified.

 How many bacteria will be present after 1 hour if there are initially 1000?
 Given the same initial bacteria, in how many hours will there be 100,000
bacteria?

Solution:
 No. of bacteria present after 1 hour if there are initially 1000
y = yo ekt
y = 1000 e0.02t
y = 1000 e0.02(1)
y = 1020.2 say 1020

 No. of hours so that there will be 100,000 bacteria

y = 1000 ekt
100000 = 1000 e0.02t
ln (100) = 0.02t ln e
t = 230.26 hours
problem
The rate of change of the temperature of an object is proportional to the difference
between the objects temperature and the temperature of the surrounding medium.
Assume that a refrigerator is maintained at a constant temperature of 45˚F and
that an object having a temperature of 80˚F is placed inside the refrigerator. If the
temperature of the object drops from 80˚F to 70˚F in 15 minutes, how long will it
take for the object’s temperature to decrease to 60˚F?

Solution:
y = yo ekt y = 35 ekt
yo = 80 – 45 y = 60 – 35
yo = 35 y = 25

25 = 35 ekt
25 = 35 ek(15)
0.714286 = e15k
In 0.714286 = 15 k In e
k = - 0.02243148
when the temperature is 60˚F
y = 60 – 45
y = 15
y = yo ekt
15 = 35 e-0.02243148t
t = 37.7727 minutes
problem
A solid has a circular base of diameter 40 cm. Find the volume of the solid if
every section perpendicular to a fixed diameter is an isosceles right triangle.

Solution:

20 2y(y)
V = 2 ∫ dx dx
0 2
20
V = 2 ∫ y 2 dx
0

( )
20 2
V =2 ∫ 400 - x dx
0
20
⎛ x3 ⎞
V = 2 ⎜ 400 - ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠0
⎡ (20)3 ⎤
V = 2 ⎢ 400(20) - ⎥
⎣ 3 ⎦
V = 10666.67 cu.units
problem
Find the work done by a constant force F = 2i + 4j if its point of application to a
block moves from P1(1, 1) to P2(4, 6). Assume that |F| is measured in newtons
and |d| is measured in meters.

Solution:
d = (4 – 1)i + (6 – 1)j
d = 3i + 5j
work = F • d

work = (2i + 4j) • (3i + 5j)

work = 2(3) + 4(5)
work = 26 N.m
problem
+
If a = 10i + 2j – 6k and 𝑏 = − + 4𝑗 − 3𝑘. Find the dot product a • b.
,

Solution:
a = 10i + 2j – 6k
𝑖
𝑏 = − + 4𝑗 − 3𝑘
2
1
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 10 4− 5 + 2(4) + (−6)(−3)
2
a • b = - 5 + 8 + 18
a • b = 21
problem
Find the angle between a = 2i + 3j + k and b = - i + 5j + k.

Solution:
𝑎•𝑏
𝐶𝑜𝑠 q =
|𝑎 | |𝑏|
a = 2i + 3j + k
b = - i + 5j + k
a • b = 2(-1) + 3(5) + 1(1)
a • b = 14
|𝑎| = ?(2), + (2), + (2),
|𝑎| = √14

|𝑏| = ?(−1), + (5), + (1),

|𝑏| = √27
𝑎•𝑏
𝐶𝑜𝑠 q =
|𝑎 | |𝑏|
14
𝐶𝑜𝑠 q =
√14 • √27
q = 44.9˚
problem
Find the direction cosines and direction angles of the vector
a = 2i + 5j + 4k

Solution:
|a| = (2)2 + (5)2 + (4)2
|a| = 3 5
Direction cosines:
2
Cos α =
3 5
5
Cos β =
3 5
4
Cos y =
3 5
Direction angles:
2
Cos α =
3 5
α = 72.7˚
5
Cos β =
3 5
β = 41.8˚
4
Cos y =
3 5
y = 53.4˚
check:
Cos 2α + Cos 2β + Cos 2 y = 1
4 25 16
+ + =1
45 45 45
problem
If a = 4i – 2j + 5k and b = 3i + j – k, find a x b

Solution:
a = 4i - 2j + 5k
b = 3i = j - k
i j k i j
axb= 4 -2 5 4 -2
3 1 -1 3 1
a x b = (2i + 15j + 4k) - (- 6k + 5i - 4j)
a x b = - 3i + 19j + 10k
problem
Find the directional derivative of f(x, y) = 2x2 y3 + 6xy at (1, 1), in
the direction of a unit vector whose angle with the positive x-axis is
π/6

