Regional Training of Trainers

on
Cross Specialization for
Grade 3-6 Teachers
in Science

February 23-26, 2021

 Session 7
Grade 4: Earth and Space

Imee D. Mantilla
Learning Facilitator
Light and Shadow
Most Essential Learning Competency
(MELC)

The learners should be able to describe the

changes in the position and length of
shadows in the surroundings as the
position of the Sun changes.

Code: S4ES-IVh-9
Objectives

At the end of the session, the participants

are expected to:

1. recall the properties of light;

2. Define what are shadows;

3. describe how shadows are formed; and

4. describe the shadow’s position and length as the

position of light source changes.
 Let’s play!

WORD
PUZZLES
 Let’s play!

COFFEE BREAK
Let’s play!

H2O (H TO O)
 Let’s play!

FALLING STAR
Let’s play!

END OF TIME
 Let’s play!

THANKS A LOT
Pretest

TRUE OR FALSE
1.A shadow is a reflection from the Sun.

2.A shadow is a relative absence of light.

3.Shadows are formed when straight light rays

are blocked by objects called opaque objects.

4.Shadows are shortest in the early morning and

in the late afternoon but longest in the midday.
Pretest

TRUE OR FALSE
5. The stronger the source of light the bigger the
shadow and the bigger the source of light the
smaller the shadow.

6. The changes in the position and length of

shadows in the surroundings depend on the
angle at which the sunlight strikes the object to
the ground.
Review on Sun’s Light
Directions: Answer the following questions.

1. What is the most

important source of light
in daytime?

2. Why is the sun’s heat

and light important?

3. How does the light of

the sun travel or move?
Review on Sources of Light
4. Are there other sources of light apart from the sun?
Can you name some materials that gives off light?
Review on Sources of Light
Review on Sources of Light
What will happen if the Sun’s light
strikes on objects?
 What will happen if the Sun’s light
strikes on objects?

Have you noticed the dark shape formed by an object

when a light is shone on it? What do you call that
dark shape?
 Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Shadow noun
shad·​ow | \ ˈsha-(ˌ)dō \

Definition of shadow
1: the dark figure cast upon a surface by a body
intercepting the rays from a source of light

2: partial darkness or obscurity within a part of

space from which rays from a source of light are cut
off by an interposed opaque body

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shadow
Today we will find out how shadows are formed
and how it changes its position and length.
Activity 1: How shadows are formed?

Objective:
Describe how shadows are formed.

Materials:

• Worksheet • 2 pcs. flashlights

• Activity notebook • Extra batteries
• Pen or pencil • Small toys
• Transparent cellophane
Activity 1: How shadows are formed?

What to do:

1. Have the children sit in a large semi-circle facing the

board. Darken the room.

2. Place the flashlight on a stool or chair at the center

of the semi-circle facing the board.

3. Hand in a small notebook to a pupil. Switch on the

flashlight and hold the notebook in front it. Let the
pupils observe and record on what they see on the
board.
Activity 1: How shadows are formed?

What to do:

4. Call another pupil to hold the notebook in front of

the flashlight and move it closer and farther away
from it. Let the pupils observe and record on what
they see on the board.

5. Hand in a transparent cellophane to another pupil

and repeat steps 3-4. Let them write their
observation in their activity notebook.
Activity 1: How shadows are formed?

What to do:

6. Place another flashlight a little distance from the

first flashlight. Call another pupil to hold again the
notebook in front of the two flashlights. Switch them
on. Let the pupils observe and record on what they
see on the board.

7. Allow other pupils to bring their toys, place it near

the flashlight, and check the images of their toys on
the board.
Activity 1: How shadows are formed?

Set-up A: Observations
A notebook
… in front of the
flashlight.
… moved closer to
the flashlight.
… moved father
or away from the
flashlight.
… in front of the
two flashlights.
Activity 1: How shadows are formed?

Set-up B: Observations
A transparent
cellophane
… in front of the
flashlight.

… moved closer
to the flashlight.

… moved father
or away from the
flashlight.
Activity 1: How shadows are formed?

Guide Questions:

1. What did you observe on the board when light

strikes a transparent cellophane?
2. What happened when you move the transparent
cellophane closer and farther away from the
flashlight?
3. What did you observe on the board when light
strikes on the notebook?
4. What happened when you move the notebook closer
and farther away from the flashlight?
Activity 1: How shadows are formed?

Guide Questions:

5. What did you observe on the board when you

turned on two or more flashlights?
6. What do you call this dark area formed on the
wall?
7. What are shadows?
8. How are shadows formed?
9. Do all objects form shadows? Why?
Types of Materials
Types of Materials
Types of Materials
 Activity 2: Pass or Not Pass
Directions: Identify the type of materials being describe
and choose its corresponding illustration.
OPAQUE
TRANSPARENT
TRANSLUCENT

Description Illustration
1. Some materials allow light to pass through
them. These are ______________
TRANSPARENT materials.

