Unit 4 :

Change and technology

Topic vocabulary : Change
adapt (v) : to change your ideas or behavior so that you can deal with a new situation (thích nghi)
- Some animals have a remarkable ability to adapt to changing environment.
- The company was able to adapt to the conditions and enhance its position.
- [+ to inf ] We had to adapt our plans to fit Jack’s timatable.
adjust (v) : to change sth slightly, esp. to make it more correct, effective, or suitable. (điều chỉnh)
- If the chair is too high you can adjust it to suit you.
- As a teacher you have to adjust your methods to suit the needs of slower children.
adjust (v) : to become more familiar with a new situation.
- I can’t adjust to living on my own.
- Her eyes slowly adjusted to the dark.
alternate (v) : to follow one after the other repeatedly
= take turns
- You go girst this game, and then we’ll alternate.
- Dark stripes alternate with pales ones.
alternate (adj) : happening on one day, week, but not on the day, weel that immediately follows
(cách một ngày, tuần..)
- We usually go to visit my grandma on alternate Sundays.
- Private cars are banned from the city on alternate days.
alternate (n) : a person who does job for sb who is away.
- David was too sick to attend, so Janet served as his alternate.
alternative (n) : sth that you can choose instead of sth else
- Can you suggest an alternative?
- Fruit juice is provided as an alternative to alcoholic drinks.
alternative (adj) : different from sth else and able to used instead of it
- We’re going to have to find an alternative route.
amend (v) : to make changes to a document, law, agreement, etc., esp. in order to correct
a mistake or to improve it.
- Could you amend the report before you send it?
- Parliament will vote to amend the Constitution.
conservative (adj) : not willing to accept much change, esp in the traditional values of society
(cổ hủ, bảo thủ)
- I grew up in a village where most of the people were quite conservative.
- He is a very conservative dresser – he always looks like he is wearing his father’s clothes!
- She’s very conservative in her eating habits.
covert (adj) : hidden or secret.
- The government was accused of convert military operations against the regime.
decay (v) : to be gradually destroyed as a result of a natural process of change
[mục nát, thối rữa, suy tàn (do quá trình tự nhiên) ]
- When leaves decay, chemicals are returned to the soil.
- Sugar makes your teeth decay.
decay (n) : the process of decaying.
- The buildings had started to fall into decay.
- This industry has been in decay for some time.
deteriorate (v) : to become worse
- The situation in the country has deteriorated and tourists are advised not to go there.
- She was taken into hospital last week when her condition suddenly deteriorated.
distort (v) : to change sth such as information so that it is no longer true or accurate
(bóp méo sự thật)
- Journalists often distort statistics in order to tell a good story.
- Newspaper are often guilty of distorting the truth.
dynamic (adj) : continuously changing or developing.
- The world of electrics is a very dynamic area.
- The situation is dynamic and may change at any time.
endure (v) : to suffer sth unpleasant or difficult in a patient way over a long period.
= bear
- I don’t know how people endure the conditions in prison.
- We had to endure a nine-hour delay at the airport.
- She has already had to endure three painful operations on her leg.
- [ + V_ing] He can’t endure being defeated.
- [ + to inf ] He can’t endure to be defeated.
endure (v) : to continue to exist for a long time.
= last
- The political system established in 1400 endured until about 1650.
- The torn flag has endured as a sumpol of freedom.
evolve (v) : (of plants, animals,e tc.) to develop over time, often many generations, into
forms that better adapted to survive changes in their environment
- Do you think people will eventually evolve into some kind of superhuman?
- The three species evolved from a single ancestor.
evolve (v) : to gradually change and develop over a period of time
- The idea evolved from a drawing I discovered in the attic.
- As the computer industry has evolved, everything has got faster and cheaper.
influence (v) : to affect the way sb thinks or behaves or affect the way sth happens.
- Don’t let yourself be influenced by what she says.
influence (n) : the effect that a person or thing has on sb’s decisions, opinions or behavior
or on the way sth happens.
- Picasso has had an enormous influence on many painters.
innovation (n) : a new idea, method, piece of equipment.
- This innovation will mean cheap energy for everyone.
innovative (adj) : using new methods or ideas
= creative, ingenious
- His first album was innovative, but I’ve been disappointed by the others.
maintain (v) : to make sth stay the same (duy trì, bảo trì)
- I find it hard to maintain my weight.
- The two countries have always maintained close relations.
mature (v) : to start behaving like an adult and become more sensible as you get older.
- As you mature, you’ll see that things are much more complicated.