Solution:
f(x, y) = 2x 2 y 3 + 6 x y
∂f
= 4xy 2 + 6y
∂x
∂f
= 6x 2 y 2 + 6x
∂x
Vf(x, y) = (4xy 3 + 6y)i + (6x 2 y 2 + 6x)j
Vf(1, 1) = (4 + 6) i + (6 = 6) j
Vf(1, 1) = 10i + 12 j
Now at θ = π/6
u= Cosø i + Sin θ j
u = Cos π/6 i + Sin π/6 j
3 1
u= i + j
2 2
Directional derivative:
Duf(1, 1) = VF(1, 1) • u
⎛ 3 1⎞
Duf(1, 1) = (10i + 12j) ⎜ i + j⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠

Duf(1, 1) = 5 3 + 6 (directional derivative)

problem
A machine is to be purchased for P155,000 it has an estimated life of 8 years and
a salvage value of P6000. A sinking fund is to be established so money will be
available to purchase a replacement when the first machine wears out at the end
of 8 years. An amount of P13,030 is to be deposited at the end of each year
during the lifetime of the first machine into this sinking fund. What interest rate (%)
that this fund must earn to produce sufficient fund to purchase the replacement
machine at the end of 8 years?

Solution:
F = 155,000 - 6000
F = 149,000
A[(1 + i)n - 1]
F= i
13.030[(1 + i)8 - 1]
149,000 =
i
Solving for i:
i = 10%
problem
A new bridge connecting Dumaguete City and Santander with a 100-year life
expected to have an initial cost of $20 million. This bridge must be resurfaced
every five years, at a cost of 1 million. The annual inspection and operating costs
are estimated to be $50,000. Determine the present-worth cost of the bridge using
the capitalized equivalent approach (i.e. take the life of the bridge as infinite). The
interest rate is 10% per year, compounded annually.

Solution:
Rebuilt Cost O.C.
Pr esent Worth (Capitalize Equivalent) = F.C + +
n
(1 + i) - 1 i
1,000,000 50,000
Pr esent Worth (Capitalize Equivalent) = 20,000,000 + +
5
(1.10) - 1 0.10
Pr esent Worth = $ 22,137,974.81
problem
ABC Corporation has decided to sell $1000 bonds, which will pay semiannual
dividends of $20 (2% per period) and will mature in 5 years. The bonds are sold at
$830, but after broker’s fees and other expenses the company ends up receiving
$760. What is the company’s cost of the capital raised through the sale of these
bonds?
Solution:
P = P1 + P2
20[1 + i)10 - 1] 1000
760 = +
(1 + i)10 i (1 + i)10
Solving for i:
i = 5.17% (semi - annual)
i' = (1 + i)n - 1
i' = (1.0517)2 - 1
i' = 10.61%
problem
The proposal of Mutual Savings Fund will cost P500,000. The benefits at the end
of the first year are estimated to be P100,000, increasing P10,000 per year in
subsequent years. Assuming a 12% interest rate, with no salvage value and an 8-
year analysis period, compute the benefit cost ratio.
Present worth gradient series factor (P/G, 12%, 8) = 14.471
Present worth factor (uniform series) (P/A, 12%, 8) = 4.9676
Capital recovery factor (uniform series) (A/P, 12%, 8) = 0.2013
Sinking fund factor (uniform series) (A/F, 12%, 8) = 0.0813

Solution:
Present = 500,000
Present Worth Benefits = P1 + P2
P1
= 4.9676
A
P1 = 4.9676(100,000)
P1 = 496,760
P2
= 14.471
G
P2 = 14.471(10,000)
P2 = 144,710
PT = 496,760 + 144,710
PT = 641,470
641,470
Benefit Cost Ratio =
500,000
BCR = 1.28
problem
The average score for Mathematics test is 77 and the standard deviation is 8.
Compute the probability that any one student scored between 61 and 63.

Solution:
This is a special case. The difference from the mean is 2 times the standard
deviation.

Probability = 95.4%

61 77 93
16 16
2σ 2σ
problem
From the given data of a distribution of breakdown per week of a certain machine,
determine the number of times this machine is expected to breakdown per week
over a period of time.

