Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism, Mitosis, Meiosis

Metabolism the total chemical changes that occur inside the

cell

Anabolism energy-requiring process that builds larger

molecules from combining smaller molecules

Catabolism energy-releasing process that breakdowns large

molecules into smaller molecules

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, does not

require oxygen

Phosphorylation addition of a phosphate to glucose

**Aerobic glycolysis produces 6 six plus 2 or 8 eight ATP molecules

**Anaerobic glycolysis produces only 2 ATP

Hans Krebs, 1937 postulated the scheme Krebs Citric Cycle

Krebs Citric Acid Cycle takes place in Mitochondria

30 ATP is produced or 28 APT plus 2 GTP
8 NADH2, 2 FADH2 also produced

Electron Transport (Transfer) System only 2 ATP is produced

Fermentation process by which yeast cells breakdown glucose in

the absence of oxygen
Final products CO2, Ethyl alcohol, ATP
** only produced 2 ATP, less efficient than aerobic
respiration

Anaerobic production of ATP broken down of glucose in human muscles

By muscles less efficient than aerobic respiration; only 2 ATP is
produced

Lactic Acid causes fatigue in muscles

2NADH2 donates to pyruvic acid to produce the ___
acid

If oxygen is available, pyruvic acid is converted to Acetyl CoA then eventually proceeds to citric
Acid cycle and eventually converted to carbon dioxide, water and 38 ATP (36 ATP + 2 GTP).
If oxygen is not available, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid and produced 2 ATP only.
 products ATP produced
Gycolysis 4 ATP 2 ATP (4-2)
2NADH2 6 ATP
Acetyl CoA 2NADH2 6 ATP
Citric acid 2 ATP 2 ATP
cycle
6 NADH2 18 ATP
2 FADH2 4 ATP

Cellular reproduction process by which single cell duplicates itself.

Mitosis cellular division in the nucleus/ replicates nuclear

material, two identical nuclei (Clones)

Cytokinesis duplication of nuclear organelles in the cytoplasm

Division in cytoplasm (may begin in Anaphase)

Meiosis cellular reduction in gonads (ovaries & testes).

Reduces genetic material from 46 diploid to 23
hapliod (chromosomes)

Friedrich Miescher, 1869 German chemist discovered DNA molecule

Extracted human cell and sperm of fish

P.A. Levene, 1920 discovered DNA components phosphate group, five

carbon sugars, nitrogen-bases called purines and
pyramidines

Rosalind Franklin, 1950 discovered a 3 dimensional molecule had a helical

structure like a stair case

Maurice Wilkins, 1953 her lab was used to produced image of DNA

Francis Crick, James Watson
James Watson, 1968
learned also the 3 dimensional structure and won
Nobel Prize as their work were published first,
before Rosalind’s
published book, The Double Helix. Opened fields in
genetic Engineering

DNA molecule deoxyribonucleic acid, hereditary material in the

cell; double helical chain
Nucleotides composed of phosphate groups, 5 carbon sugars,
nitrogen-bases (pyrimidines 6 single ring atoms;
Purines 9 double rings of atoms)

Gene sequence of organic nitrogen base pairs that codes

for a protein or a polypeptide

Interphase time/ gap between divisions

G1 (growth 1) major portion life of the cell,
S (Synthesis) strands of DNA duplicates (2 sister
chromatids),
G2 mitochondria replicated, chromosomes
condensed and coil, Tubulin is synthesized

Chromatin unwound strands of chromosomes in Nucleoplasm

dark threads

4 stages of Mitosis Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

(PMAT) refer to page 84

KINETOCHORE disk protein; found in a pinched-in area of the

chromosomes where sister chromatids are
attached at Centromere

Cleavage Furrow animal cell separates by furrowing or pinching in

the cell membrane

Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

Cells produced by meiosis develops into sperm.

Oogenesis formation of female eggs, occurs in ovary