- Girls are said to mature faster than boys.
 - He matured a lot while he was in college.
mature (adj) : behaving in a sensible way, like an adult
- Why can’t you be a bit more mature and stop being so childish?
modify (v) : to change sth slightly, esp. in order to improve it or make it less extreme.
= adjust
- We’ve modified the design to solve the problem.
novel (adj) : new or unusual
= innovative
- Keeping a sheep in the garden is a novel way of keeping the grass short.
- A TV that receives text messages is quite a novel idea.
persist (v) : to try to do or continue doing sth in a determined but often unreasonable way.
- You’ll get yourself into trouble if you persist in behaving in this way.
- Must you persist in blaming yourself for what happened?
potential (adj) : that can develop into sth or be developed in the future
= possible
- We have complied a list of 10 potential candidates ( có tiềm năng )
- I think the book is a potential bestseller.
potential (n) : the possibility to develop or achieve sth in the future
- The European marketplace offers excellent potential for increasing sales.
- The disease has the potential to cause a global health emergency.
progress (v) : to continue to develop or move forward
- Your English has really progressed this term.
progress (n) : the process of developing or improving
- I am not sure that all this technological progress is necessarily a good thing.
refine (v) : to make some changes to sth in order to improve it.
- You need to refine your argument to make it clearer.
reform (v) : to improve a system, an organisation, a law, etc. by making changes to it.
= amend
- The government is planning to reform the health system.
reform (n) : change that is made to social system, an organisation, etc. in order to
improve or correct it.
- These reforms don’t go far enough, in my opinion.
remain (v) : to stay in the same place or in the same condition.
- The doctor ordered him to remain in bed for a few days.
- Most commentators expect the basic rate of tax to remain at 25%
- [ + to inf ] a great many things remain to be done (= have not yet been done)
revise (v) : to change your opinion or judgment of sb/sth
- His helpfulness today made me revise my original opinion of him.
revolution (n) : a very important change in the way that people do things
- A technological revolution
- Penicillin produced a revolution in medicine.
Revolution (n) : an attempt, by a large number of people, to change the government of a
country, esp. by violent action
- He became a national hero for his part in the revolution.
- The French Revolution changed France from a monarchy to a republic.
shift (v) : (of an idea, opinion, etc.) to change
- Society’s attitudes towards women have shifted enormously over the last century.
 - Media attention has shifted recently onto environmental issues.
shift (n) : a change in sth, for example in sb’s ideas or opinions
- In developed countries there has been a shift from manufacturing to services
spoil (v) : to affect sth in a way that makes it worse, less attractive or less enjoyable
- Your argument with Bill really spoiled the party.
status quo (n phr) : the present situation (nguyên trạng, hiện trạng)
- Let’s just keep the status quo until we know what’s happening.
- Certain people always want to maintain the status quo.
steady (v) : to hold sth firmly without shaking or moving it.
= hold on
- Could you just steady the ladder?
steady (adj) : developing, growing, etc. gradually and in an even and regular way
= constant
- Prices should remain steady over the next few months.
- We’ve had five years of steady economic growth.
steady (adj) : firmly held in a particular position without moving it.
- Imogen gave me a steady look.
substitute (v) : to remove one thing and put sth else in its place
= replace
- You can substitute cream with milk, if you have any.
- You can substitute oil for butter in this recipe.
substitute (n) : a person or thing that is used instead of sth else
- Tofu can be used as a meat substitute in vegetarian recipes.
- Vitamins should not be used as a substitute for a healthy diet.
- Margarine is a good substitute for butter.
sustain (v) : to keep alive
- The soil in this part of the world is not rich enough to sustain a large population.
- The atmostphere on Mars won’t sustain life.
switch (v) : to replace one thing with another
- She started studying English, but switched to History in her second year.
switch (n) : a change from one thing to another, esp. when this is sudden and complete
- She made the switch from full-time to part-time work when her first child was born.
transform (v) : to change completely the appearance or character of sb/sth, esp. so that
that thing or person is improved.
= make over
- Jill was completely transformed by her time at university.
- Whenever a camera was pointed at her, Marilyn would instantly transform herself into a radiant star.
uniform (adj) : the same; not changing or different in any way
- Small businesses are demanding that they receive uniform treatment from the banks.