Probability Breakdown/week
0.11 0
0.18 1
0.26 2
0.35 3
0.42 4

Solution:
P B PB
0.11 0 0
0.18 1 0.18
0.26 2 0.52
0.35 3 1.05
0.42 4 1.68
∑PB = 3.43

No. of times this machine is expected to breakdown/week = 3.43

problem
About 68.2% of the scores fall within the normal curve, which ranges from 50 to
80 and is symmetric about the mean. What is the standard deviation of the scores
in this distribution?

Solution:
Since the scores falls on a 68.2% range, then the distance
from the mean are equal to one deviation from mean value.
80 - 50
Standard deviation = = 15
2

50 µ 80
15 15
σ σ
problem
What are the marginal and weighted average cost of capital for a manufacturing
firm whose capital structure [Kester] can be broken down as follows:
• $75M from bonds at 9% on average
• $125M from loans at 11% on average
• $200M from stock estimated at 14%
• $150M from retained earnings estimated at 14%

Solution:
75(0.09) + 125(0.11) + 200(0.14) + 150(0.14)
Weighted Ave. Cost of Capital (WACC) =
75 + 125 + 200 + 150
WACC = 12.6%
problem
The inflation-adjusted cost of accounting services was calculated for 5 years.
These costs begin at $20000 per year. They inflate at 6% per year and the
economy’s inflation rate is 4%. Thus the differential inflation rate was 2% per year.
If the engineering firm’s interest rate is a real 8%, calculate the present worth of
these services over the next 5 years.

Solution:

Year Constant cash flow Present worth

20000
1 20000 1
= 18519
(1.08)

20400
2 20000(1.02) = 20400 = 17490
(1.08)2

20808
3 20400(1.02) = 20808 = 16518
(1.08)3

21224
4 20808(1.02) = 21224 4
= 15600
(1.08)

21649
5 21224(1.02) = 21649 = 14734
(1.08)5

Total PW = 18519 + 17490 + 16518 + 15600 + 14734

Total PW = $82,860
problem
A man deposit P100,000 for one year which pays 6% interest
annually. He has a taxable income and the bank charges a
withholding tax of 20% incremental income tax rate. Compute the
after tax rate of return of his deposit ?

Solution:
Taxable income = 100,000 (.06) = P6,000
Income tax = 0.20 (6,000) = P1,200
After tax income = 6,000 - 1,200 = P4,800
4 800 x 100
After tax rate of return = 100 000
After tax rate of return = 4.8%
problem
The new model of the lathe machine (200LX) cost P200,000 to buy and P30,000
per year to operate will save labor expenses of P65,000 per year for 8 years. The
machine will be purchased if its salvage value at the end of 8 years is sufficiently
large to make the investment economically attractive. If the interest rate of 10% is
used, compute the minimum salvage value.

Solution: S.V.

A A A A A A A A =35,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

P=200,000

AA==65,000
65,000 -–30,000
30,000
AA== 35,000
35,000
A ⎡⎣(1 + i)n - 1⎤⎦ S.V.
P= +
(1 + i)n i (1 + i)n
35,000 ⎡⎣(1.10)8 - 1⎤⎦ S.V.
200,000 = +
(1.10)8 (0.10) (1.10)8
S.V.
13,277.58 =
(1.10)8
S.V. = P28,462
problem
Alice is a recent chemical engineering graduate. One of her first jobs is to
calculate a large pump’s cost using the following data. The first cost will be
$54,000, the annual operating costs for energy and maintenance will be $18,000,
the expected life is 10 years, the expected salvage value is 0, and the firm’s
interest rate is 9%. What is the equivalent annual cost (EAC)?

Solution:
(FC - SV)i
EAC = (FC)i + n
+ O.C.
(1 + i) - 1
(54,000 - 0)(0.09)
EAC = 54,000(0.09) + 10
+ 18,000
(1 + 0.09) - 1
EAC = $26,414
problem
A new landfill site is being considered. It would save the citizens of Shady Acres
$250,000 per year in the fees they pay a private firm for garbage pickup. The
citizens, who live near the road to the landfill site, and especially those who live
closest to the site, are not supportive. A local university economist has estimated
the disbenefits of truck traffic, noise and odor to be $120,000 per year. The new
landfill will cost $2.4 million and it will last 40 years. Shady Acres uses an interest
rate of 6%. Calculate the benefit/cost ratio using equivalent annual measures.

