Electronics

Copyright by Hyundai Motor Company. All rights reserved.

 Electronics 2

Wheatstone bridge

RX RN

Wheatstone
Bridge Circuit

RX R3

RN R4

2
R3 R4
Wheatstone bridge circuit for determine
unknown resistance
 Electronics 3

Strain gauge
Quarter-bridge strain gauge circuit Half bridge strain gauge circuit

(+)
R1 R2 Strain gauge #1 R R#1

Test Specimen V
V
R R#2
Strain gauge #1
R3 (-)
Bridge balanced
Strain gauge
Encapsulation
Backing and

Grid Length
Active

FORCE
Strain gauge #1 R R#1

Test Specimen + V -
R R#2

Strain gauge #1

Bridge unbalanced
End Loops
Solder Tabs

End loops

Grid
makes
alignment
 Electronics 4

Diode
Electron Hole
Conduction Conduction

Si Si Si Si Si

Si Si Si Si Si

Si Si Si Si Si

Conventional
current

N-doted Neutral zone P-doted

AS doted silicon (N doted) - + + -

UR IR=0 UF

IF P-doted N-doted

- + + -

Neutral zone
Power supply in reverse direction Power supply in forward direction
In doted silicon (P doted)
 Electronics 5

Diodes and their usage

+ -
A

+ - Voltage
B M
C A 0.7V

Current
Battery Relay

+
-

- + Surge voltage

Diode as “one way valve” Circuit without diode Circuit with diode
 Electronics 6

Zener diode / Diode check

Z-Diode
⊃

Z-Diode V
 Electronics 7

Transistor
B C

C
B
UBE > 0,7 V C
E C
E
P PNP
C
B B N B transistor
P and its
symbol
C E
B E
C C
UBE > 0,7 V NPN
E N transistor
E
B P B and its
N symbol

C + C + E
E
C
N N +

UR
B - N
B P P C
+ B UCE
B P
N N UBE E

UF
+ N
E - -
E -
E
Transistor operation principle Transistor operation principle
 Electronics 8

MOSFET
Gate
Source Drain

N NN

P PP

No current supply to the gate Low current supply to the gate

N N

P P

Medium high current supply to the gate Maximum high current supply to the gate
 Electronics 9

Thyristor

P N P N

A
A K

G K

Thyristor and its symbol S1 S2 S3

Internal structure of the thyristor

G G
+
P N P N P N P N

A K A K

① ② ③ ① ② ③
 Electronics 10

LED / LDR Photo diode

Inside a
Light Emitting
Diode

Emitted Light
Beams

Diode

Transparent
Plastic Case

Terminal Pins

LED construction Operation principle of a light emitting diode

a f a
b
470Ω LDR f b

U2 l U1 Ω g g +

e c
e c
d d
a) b) c)
Led symbol LDR symbol and possible applications LED usage
 Electronics 11

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Glass w/ITO Electrodes

Glass w/ITO Electrodes
Linear Polarizer Linear
Polarizer
Surface
Aligned L.C.

a f a
b Randomly L.C. Forms 90 Deg
Polarized Twist
f b
Light

g g + LCD no indication

Glass w/ITO Electrodes Glass w/ITO Electrodes

e c
Linear Polarizer Linear
e c Surface Polarizer
d d Aligned L.C.

Typical LCD usage

Randomly L.C. Aligns With

Polarized Electric Field
Light
LCD indicating
 Electronics 12

Thermistor
1
2
3
4
5

PTC PTC characteristic

1
2
3

NTC NTC characteristic

 Electronics 13

Piezo effect

F F
F F
F F Knock sensor
Si

Horizontal pressure
-

-
F F

F
Si

O2

Piezo crystal F

Vertical pressure

F + F

Piezo crystal operation principle

Piezo type injector
 Electronics 14

Hall effect

- B
N

N
+
Hall effect
H 1 2 3
-
b

+ 1. Bezel
2. Permanent magnet
S 3. Semiconductor
4. gap

Electrons are deflected by the magnetic field

4 2
Actual use in a distributor
 Electronics 15

Electromagnetic compatibility

Radio shield connector Radio shield distributor

Parallel condenser
C

Bypass condenser
G : Ground
G C : Current
Testing for electro magnetic compatibility

Negative influence of electromagnetic wave radiation

Samples of countermeasures against electromagnetic radiation.
 Electronics 16

Mixed voltage and capacitor

10 10

V V
5 5

0 0

U2

U1
-5 -5

-10 -10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 ms 40
t
Mixed voltage (e.g. noise from alternator above 5 volt supply)

Capacitor
 Electronics 17

Different types of interference coupling

A B

Galvanic connection Inductive coupling

A B

Capacitive coupling Coupling through electromagnetic waves

 Electronics 18

Pull up / down resistor

12V=OPEN OV=CLOSED
MODULE 12V MODULE 0V

M 12V in M 12V in
I PULL I PULL
C UP C UP
R R
O RESISTOR O RESISTOR
P P
R R
O O
C SWITCH C SWITCH
E E
S S
S S
O O
R R

MODULE MODULE 12V in

12V in
M M
I I
C SWITCH C SWITCH
R R
O O
P P
R R
O PULL O PULL
C C
E DOWN E DOWN
S S
S RESISTOR 0V
S RESISTOR 12V
O O
R R

OV=OPEN 12V=CLOSED
 Electronics 19

Oscilloscope operation principle

B + A Device to be
- checked
-
- -
+

Amplitude

Amplitude
Oscilloscope

UH Amplitude
0
Time
Time
Time
30
V
20

10

10

20
0 20 40 60 80 MS 100

Sample waveforms