Topic vocabulary : Technology

breakthrough (n): an important discovery or event that helps to improve a situation or
provide an aswer to a problem ( sự phát hiện đột phá)
- Scientists are hoping for a breakthrough in the search for a cure for cancer.
- This drug has been a major breakthrough in the fight against breat cancer.
- Researchers reported another important breakthrough in cancer research.
broadband (n) : a way of communicating to the internet that allows you to receive
information, including pictures, etc., very quickly and that is always active
- Internet connection via broadband offers many advantages.
complex (adj) : with a lot of details or small parts, which makes sth difficult to
understand or deal with.
= complicated
- It is a very complex issue to which there is no straightforward answer.
- The film’s plot was so complex that I couldn’t follow it.
consumer electronics (n phr) : electric products that are bought by people for their own
use.
- There is just so much choice in the world of consumer electronics these days.
craft (v) : to make objects, esp. in a skilled way (làm thủ công)
- These bracelets were crafted by Native Americans
- You can see this basket was crafted by a real expert.
craft (n) : a traditional skill of making things by hand
- It is a shame that traditional craft are fast disappearing.
data (n) : information in a form that a computer can use.
- Imagine how much data passes over the Internet each day.
download (v) : to move information to your computer from a computer system or the
Internet
- Listen to this song I downloaded from the Internet.
download (n) : a downloaded computer file
- When your download has finished, close this window.
manual (adj) : done with the hands ( vận hành bằng tay bởi con người)
- The pilot switched to manual control as the plane approached the runway.
offline (adj) : working on a computer nut not connected to the Internet
- Download it now and you can read it when you are offline.
offline (adv) : without being directly controlled by or connected to a computer or to the
Internet
- How do I write an email offline?
online (adj) : connected to or available through a computer or a computer network, esp.
Internet
- I’ve started an online library of songs.
online (adv) : on the Internet
- You can find what you need online.
primitive (adj) : at a very simple stage of development, before modern technology
= basic, fundamental
- Da Vinci drew pictures of what we might see as a primitive helicopter.

Phrasal verbs
back up : (1) to prepare a second copy of a file, program, etc. that can be used if the main
one fails or needs extra support
- It is a good idea to back up your files onto a memory stick.
- Make sure you back all your data up, just in case you get a virus.
(2) to support sb/sth; to say that what sb says is true
- I’ll back you up if they don’t believe you.
 - The writer doesn’t back up his opinions with examples.

change around : to move things or people into different positions

- You have changed all the furniture around..
- Your essay would be more sense if you changed the second and third paragraghs around.
change into : (1) to stop being in one state, condition, ot form and start being in
another, or to make sth do this
= turn into
- At what point does boiling water change into vapour.
- The film was about a man who changes into a werewolf during the full-moon.
(2) take off clothes or a piece of clothing you are wearing and put on
different ones
- Let me just change into something a bit more comfortable.
do away with : to get rid of sth or stop using it
- Did you hear that they are going to do away with private university altogether?
- These ridiculous rules and regulations should have been done away with years ago.
- How could they do away with a beautiful old building like that and put a car park there instead?
do up : (1) to repair or decorate a building so that it looks attractive; redecorate
- I’d like to buy a run-down house and do it up.
- We bought an old farmhouse in France, intending to do it up.
(2) to fasten sth or become fasten
- If you put any more in that suitcase, you won’t be able to do it up!
- He has put on so much weight that his best trousers won’t do up any more.
fade away : to slowly disappear, lose importance, or become weaker
- Her footsteps faded away down the staircase.
- In the last weeks of her life she simply faded away.
key in : to put information into a computer or other electronic machine using keys or a
keyboard ( nhập dữ liệu vào máy tính)
= type in
- I gave my name and she keyed it in her computer.