Solution:
Equivalent annual cost of the new landfill:

A ⎡⎣(1 + i)n - 1⎤⎦

P=
(1 + i)n i
A ⎡⎣(1.06)40 - 1⎤⎦
2400000 =
(1.06)40 (0.06)
A = $159,600 (annual cost)

Benefit of annual savings:

A = 250000 – 120000
A = $130000 annual benefit

130000
Benefit cost ratio = = 0.815 (The landfill is not attractive.)
159600
problem
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f(x) = Sin x at x = π/2 and x =
4π/3

Solution:

y = Sin x
y' = Cos x
0 = Cos x
π
x=
2
π
Slope at x = = 0
2
4π
y' = Cos y' = Cos 240˚
3
1
y' = -
2
4π 1
The slope at x = =-
3 2
problem
A particle moves in a horizontal line according to S = f(t) = t4 – 6t3 + 12 t2 – 10t +
3. Find the total distance traveled in the first 3 seconds of motion.

Solution:
When t = 0,
S = 04 - 6(0)3+12(0)2 - 10(0) + 3
S = 3 The particle is 3 units to the right of O

When t = 3,
S = (3)4 - 6(3)3+12(3)2 - 10(3) + 3
27 27
S= the particle has moved units
16 16
to the right.

27 27 51
Total distance traveled = 3 + + =
16 16 8
problem

The function V(r) = 2.5r can be used to estimate the maximum safe velocity V in
kilometers per hour at which a car can travel if it is driven along a curved road.
Find the max. safe speed if a clover leaf exit on an expressway has a radius of
curvature of 300 meters.

Solution:
V(r) = 2.5r
V(r) = 2.5(300)
V(r) = 27.4 kph
problem
A right circular cone having a radius r and a height of h. If the radius of a cone is
increased by 2.7% and its height reduced by 0.9%, determine the approximate
percentage change in volume.

Solution:
V1 = π r2 h
V2 = π(1.027r)2(0.991h)
V2 = π(1.045)r2 h
V2 = 1.045V1
Approximate percentage change in volume = 4.5%
problem
The cost C to produce x sim cards is C = 100 + 20x. The sim cards are sold
wholesale for P24 each, so revenue R is given by R = 24x. Find how many sim
cards the manufacturer needs to produce and sell to break even.

Solution:
C = 100 + 20x
R = 24x
R = C(24)
24x = (100 + 20x)
4x = 100
x = 25 sim cards
problem
A rectangle has its length equal to (5x + 2) millimeters, find its width if it has an
area of (15x2 – 29x – 14) square millimeters.

Solution:
A = LW
15x 2 - 29x - 14 = (5x + 2)W
15x 2 - 29x - 14
W=
5x + 2
(3x - 7)(5x + 2)
W=
(5x + 2)
W = (3x - 7) in.
problem
It is now 3 p.m., Saturday March 24, 2018. In how many minutes after 3 p.m. will
the hands of a clock be perpendicular to each other for the first time after 3 p.m?

Solution:
x
x = 15 + 15 +
12
x = 32.73 min.
problem
Escape velocity is the minimum speed that an object must reach to escape the
2Gm
v=
pull of a planet’s gravity. Escape velocity v is given by the equation r ,
where m is the mass of the planet, r is its radius, and G is the universal
gravitational constant, which has a value of G = 6.67 x 10-11 m3/kg•s2. The mass
of Earth is 5.97 x 1024 kg, and its radius is 6.37 x 106 m. Use this information to
find the escape velocity for Earth in meters per second.

Solution:
2Gm
V=
r
2(6.67) x 10 -11 (5.97) x 10 24
V=
6.37 x 10 6
V = 11181.38 m / s
problem
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming.
Partially due to the combustion of fossil fuel, the amount of CO2 in Earth’s
atmosphere has been increasing by 0.5% annually over the past century. In 2000,
the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere was 369.4 parts per million by
volume. To make the following predictions, use y = 369.4(1.005)t where y is the
concentration of CO2 in parts per million by volume and t is the number of years
after 2000.
Predict the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere in the year 2015.

Solution:
g = 369.4(1.005)t
g = 369.4(1.005)15
g = 398.10
problem
A cube has a volume of 27,000 cm3. The cube is cut by a plane containing two
diagonally opposite edges of the cube. Find the area of the section thus formed in
sq.cm.

Solution:
V = 27000
x3 = 27000
x = 30
Area of section formed:
A = 30 2 (30)
A = 1273 cm2
problem
The surface area of a sphere is 900π sq.cm. What is the ratio of the area of
ozone of the second segment to that of the first if the altitude of the first segment
is 6 cm?