2. Some materials scatter light when light

pass through them. These are ______________
TRANSLUCENT
materials.
3. Some materials do not allow light to pass
through them. They blocked the light. These
are ______________
OPAQUE materials.
Light and Shadows
 Light and Shadows

➢ When light strikes on opaque

objects they don’t allow light to
pass through and they form
dark areas called shadows.

➢ Shadow is a dark area formed

when straight light rays are
blocked by opaque objects.

➢ So shadows are formed when This girl’s umbrella blocks

light strikes on opaque light and casts a shadow.
objects.
Light and Shadows
 Light and Shadows
Shadow is an absence of
light.
• If light cannot get through
an object, the surface on
the other side of that
object (for example, the
ground or a wall) will
have less light reaching it.

A shadow is not
a reflection, even though it
is often the same shape as
the object.
Activity 3: Why do Shadows Change in
Position and Length?

Objectives:
1. Describe the changes in the position and length of
shadows in different times of the day.
2. Explain why the position and length of the shadow
changes.

Materials:
• Worksheet • Flashlight
• Activity notebook • 1 small cylindrical object
• Pen or pencil (empty coke can, empty
• Bondpaper tissue paper roll, etc.)
Activity 3: Why do Shadows Change in
Position and Length?

What to do:
1. Let the pupils work in a small group and prepare
the materials. Darken the room.
2. On their desk, place a small cylindrical object.
3. Position the flashlight at an angle 0° with respect to
the table and 5 inches away from the object. Refer
to Figure A.
4. Switch on the flashlight. Let the pupils observe the
shadow and trace it in the bond paper. Record the
observation. Switch off the flashlight.
Activity 3: Why do Shadows Change in
Position and Length?

What to do:
5. Repeat step 3-4 by using different angles like 45°,
90°, 120°, and 180°. Record the observation and
trace the shadow on the bond paper every time you
change the angle. Refer to Figure B and Figure C.
6. Replace the paper with a new one, place it on the
table, and then set a small cylindrical object on the
paper. This time position the flashlight 12 inches
away from the object. Repeat steps 3-5.

Note: Demonstrate how to position the flashlight and trace the

shadow cast by the object.
Activity 3: Why do Shadows Change in
Position and Length?

Figure A:
Activity 3: Why do Shadows Change in
Position and Length?

Figure B:

FIGURE B
Activity 3: Why do Shadows Change in
Position and Length?

Figure C:

FIGURE C
Activity 3: Why do Shadows Change in
Position and Length?
Angle between the
flashlight and the
table
Draw the object with its shadow Observation
(5 inches from object)

0°

45°

90°

120°

180°
Activity 3: Why do Shadows Change in
Position and Length?

Guide Questions:

1. When is the shadow of the object longest? Why is

this so?
2. When is the shadow of the object shortest? Why is
this so?
3. What did you observe with the position and length of
shadows at different angles? Did the shadow stay in
one place?
Activity 3: Why do Shadows Change in
Position and Length?

4. If we imagine that the flashlight is the Sun and the

change in angles are the changes in time of the day,
how do you relate the changes in position and length
of shadows with that of the changes in the position
of the sun?
5. At what time of the day is the shadow of an object
longest?
6. What time of the day is the shadow of an object
shortest?
7. Are shadows important to us? Why?
8. What does your activity imply in your daily activities
at home?
 Sun’s Position

W E
http://nanceninjas.weebly.com/uploads/3/1/8/9/31891825/shadows2_orig.png

➢ In a day, the position of the sun in relation to the

Earth changes. This is because the Earth is
rotating on its own axis.
➢ The direction of the rays of the sun changes hence,
shadows “move” or change in position.
Shadows made by the Sun

In the morning, As the sun sets in

as the sun rises the afternoon, the
or sets in the shadow is LONG.
afternoon, it is
low on the
horizon, its light
rays are slanted
as they hit the
ground, so
longer shadows
are formed.
 Shadows made by the Sun

When the sun is

high or nearly
above the horizon,
the sunlight strikes
the ground at
nearly a right
angle, so shorter
shadows are
formed.
Shadows made by the Sun

At noontime, when the

sun is directly above the
horizon, the light rays
of the sun strike
directly above the
objects, so shortest
shadows are formed
since the shadow of
the entire body would
fit on its foot prints.
 Shadows made by the Sun

LATE AFTENOON NOON MORNING

➢ The changes in the position and length of shadows

in the surroundings depend on the angle at which
the sunlight strikes the object to the ground.
Formation of Shadows
Formation of Shadows
 Formation of Shadows

➢ Shadows can differ in shape, length, width, and

sharpness depending on:

(1) changes in the angle of the light source;

(2) the distance of the light source from the

object; and

(3) the distance from the object to the

surface upon which its shadow falls.
 Formation of Shadows

➢ The shape of the object determines the

shadows shape.