make into : to make sb/sth into sb/sth

= transform
- The old buildings were made into classrooms.
- Shall we make this cloth into curtains?

mix up : (1) to put things together without any order

- Someone has mixed up all the application forms.
(2) to think wrongly that sb/sth is sb/sth else
= mistake sb for sb
- You must be mixing me up with someone else.
take apart : to separate a machine or piece of equipment into the different parts that it is
made of
- We took the engine apart to see what the problem was.
test out : to test sth, esp. a theory or an idea, to find out how it works in pratical
situation or how people react to it
- The students tested out their cost-cutting ideas in several companies.
 - I’m taking my new model aeroplane to the park to test it out.
turn into : to become sth; to make sb/sth become sth
- Our dream holiday came into a nightmare.
- The prince was turned into a frog by the witch.
use up : use all the supply of sth
= get through
- Don’t use up all the milk – we need some for breakfast.
wear out : use sth a lot so that it no longer works, or can no longer be used
- He wore out two pairs of shoes last year.

Phrases, patterns and collocations

(have/gain/provide/give) access to : the right or opportunity to use or look at sth
- The system has been designed to give the user quick and easy access to the required information.
- Hacker had/gained complete access to the company files.
internet access : the ability to connect the Internet.
- High – speed internet access is available via sattellite.
- The city is creating a huge zone of free wireless internet access.
wheelchair access : lối đi dành cho người đi xe lăn
break a/the habit (of) : to stop doing sth that is a habit, esp sth bad or harmful
- I’m trying to get him to break the habit of switching on the TV when he comes home at night.
- I’m trying to break the habit of staying up too late.
break with tradition : to do sth different from what is usually done
- We decided to break with tradition and have fish for Thanksgiving dinner.
make a break (from/for) : to escape from/towards somewhere of sth, often by force
- A group of prisoners made a break from the jail a few years back.
- He suddenly leapt up and made a break for the door.
- They decided to make a break for it (= to try and escape) that night.
change for the better/worse : to start being better/worse
- I reckon John has changed for the better recently.
- Her attitude has definitely changed for the better since she started this new job.
change your mind : to form a new opinion or make a new decision about sth that is different from your old one
= revise
- If you change you mind about coming tonight, just give me a call.
- When I first met him I didn’t like him but I’ve changed my mind.
change your ways : to start to behave much better
- If he wants to become a student at this school, he must change his ways.
- If he wants to carry on living herem he is going to have to change his ways and learn to be a bit less messy.
change the subject : to start talking about different subject ( thay đổi chủ đề)
- I had tried to explain the situation, but he just changed the subject.
- Let’s change the subject.
make a change (to) : to make sth become different
- We made a few changes to the team for tonight’s match.
- They have made a lot of changes to the house.
undergo a change : to experience sth that is unpleasant or sth that involves a change
- The computer industry has undergone enormous changes in the last 20 years.
against the clock : trying very hard to finish sth before a particular time
 - Staff are working against the clock to meet the deadline.
round-the-clock (adj) : happening or done all day and all night
= nonstop
- He is very sick and needs round-the-clock care.
clockwise (adv, adj) : in the direction in which the hands of a clock move (theo chiều kim đồng hồ)
- Turn the key clockwise.
clockwork : parts of machine consisting of springs and wheels
date from : to have existed since a particular time
- This map dates from the 14th century.
date back (to) : to have existed for a particular length of time or since a particular time
- This house dates back to 1780.
- This tradition dates back to medieval times.
- Our friendship dates back to the late 70s.
keep (sb) up to date (with/on) : to inform sb of all the most recent news and changes in a situation
- The newsletter will keep you up to date with our progress.
set/fix a date
- I’d like to fix a date for our next meeting.
- Should we set a date for the nest meeting?
go on/make/have a date (with sb) : to arrange to meet sb, esp who are having or starting a sexual or romantic
relationship with
- I’ve got a date with one of the boys on my course tonight.
- Phil phoned me last night, and we’re going on a date this evening.
- I made a date to see her about the house.
at a later/future date : at some time in the future
- The details will be at a later date.
- The decision on the merger will be taken at a later date.
to date : until now
- To date, we have received over 200 replies.
- The exhibition contains some of his best work to date.
- There have been no reports of the animal being seen to late.
demand sth from sb : to ask for sth forcefully, in a way that shows that you do not expect to be refused.
- He has always demanded the highest standards of behavior from his children.
meet/ satisfy a demand : to do sth sb wants, needs, or expects you to do or as good as they need, expect etc.
- The company says it is unable to meet the workers’ demands for higher wages.
- Safecare says it has thrived by meeting a demand for affordable insurance.
make a demand
- You are not in position to make demands right now.
a demand for/that : a strong request for sth
- There was a demand that customers be compensated for the inconvenience they had suffered.
- She repeated her demands for an urgent review of the system.
in demand : wanted by a lot of people
- Good secretaries are always in demand.
- Our software is in demand all over the world.
on demand : done or happening whenever sb asks
- We can’t simply make cosmetic surgery available on demand.
- The service allows you to watch video on demand