Solution:
Area of zone = 2π r h
2π r (24)
Ratio = 2π r (6)
Ratio = 4
Ratio is 4:1
problem
The surface area of a sphere is 900π sq.cm. If the volume of water in the tank is
1470.265 cu.cm, determine the depth of water in the tank.

Solution:
A = 4π r2
900π = 4π r2
r = 15
π h2
V = 3 (3R - h)
π h2
1470.265 = 3 [(3)(15) - h]

Try h = 6
π (6)2
V = 3 [3(15) - 6]
V = 1470.265
Use h = 6 cm.
problem
The product of the sides of the triangle (AB)(BC)(CA) is 51840. If the area of the
triangle ABC is equal to 539.32 sq.m., find the distance from the vertex A to the
intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the triangle.
B
Solution:
abc
A△ =
4r
A r
51840
539.32 = C
4r
r = 24.03 m
problem
The area of square ABCD is equal to 100 sq.cm. EFGH is another square inside
the square ABCD which forms four identical trapezoids in between the two
squares which has an area of 16 cm2 each. EF is parallel to AB and HE is parallel
to AD. Find the altitude of each trapezoids formed between the two squares.

Solution:
Area of all trapezoid :
(x + 10) 10
A= (h)(4)
2 h h
A = 100 - x 2 E x F
h h
(x + 10)
h = 16
2
32 x x 10
h=
x + 10
(x + 10) h H G h
h(4) = 100 - x 2 x
2 h h
(x + 10)(32)(4)
= 100 - x 2
(x + 10)(2)
100 - x 2 = 64
x 2 = 36
x=6
32
h= = 2 cm
6 + 10
problem
A lot has a frontage of 120 m. long along a road. The other sides which are both
perpendicular to the road are 90 m. and 60 m. respectively. It is desired to
subdivide the lot into two parts by another perpendicular line to the road such that
the area of the lot that adjoins the 90 m. side is equal to 1/3 of the whole area.
Determine the length of the dividing line.
b1=60
Solution:
nb12 + mb22
x= m=2
m+n
1(60)2 + 2(90)2 120
x= x
2+1
n=1
x = 81.24 m.
b2=90
problem
A square section ABCD has one of its sides equal to “a”. Point E is inside the
square forming an equilateral triangle BEC having one side equal to the side of
the square. Compute the value of angle DEC.

A a D
Solution: 75˚
θ
E 75˚
75˚ 75˚
2q + 30˚ = 180 60˚

q = 75˚ a
a
a

Angle DEC = 75˚ 30˚

30˚
60˚ 60˚
B a C
problem
A curve having a radius of 10 m. is to be constructed from the corners of a square lot having
sides equal to 10 m. Compute the area between the square and the areas bounded by the
curve.

Solution: B 5 E 5 C
Area between square and areas bounded by
the curve: F
5

5
Sin q = 100
q = 30˚ y=8.66
10
y2 = (10)2 - (5)2 θ
y = 8.66
8.66(5) π(10)2 (30˚) A D
Area EFC =5(10)- 2 - 360˚
Area EFC = 2.17 m2

Area between square and areas bounded by the curve = 8(2.17) = 17.36 m2
problem
What is the ratio of the area to the perimeter of an ellipse 9x2 + 25y2 = 225?

Solution:
9x 2 + 25y 2 = 225
x2 y2
+ =1
25 9
a=5
b=3
A = πab
A = π(5)(3) = 15π
a 2 + b2
Perimeter = 2π
2
25 + 9
Perimeter = 2π
2
Perimeter = 8.246 π
15π
Ratio = = 1.82
8.246π
problem
An ellipse has an eccentricity of 1/3 and the distance between the foci is equal to
4. Compute the length of the latus rectum.

Solution:
2c = 4
c=2
c=ae
⎛ 1⎞
2 = a⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
a=6
a 2 = b2 + c 2
(6)2 = b 2 + (2)2
b 2 = 32
2b 2
L=
a
2(32)
L= = 10.67
6
problem
A spherical balloon is inflating at a rate of 27π in3/sec. How fast is the radius of
the balloon increasing when the radius is 3 inches?
Solution:
4
V= π r3
3
dv 4 ( 2 ) dr
= π 3r
dt 3 dt
4 dr
27π = π ⎡⎣ 3(3)2 ⎤⎦
3 dt
dr 3
=
dt 4
problem
Oil spilled from a tanker spreads in a circle whose circumference increases at a
rate of 40 ft/sec. How fast is the area of the spill increasing when the
circumference of the circle is 100π ft?

