INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA

KULLIYYAH OF ENGINEERING

ECOM 4311
ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION
SEMESTER 2, 2022/2023 SESSION

ASSIGNMENT – ANTENNA ARRAY

DESIGN AND CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF LINEAR ARRAY

NAME AINAA MAISARAH BINTI SHAMSUL KAMAL

MATRIC NO. 1926418

SECTION NO. 1

NAME OF LECTURER PROF DR MD RAFIQUL ISLAM

1) Plot the two-dimensional polar patterns and analyze your observation of the following
Antenna Arrays:

a. Spacing effects b. Phase shift effects c. Number of elements effects

a. Two infinitesimal short dipole antenna fed by Equal Amplitude and Phase
but Spacing d varies as follows:
i. d = λ/8
ii. d = λ/2
iii. d = 3λ/4
iv. d = λ
v. d = 4λ

b. Two isotropic sources fed by Equal Amplitude and Spacing d = λ/2 but
Phase differences are as follows:
i. β = ±π/8
ii. β = ±π/4
iii. β = ±π/2
iv. β = ±3π/4
v. β = ±π

c. Linear array of infinitesimal short dipole antennas fed by Equal Amplitude

and Phase and Spacing d = λ/2 but the number of dipoles in arrays are as
follows:
i. N = 2
ii. N = 4
iii. N = 8
iv. N = 12
v. N = 16

2) Formula:
𝑛𝑑
a. For two isotropic arrays, AF = cos [β + cos 𝜃]
𝜆
𝑛𝑑
1 sin⁡(𝑁⁡ 𝜆 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
b. For N number of linear isotropic arrays, AF = 𝑁 sin⁡(⁡𝑛𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝜆
c. For dipole antenna array E(total) = 𝐸𝑑 × AF = cos 𝜃 × AF
i. For Two infinitesimal short dipole antenna fed by Equal Amplitude and Phase but
Spacing d = λ/8
Two isotropic sources fed by Equal Amplitude and Spacing d = λ/2 but Phase differences:
β = ±π/8

Linear array of infinitesimal short dipole antennas fed by Equal Amplitude and Phase and
Spacing d = λ/2 but the number of dipoles in arrays: N = 2

Coding:
% Parameters
lambda = 1; % Wavelength
theta = linspace(0, 2*pi, 1000); % Angle range

% Two infinitesimal short dipole antennas with varying spacing

d = lambda/8;

% Calculate array factors

AF1 = cos(2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta));

% Plotting spacing effects

figure;
polarplot(theta, AF1, 'LineWidth', 2, 'DisplayName', 'd = λ/8');
hold on;
title('Spacing Effects');
legend('show');

% Two isotropic sources with varying phase differences

d = lambda/2;
beta = pi/8;

% Calculate array factors

AF2 = cos(beta + 2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta));

% Plotting phase shift effects

figure;
polarplot(theta, AF6, 'LineWidth', 2, 'DisplayName', 'β = ±π/8');
title('Phase Shift Effects');
hold on;
legend('show');

% Linear array of dipole antennas with varying number of elements

d = lambda/2;
N = 2;

% Calculate array factors

AF3 = (1/N) * (sin(N * 2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta))) ./
(sin(2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta)));

% Plotting number of elements effects

figure;
polarplot(theta, AF3, 'LineWidth', 2, 'DisplayName', 'N = 2');
title('Number of Element Effects');
hold on;
legend('show');
ii. For Two infinitesimal short dipole antenna fed by Equal Amplitude and Phase but
Spacing : d = λ/2
Two isotropic sources fed by Equal Amplitude and Spacing d = λ/2 but Phase differences:
β = ±π/4

Linear array of infinitesimal short dipole antennas fed by Equal Amplitude and Phase and
Spacing d = λ/2 but the number of dipoles in arrays: N = 4

Coding:
% Parameters
lambda = 1; % Wavelength
theta = linspace(0, 2*pi, 1000); % Angle range

% Two infinitesimal short dipole antennas with varying spacing

d = lambda/2;

% Calculate array factors

AF1 = cos(2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta));

% Plotting spacing effects

figure;
polarplot(theta, AF1, 'LineWidth', 2, 'DisplayName', 'd = λ/2');
hold on;
title('Spacing Effects');
legend('show');

% Two isotropic sources with varying phase differences

d = lambda/2;
beta = pi/4;

% Calculate array factors

AF2 = cos(beta + 2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta));

% Plotting phase shift effects

figure;
polarplot(theta, AF6, 'LineWidth', 2, 'DisplayName', 'β = ±π/4');
title('Phase Shift Effects');
hold on;
legend('show');

% Linear array of dipole antennas with varying number of elements

d = lambda/2;
N = 4;

% Calculate array factors

AF3 = (1/N) * (sin(N * 2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta))) ./
(sin(2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta)));