have/lack the energy to do : to have the power or ability to be physically and mentally active
 - I didn’t even have the energy to get out of bed.
put/throw your energy into : use most of your energy doing sth
- Christine threw her energies into her teaching.
nuclear energy : nuclear power
take the form of : the particular way in which sth appears or exists (dười hình thức)
- The aid might take the form of food or medical supplies.
- Neglect of children can take a variety of forms.
in the form of : dưới hình thức
- Help in the form of money will be very welcome.
- Help arrived in the form of two police officers.
in good/bad form : the state of sb’s mood and health at a particular time.
- I saw Sam last night – he was in food form.
application form : a from that you complete in order to apply for a job, a place on a course
- Sometimes you will be required to fill in an application form which will be used to select candidates for interview.
a good deal of (+ UC) : a lot
- There is still a good deal of work to do before we’re finished.
- A good deal of research has been done on the subject.
a good many (+ C noun) : a lot of sb/sth
- There were a good many people there.
a good few : a fairly large number of people or things
- I’ve turned down a good few job offers.
for sb’s own good : for sb’s advantage, or benefit
- I am only punishing you for your own good.
- I’m telling you for your own good.
- You should stop smoking for your own good (= for your health).
for the good of sb/sth
- He goes running every day for the good of his health.
- Hartman should resign for the good of the party.
do sb good : to improve sb’s health or life
It’s no good doing
know sb/sth to be/do sth
- We know her to be honest.
- Even small amounts of these substances are known to cause skin problems.
know better ( than to do sth) : to be sensible enough not to do sth
- You know better than to interrupt when someone else is talking.
- He knows better than to judge by appearances.
get to know sb/sth : to spend time with sb/sth so that you gradually learn more about him, her or it
- The first couple of meetings are for the doctor and patient to get to know each other.
- I’ll need a few weeks to get to know the system.
be in the know : to have knowledge/information about sth that most people do not have
- This report is considered by those who are in the know to have the best downhill skiiing in Europe.
- Somebody in the know told me he is going to resign.
know-how (n) : practical knowledge and ability
- We need skilled workers and technical know-how.
lead sb into : to control
- Who will be leading the inquiry into the accident?
lead the way (in) : to be the first to do sth, esp to achieve success, and to show others how to do it
 - The company leads the way in developing new software.
- It is a country that has always led the way in its conservation policies.
take the lead : to start winning a race or competition
- She took the lead ten miles into the marathon.
- After last night’s win Johnson has taken the lead in the championship table.
follow sb’s lead : to follow sth that sb has done before
- North Korea is to follow China’s lead in attracting foreign capital and expertise.
- We’ll go through the dance routine again – follow my lead.
(be) in the lead : having the leading position or higher score in a contest
- If we can get in the lead early, I think we’ll have a good shot at winning this relay.
- According to the polss, we’re still in the lead by a large margin.
change/swap places (with sb) [often negative] : to be in sb else’s situation
- I’m perfectly happy – I wouldn’t change places with anyone.
- I wouldn’t change places with him for the world.
take the place of : to be used instead of sb/sth
- No one could ever take the place of her father.
= take sb’s place
- Joe resigned as chairperson in 1999 and I took his place.
in place of : instead of
- You can use margarine in place of butter in some recipes.
out of place : to feel uncomfortable in a particular situation or place, or they do not
belong there
- The boy looked uncomfortable and out of place among the adults.
- Kieran felt very out of place among Helen’s solicitor friends.
place of work/business/residence : the area where you work/have your business/live
- He lives in a hostel attached to his place of work.
be in the process of doing sth : to have stated doing sth
- We’re still in the process of doing up the house.
- They were in the process of moving their head office from Paris to London.
peace process : a series of discussions to try to find a peaceful solution to a war or to political violence
process of : a series of actions that you take in order to achieve a result
- This decision may delay the process of European unification.
process of elimination : quá trình loại bỏ
serve a purpose : to have a particular use or function
- These small village shops serve a very useful purpose.
sb’s purpose in doing sth : the reason for sb to do sth
- My purpose in calling this meeting was to remind everyone of some basic rules.
a sense of purpose : an aim or meaning in your life because there is sth that you want to achieve
- The course gave her a new sense of purpose.
escape from reality : to use fantasy to escape from problems; to relax
- He escaped from reality by going to the cinema every afternoon.
face (up to)/accept reality
- What she had to do, finally, was face reality.
become a reality : to be a fact
- After years of hard work, his dream has become a reality.
- The childhood ambition became a reality when she was made a judge.
in reality : used to say that a situation is different from what has just been said or from what people believe
 - Outwardly she seemed confident but in reality she felt extremely nervous.
- In reality, human beings and dinosaurs never lived on earth simultaneously.
- He told the police he was out of town, but in reality, he never went anywhere.
virtual reality : images and sounds that are produced by a computer, that seem to represent a place or a situation
that a person can take part in
reality TV : television shows that are based on real people in real situations, presented as entertainment

