English Reviewer

When comparing two things, you can show similarities or differences by using the appropriate
phrase. These phrases can express the degrees of sameness or difference between two things.

Similarity

The degree of similarity can range from being completely identical or being closely similar.

Absolute identity Approximate Identity Approximate similarity

Be identical (to) Almost the same Be almost like

The same (noun) as Be like Be close to

as(adj/adv)as A great similarity between Be similar to

Be alike

Difference

The degree of difference can range from having no similarity to having a slight difference.

Absolute dissimilarity Considerable Difference Slight difference

Be (Completely)unlike Be very different from Differ from

As opposed to Not nearly as (Adj/adv) as Not (quite) as (adj/adv) as

In contrast with Much more (adj/adv) than Less (adj/adv) than

Much less (adj/adv) than A few/ a little more (noun

than.

Consolidating key sources

Examples of evidence that can be used to support the main idea.

1.Quotation,paraphrase,summaries of scholars.
-When including a direct quotation it is important to use a signal phrase.This phrase usually
includes the name of the author and reason for including the quotation in the research.
2.Exposition or argument that supports your main ideas.
-In order to convince the audience of the claims,you have to present a logical argument
supported by facts.these facts should be taken from credible sources written by an authority on
the subject.

3.Data that you gathered during your own research.

-The main ideas can be supported by the information you gathered through primary and
secondary sources. The Primary sources can be gathered through interviews,experiments, and
surveys. Someday sources can be gathered through books,videos,research of other scholars,
and online journals.

APA In-Text Citation

In-text citations let users know which ideas are attributed to whom. The APA citation style has
two major elements for in-text citation: the author and the date. Also, they come in two forms:
parenthetical and narrative (APA, 2019).

Parenthetical Citations

For parenthetical citations, both author and date appear separated by a comma. A parenthetical
citation may appear within or at the end of a sentence.

…98% of participants (Smith, 2014).

Should other texts appear within the parenthetical citation, one should use commas around the
year.

…however old the findings may be (see Bishop, 1996, for further explanation).
If both text and citation are included in parentheses, use a semicolon to separate them. Never
use parentheses within parentheses.

…(e.g., experimental anomalies in clinical trials; Chan, 2015).

Narrative Citations

In narrative citations, the author’s last name appears in the running text while the date appears
in parentheses after it. The author’s name can be placed in any part of the sentence that makes
sense.

Yang (2004) suggested that…

In cases where both the author and date element appear in the running text, do not use
parentheses.

In 2004, Yang concluded that…

Citations by the Number of Authors
For a single author

Coleman (2019) stated that early…

…hominids hunted large game (Coleman, 2019).
For two authors

Smith and Johnson (2020) avoided the term…

…paradigm because of its use in ordinary language (Smith & Johnson, 2020).
For three to five authors

Use the last name of the first author and “et al.” even for the first citation:
…especially when observers are involved (James et al., 2017).

For six or more authors

Cite only the name of the first author, use et al., and the year:
…for complex adaptive systems (Chambers et al., 2019).
Chambers et al. (2010) put forward a model…

If the author information is not available, you can use the source title to replace the author
element. When there is no date included in the source, cite the first few words of the article
inside quotation marks using a headline-style capitalization with the year after the comma in
your in-text citation in the form:

(“No Author, No Date,” n.d.).

APA Reference List Entries Format
For the reference lists located at the end of the research paper, you need to cite four major
elements:

Author: includes the individual author names format and group author names format
Date: includes the date format and how to include retrieval dates
Title: includes the title format and how to include bracketed descriptions
Source: includes the source format and how to include database information
Below are the APA style rules for each of them.

Verb Tenses

Simple present tense

-We use the simple present tense when an action is happening right now, or when it happens
regularly.

(I walk to school every morning)

Simple past tense
-the form of a verb used to describe an action that happened before the present time and is no
longer happening.

(The basketball game yesterday was held in the school gym)

Simple Future tense

The simple future tense is used to refer to actions or states that begin and end in the future.

(I will learn a new language.)

Present progressive
Format; is/are + ing

(She is writing right now.)

Past progressive
Format; was/were + ing

(She was writing when he called.)

Future progressive
Format; shall be/ will be + ing

(She will be writing when you arrive.)

Present Perfect
Format: Have + Past participle of the verb

(She has written Chapter 1.)

Past Perfect
Format: Had + Past participle of the verb

(The secretary told us that the manager had left the office.)

Future Perfect
Format: will + have + Past participle of the verb

(They will have been married for 50 years by the end of spring.)

Present Perfect Progressive

Format: Have/has + been + ing

(She has been writing for 2 hours)

Past Present Perfect Progressive

Format: Had + been + ing

(She had been writing for 2 hours before her friends arrived.)

Future Perfect Progressive

Format: will + have + been + ing

(She will have been writing for 2 hours by the time her friends come over.)