% Plotting number of elements effects

figure;
polarplot(theta, AF3, 'LineWidth', 2, 'DisplayName', 'N = 4');
title('Number of Element Effects');
hold on;
legend('show');
iii. For Two infinitesimal short dipole antenna fed by Equal Amplitude and Phase but
Spacing d = 3λ/4
Two isotropic sources fed by Equal Amplitude and Spacing d = λ/2 but Phase differences:
β = ±π/2

Linear array of infinitesimal short dipole antennas fed by Equal Amplitude and Phase and
Spacing d = λ/2 but the number of dipoles in arrays: N = 8

Coding:
% Parameters
lambda = 1; % Wavelength
theta = linspace(0, 2*pi, 1000); % Angle range

% Two infinitesimal short dipole antennas with varying spacing

d = (3*lambda)/4;

% Calculate array factors

AF1 = cos(2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta));

% Plotting spacing effects

figure;
polarplot(theta, AF1, 'LineWidth', 2, 'DisplayName', 'd = 3λ/4');
hold on;
title('Spacing Effects');
legend('show');

% Two isotropic sources with varying phase differences

d = lambda/2;
beta = pi/2;

% Calculate array factors

AF2 = cos(beta + 2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta));

% Plotting phase shift effects

figure;
polarplot(theta, AF6, 'LineWidth', 2, 'DisplayName', 'β = ±π/2');
title('Phase Shift Effects');
hold on;
legend('show');

% Linear array of dipole antennas with varying number of elements

d = lambda/2;
N = 8;

% Calculate array factors

AF3 = (1/N) * (sin(N * 2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta))) ./
(sin(2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta)));

% Plotting number of elements effects

figure;
polarplot(theta, AF3, 'LineWidth', 2, 'DisplayName', 'N = 8');
title('Number of Element Effects');
hold on;
legend('show');
iv. For Two infinitesimal short dipole antenna fed by Equal Amplitude and Phase but
Spacing d = λ
Two isotropic sources fed by Equal Amplitude and Spacing d = λ/2 but Phase differences:
β = ±3π/4

Linear array of infinitesimal short dipole antennas fed by Equal Amplitude and Phase and
Spacing d = λ/2 but the number of dipoles in arrays: N = 12

Coding:
% Parameters
lambda = 1; % Wavelength
theta = linspace(0, 2*pi, 1000); % Angle range

% Two infinitesimal short dipole antennas with varying spacing

d = lambda;

% Calculate array factors

AF1 = cos(2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta));

% Plotting spacing effects

figure;
polarplot(theta, AF1, 'LineWidth', 2, 'DisplayName', 'd = λ');
hold on;
title('Spacing Effects');
legend('show');

% Two isotropic sources with varying phase differences

d = lambda/2;
beta = (3*pi)/4;

% Calculate array factors

AF2 = cos(beta + 2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta));

% Plotting phase shift effects

figure;
polarplot(theta, AF6, 'LineWidth', 2, 'DisplayName', 'β = ±3π/4');
title('Phase Shift Effects');
hold on;
legend('show');

% Linear array of dipole antennas with varying number of elements

d = lambda/2;
N = 12;

% Calculate array factors

AF3 = (1/N) * (sin(N * 2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta))) ./
(sin(2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta)));

% Plotting number of elements effects

figure;
polarplot(theta, AF3, 'LineWidth', 2, 'DisplayName', 'N = 12');
title('Number of Element Effects');
hold on;
legend('show');
v. For Two infinitesimal short dipole antenna fed by Equal Amplitude and Phase but
Spacing d = 4λ
Two isotropic sources fed by Equal Amplitude and Spacing d = λ/2 but Phase differences:
β = ±π

Linear array of infinitesimal short dipole antennas fed by Equal Amplitude and Phase and
Spacing d = λ/2 but the number of dipoles in arrays: N = 16

Coding:
% Parameters
lambda = 1; % Wavelength
theta = linspace(0, 2*pi, 1000); % Angle range

% Two infinitesimal short dipole antennas with varying spacing

d = 4*lambda;

% Calculate array factors

AF1 = cos(2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta));

% Plotting spacing effects

figure;
polarplot(theta, AF1, 'LineWidth', 2, 'DisplayName', 'd = 4λ');
hold on;
title('Spacing Effects');
legend('show');

% Two isotropic sources with varying phase differences

d = lambda/2;
beta = pi;

% Calculate array factors

AF2 = cos(beta + 2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta));

% Plotting phase shift effects

figure;
polarplot(theta, AF6, 'LineWidth', 2, 'DisplayName', 'β = ±π');
title('Phase Shift Effects');
hold on;
legend('show');

% Linear array of dipole antennas with varying number of elements

d = lambda/2;
N = 16;

% Calculate array factors

AF3 = (1/N) * (sin(N * 2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta))) ./
(sin(2*pi*(d/lambda)*cos(theta)));

% Plotting number of elements effects

figure;
polarplot(theta, AF3, 'LineWidth', 2, 'DisplayName', 'N = 16');
title('Number of Element Effects');
hold on;
legend('show');