Idioms
a leopard can’t change its spots : used for saying that sb will never change their behavior or character
- You didn’t really expect her to be on time, did you? A leopard can’t change its spots.
all mod cons : all modern conveniences, the machines and pieces of equipment in your house that make life easy and
comfortable
- a flat with all mod cons
break the mould (of) : change a situation by doing sth that is very different from what
most people usually do or have done in the past
- She succeeded in breaking the mould of political leadership.
- Their approach to sports teaching broke the mould.
change your tune : change your opinion or attitute; esp because you know it will bring you an advantage
- He was against the idea to start with, but he soon changed his tune when he realized how much money he’d get.
- He soon changed his tune when he saw how angry I was.
have a change of heart : change your opinion about sth or decide not to do sth you were planning to do
- Dad did not want to get married but recently he has had a change of heart.
- She was going to sell her house but had a change of heart at the last minute.
know sth inside out : to be familiar with; know everything about a subject
- He knows the system inside out.
reinvent the wheel : to waste time trying to create sth that sb else has already created
- There is no point in us reinventing the wheel.
stick to your guns : to refuse to change your mind about sth even when other people are trying to persuade you that
you are wrong (giữ vững lập trường)
- Despite harsh criticism, she is sticking to her guns on this issue.
the tools of the trade : the skills and equipment that you need in order to do your job
- For a writer, dictionaries are the tools of the trade.
- The artist was surrounded by paints, brushes, and other tools of the trade.
turn over a new leaf : change your life by starting to be a better person or stopping a bad habit
- Apparently he has turned over a new leaf and he is not smoking any more.