Solution:
C = πd
πd2
A=
4
dA π dd
= (2d)
dt 4 dt
dC dd
=π
dt dt
⎛ dd ⎞
40 = π ⎜ ⎟
⎝ dt ⎠
dd 40
=
dt π
100π = πd
d = 100
dA π ⎛ 40 ⎞
= (2)(100) ⎜ ⎟
dt 4 ⎝ π⎠
dA
= 2000 ft / s
dt
problem
A particle moves according to the parametric equations x = t3 and y = 2t2, where t
is in seconds and x and y are in meters. What is the distance covered by the
particle when t = 2 sec.?

Solution:
x = t3 y = 2t 2
dx dy
= 3t 2 = 4t
dt dt
dx = 3t 2 dt dy = 4t dt
dS = (dx)2 + (dy)2
dS = (3t 2 dt)2 + (4t dt)2
dS = 9t 4 + 16t 2 dt
dS = 9t 2 + 16 tdt
1
S=
18 ∫ (9t 2 + 16)1/2 18t dt
t
⎡1 (9t 2 + 16)3/2 ⎤
S = ⎢ (2) ⎥
⎣ 18 3 ⎦0
1 ⎡ 2 3/2 ⎤
t
S= (9t + 16)
27 ⎣ ⎦0
when t = 2 sec.
1
S = ⎧⎨ ⎡⎣(9)(2)2 + 16 ⎤⎦ - (0 + 16)3/2 ⎫⎬
3/2

27 ⎩ ⎭
1 ⎡ 3/2 3/2 ⎤
S= (36 + 16) - (16)
27 ⎣ ⎦
S = 11.5177 m
problem
A boat is being pulled toward a dock by a rope attached to its bow through a
pulley on the dock 7 feet above the bow. If the ropes hauled in at a rate of 4ft/sec,
how fast is the boat approaching the dock when 25 feet of rope is out?

Solution:

y
y 2 = (7)2 + x 2 7 ft.
dy dx
2y = 0 + 2x
dt dt water

@ y = 25
x
2 2
x = (25) - (7) = 24
dx
2(25)(4) = 2(24)
dt
dx 25
=
dt 6
problem
Find the moment of inertia with respect to x-axis of the region in the first quadrant,
which bounded by the curve y2 = 4x, the line y = 2 and the y-axis.

Solution:
I = Ad2
y2
I = ∫ xdy(y 2 )
y1

2 y2 2
I= ∫ (y )dy
0 4
I = 1.6
problem
A circular hole 4 inches in diameter and 1 feet deep in a metal block is rebored to
increase the diameter to 4.12 inches. Estimate the amount of metal removed.

Solution:
π(d12 - d22 )h
Vremoved =
4
π(4.122 - 4 2 )(12)
Vremoved =
4
Vremoved = 2.88!
problem
A projectile is shot vertically upward from ground level with an initial velocity of 49
m/s. What is the impact velocity when it touches the ground?

Solution:
Vf 2 = Vo2 + 2as
Vf 2 = (49)2 + 2(9.81)(0)
Vf = ± 49m/s
∴ Vf = - 49 m / s (downward)
problem
A contractor bought a transit concrete mixer. There will be no maintenance cost the first
year as it was sold with one-year free maintenance. In the second year, the maintenance is
estimated at P1,000. In subsequent years, the maintenance cost will increase P1,000 per
year (that is the 3rd maintenance will be P2,000, 4th year maintenance will be P3,000 and so
forth). What amount that must be set aside not at 6% interest to pay the maintenance costs
on the concrete mixer for the first 6 years of ownership?

Solution: 5000
4000
P (1 + i)n n
= 2 - 3000
G i (1 + i)n i(1 + i)n 2000
1000
P (1 + 0.06)6 6
= -
1000 (0.06)2 (1 + 0.06)6 0.06(1 + 0.06)6
0 1 2 3 4 5
P = P11,459.35
problem
The vertices of a triangle are at A(1, 2), B(3, 8) and C(8, - 1). Locate the point of
intersection of its medians.

Solution:
Note: Point of intersection of medians = centroid of the triangle
x1 + x2 + x3
= 3
1+3+8
= 3 =4
y1 + y2 + y3
= 3
2 + 8 + (- 1)
= 3 =3
Centroid is at (4, 3)