➢ When there are multiple light sources, there

can be fuzzy shadow edges and multiple
shadows including some that overlap each
other.
Abstraction
Activity 4: Where’s the Sun?

Directions: Sketch the position of the Sun in each

picture. Write the time based on the shadow. Refer to
the time below.

8:00 AM 11:00 AM
NOON 2:00 PM
4:30 PM SUNSET
Activity 4: Where’s the Sun?
Activity 5: Where’s the shadow?
Directions: In each picture, look at the position of the
Sun and draw the shadow of the tree. Then add color to
the Sun and to the tree.
Activity 6: Me and My Shadows!
Directions: Go outside the house. Make a drawing of
yourself, your shadow and the sun. Describe your shadow.
Me and My Shadows
8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 NN 2:00 PM 5:00 PM

Description
8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 NN 2:00 PM 5:00 PM
Facts about Light
 Facts about Light

1. Light travels in straight lines.

➢ Light is a form of energy. It is made of electro-

magnetic radiation and travels in a straight path.

➢ Shadows are evidence of light travelling in straight

lines. An object blocks light so that it can't reach the
surface where we see the shadow. Light fills up all of
the space before it hits the object, but the whole
region between the object and the surface is in
shadow.
Facts about Light
 Facts about Light

2. Light can travel through empty space.

➢ Light is a form of an electromagnetic waves that can

travel through matter or through empty space.

➢ Unlike sound, which needs a medium (like air or water)

to travel through, light can travel in the vacuum of
space.

➢ However, when light travels in matter, it interacts with

the atoms and molecules in the material and slows
down.
 Facts about Light

3. Speed of light.

➢ Light travels at high speed, much faster than the speed

of sound. Light travels at a speed of 299,792,458 m/s
(that’s nearly 300,000 km/s).

➢ Sound only travels at about 330 m/s through the air, so

light is nearly a million times faster than sound.

➢ Because light travels faster than sound you see lightning

before you hear the thunder.
 Facts about Light

4. Light can be refracted or reflected.

➢ The bending of light as it passes from one transparent

substance to another, like air to water, is called
refraction.

➢ Light reflects from a smooth surface at the same angle

as it hits the surface. For a smooth surface, reflected
light rays travel in the same direction. This is called
specular reflection. For a rough surface, reflected light
rays scatter in all directions. This is called diffuse
reflection.
 Facts about Light

5. A human can see objects when light passes

through the eyes.
➢ Light must enter our eyes so that we can see things.
Light enters an eye in two ways:

➢ A light source (like a light bulb) creates light, which

enters an eye and the brain interprets the signal as
light; or
➢ A light source reflects off an object and then into an
eye. Without any light whatsoever, (which rarely
happens,) an eye will see the color black.
 Activity 7: Fill Me Up
Directions: Fill in the missing words from the torch
below.
Light travels in ____________ lines from a ____________ of light
that bounces off an object. We can see the object because the
____________ enters our eyes. Wood and cardboard are
____________ materials that light cannot travel through.
____________ is a ____________ material which allows light to
pass through Sun glasses are ____________ which will let some
light through. When an object blocks out the ____________, a
____________ is formed. Shadows are ____________ at midday
and ____________ at the beginning and end of the day.
 TRIVIA TIME: SUNDIAL
▪ A long time ago, people
observed the way shadows
were formed by the sun and
utilized this principle in
making the world’s most
primitive clocks, the
sundials.
▪ A sundial is a device that
tells the time of day when
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundial
there is sunlight by the
apparent position of the Sun A horizontal dial commissioned in
in the sky. It consists of a flat 1862, the gnomon is the
triangular blade. The style is its
plate and a gnomon, which inclined edge.
casts a shadow onto the dial.
 TRIVIA TIME: ERATOSTHENES

▪ Greek mathematician

▪ The first person to calculate the

size of the planet Earth with a high
degree of accuracy used simple
geometric equations and
measurements of shadows.