Word formation
adaptable (adj) : able to change or be changed in order to deal successfully with new situations
- Successful businesses are highly adaptable to economic change.
readjust (v) : to get used to a changed or new situation; to change in order to fit a different situation
- Children are highly adaptable – they just need time to readjust.
- Once again he had to readjust to living alone.
adjustment (n) : a small change
- She made a few minor adjustments to the focus of her camera.
adjustable (adj) : that can be moved to different positions or changed in shape or size
- The height of the bicycle seat is adjustable.
alteration (n) : a change to sth that makes it different
= adjustment, shift, facelift
-They are making some alterations to the house.
-Several police officers are being questioned about the alteration of the documents.
(un)alterable (adj) : that can(not) be changed
= adaptable, adjustable
- He considered evil to be an unalterable fact of the world.
unaltered (adj) : that has stayed the same or not been changed
- The museum has remained unaltered for a very long time.
- All the documents that you present must be unaltered originals certificated by the issuing agency.
changeover (n) : a change from one system, or method of working to another
- The changeover to the new taxation system has created a lot of problems.
(un)changeable (adj) : often changing
= unpredictable
- The weather in Britain is notoriously changeable.
- She experienced changeable moods and panic attacks.
interchangeable (adj) : that can be exchanged, esp without affecting the way in which sth works
= synonymous
- The two words are virtually interchangeable (= have the same meaning)
- The terms “ drinking problem” and “alcohol abuse” are often interchangeable.
continual (adj) : happening repeatedly, usually in an annoying or not convenient way
- I have had continual problems with this car ever since I bought it.
- I’m sorry – I can’t work with these continual interruptions.
continually (adv) : in a way that happens repeatedly
- The teacher was angry because a student continually interrupted him during the lesson.
conversion (n) : a process of converting sth from one thing to another ( sự đổi mới, sự cải tà quy chính)
- Solar power is the conversion of the sun’s energy into heat and electricity.
- Their main business is the conversion of farm buildings into family homes.
convertible (adj) : that can be changed to a different form or use
= adaptable, adjustable
- The bonds are convertible into ordinary shares.
endurance (n) : the ability to keep doing sth difficult, unpleasant, or painful for a long time (sức chịu đựng)
- Running a marathon is a test of human endurance.
- This event tests both physical and mental endurance.
enduring (adj) : existing for a long time
- What is your most enduring memory of her?
evolution (n) : the slow steady development of sth
- We watched a documentary about the story of human evolution over last three million years.
- This product was an extremely significant step in the evolution of computer games.
evolutionary (adj) : connected with evolution
flexible (adj) : able to change to suit new conditions or situations
= adaptable, adjustable
- Our plans need to be flexible enough to cater for the needs of everyone.
- You need to be more flexible and imaginative in your approach.
(im)maturity (n) : the quality of thinking and behaving in a sensible, adult manner
- She has shown great maturity in her behavior this term.
maturation (n) : the process of becoming adult
modernize (v) : to make sth more modern
- There has been a lot of opposition to modernizing working practices.
- If they want to increase output from the factory, they’ll have to modernize.
renew (v) : to begin again after it stopped or was interrupted
- We have to renew our efforts to attract young players.
renewal (n) : a situation in which sth begins again after it stopped or was interrupted (sự hồi phục)
- They fear the renewal of hostilities if an agreement is not reached soon.
newly (adj) : recently
anew (adv) : again or one more time, esp in a different way
influential (adj) : having a lot of influence on sb/sth
= powerful
- She wanted to work for a bigger and more influential newspaper.
- Johnson was influential in persuading the producers to put money into the film.
persistence (n) : the fact that sb/sth persists
- Her persistence and enthusiasm have helped the group to achieve its international success.
persistent (adj) : determined to do sth despite difficulties, esp when other people are against you and think that you
are being annoying or unreasonable (kiên trì, bền bỉ)
= determined
- How do you deal with persistent salesmen who won’t take no for an answer?
persistently (adv) : in a way that shows you are determined to do sth despite difficulties, esp when other people
against you and think that your are being annoying or unreasonable
revolting (adj) : extremely unpleasant
= disgusting
- Picking your nose is a revolting habit.