▪ Eratosthenes of Cyrene. The mam

of learning. The chief librarian of 276 BC – 194 BC
the Great Library of Alexandria, (around age 82)
performed this feat over 2,000 https://en.wikipedia.org/
years ago, around 250 BCE. wiki/Eratosthenes
TRIVIA TIME: ECLIPSE

▪ ECLIPSE

➢ Eclipse is a shadow in space. It

happens when the light from the
sun is blocked by the moon or the
Earth.
 TRIVIA TIME: SOLAR ECLIPSE

https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-conditions-for-the-formation-of-a-solar-
eclipse-and-a-lunar-eclipse
❑ A SOLAR ECLIPSE occurs when the Moon passes directly
between the Sun and the Earth, blocking partially or fully
the Sun’s light and casting a shadow on a portion of the
Earth.
 TRIVIA TIME: LUNAR ECLIPSE
❑ A LUNAR ECLIPSE occurs when the Moon moves into the
Earth’s shadow. This can occur only when the Sun, Earth,
and Moon are exactly or very closely aligned with Earth
between the other two.

https://www.scientificworldinfo.com/2018/10/why-do-eclipses-happen-and-
how-many.html
Three distinct parts of a Shadow

➢ The umbra, penumbra and antumbra are

three distinct parts of a shadow, created by
any light source after impinging on an
opaque object.

➢ Assuming no diffraction, for a collimated

beam (such as a point source) of light, only
the umbra is cast.
Three distinct parts of a Shadow

The umbra
(Latin for "shadow")
is the innermost and
darkest part of a
shadow, where the
light source is
completely blocked
by the occluding
body. An observer
within the umbra
experiences a total https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbra,_penumb
ra_and_antumbra
eclipse.
Three distinct parts of a Shadow

The penumbra
(from the Latin
paene "almost,
nearly") is the region
in which only a
portion of the light
source is obscured
by the occluding
body. An observer in
the penumbra
experiences a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbra,_penumb
ra_and_antumbra
partial eclipse.
 Three distinct parts of a Shadow
The antumbra
(from Latin ante,
"before") is the region
from which the
occluding body
appears entirely
within the disc of the
light source. An
observer in this region
experiences an
annular eclipse, in
which a bright ring is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbra,_penumb
visible around the ra_and_antumbra
eclipsing body.
Video: Umbra and Penumbra
 Application 1: Its play time!

Directions:
Let the pupils play
with the shadow of
their hands. Let them
bring their fingers near
the blackboard. Ask
someone to switch on
the flashlight on their
fingers and form
shapes of animal. Shadow animals using our hands
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uv-
Demonstrate one for MdaBfk8U
the pupils to follow.
Video: Hand Shadow of Animals
Application 2: Puppet Show

Puppeteers use shadow figures and dialogue to tell

a story.

Directions: Form 4-5 groups of pupils depending on

the size of the class.

Sample stories are:

-A Growing Tree
-My New Friend
-The Sun and the Wind
-The Lion and the Mouse
Video: Puppet Show-Sample Story
Post test

TRUE OR FALSE
1.A shadow is a reflection from the Sun.
➢ FALSE
2.A shadow is a relative absence of light.
➢ TRUE
3.Shadows are formed when straight light rays
are blocked by objects called opaque objects.
➢ TRUE
4.Shadows are shortest in the early morning and
in the late afternoon but longest in the midday.
➢ FALSE
Post test

TRUE OR FALSE
5. The stronger the source of light the bigger the
shadow and the bigger the source of light the
smaller the shadow.
➢ FALSE
6. The changes in the position and length of
shadows in the surroundings depend on the
angle at which the sunlight strikes the object to
the ground.
➢ TRUE
References
Grade 4 Learner’s Material, pages 301 – 305
Grade 4 Teacher’s Guide, pages 343 – 347
Light and Shadow
quipper.com
https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2771-light-and-
shadows
https://www.fire2fusion.com/light-energy/light-energy-facts.html
Light and Shadow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faUEme-QSJU
Shadow animals using our hands
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uv-MdaBfk8U
Refer to the video: DIY shadow puppet theater
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Vig2wElEFo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBwLs2lyWgU
End of Presentation
 Activity 4: Where’s the Sun?

Directions:
Sketch the
position of the
Sun in each
picture. Write
the time based
on the shadow.
Refer to the time
below.

8:00 AM 2:00 PM
11:00 AM 4:30 PM
NOON SUNSET

Answer’s key: 4PM, noon, 8AM, 2PM, sunset, 11AM

Activity 7: Fill Me Up

Directions: Fill in the missing words from the torch

below.
Light travels in straight lines from a source of light that
bounces off an object. We can see the object because the light
enters our eyes. Wood and cardboard are opaque materials that
light cannot travel through. Glass is a transparent material
which allows light to pass through sunglasses are translucent
which will let some light through. When an object blocks out the
light, a shadow is formed. Shadows are shortest at midday and
longest at the beginning and end of the day.