LEARNING

UNIT 1b
CITATION AND
REFERENCING
 determine the use of surname/last name in APA
Determine citation and referencing

By the end differentiate between Narrative Citation and

Differentiate Parenthetical Citation.
of this unit,
you should Differentiate differentiate between citing and referencing

be able to:
write citations and references based on APA
Write Style (7th Edition)
Is it important to cite the sources used in
your academic essays or assignments?

Eradicating the Habit of “Copy and Paste”

It is important to know the right way to do citations and referencing to avoid

the act of plagiarism or the infamous “copy-and-paste” habit in completing
academic works.
Plagiarism generally refers to the adoption or reproduction of original creations of
another author without giving credits or acknowledgements to the original author
(Simmons, 1999). But does that mean you have to provide citations for every
statement? No. If you are using general knowledge or facts (e.g. Malaysia is
located in Asia), or providing your own idea, then no citation is required.
Part A: Naming
Conventions
 NAMING
CONVENTIONS APA publication style (7th Edition) requires
only the surname/last name to be mentioned
in full in both citations and referencing.
As a general rule, the APA publication style (7th Edition) requires only the surname/last name (a
hereditary name common to all members of a family, which is carried through generations) to be
mentioned in full in both citations and referencing. For example, if the author’s full name is Joanne
Kathleen Rowling, then Rowling is used for citation while Rowling, J. K. is used in the reference.
 Asian Names
In some Asian naming conventions, the “last name” is not necessarily the “surname” or family name. The naming conventions remain the same i.e.
using the last name as stated in the APA publication style (7th Edition).

Ethnicity Full Name Citation (In-text) Referencing

Malay & Muslim names Mus Chairil bin Samani Samani (2011) / (Samani, 2011) Samani, M. C. (2011)
Remove bin/binti or any titles
Dayangku Intan binti Abdul Aziz Aziz (2003) / (Aziz, 2003) Aziz, D. I. A. (2003)
including Hj. Or Hjh, Datuk,
Pengiran etc. Prof Dr Asmah binti Omar Omar (1989) / (Omar, 1989) Omar, A. (1989)
Chinese names Heesup Han (2010) Han (2001)/ (Han, 2001) Han, H. (2001)
Li-Tzang (Jane) Hsu Hsu (2009) / (Hsu, 2009) Hsu, L. T. J. (2009)
Chewn Sheu Sheu (2005) / (Sheu, 2005) Sheu, C. (2005)
Korean names Hee Sun Park Park (2000) / (Park, 2000 Park, H. S. (2000)
Seunghwi Jo Jo (2016) / (Jo, 2016) Jo, S. (2016)
Si-Bog Park Park (2016) / (Park, 2016) Park, S. B. (2016)
Japanese names Hiroshi Inukai Inukai (2018) / (Inukai, 2018) Inukai, H. (2018)
Shirō Yabu Yabu (1982) / Yabu (1982) Yabu, S. (1982)
Indian names Ambigapathy a/l Pandian Pandian (2002) / (Pandian, 2002) Pandian, A. (2002)
  Bala Kumaravadivelu Kumaravadivelu (2012) / Kumaravadivelu, B. (2012)
  (Kumaravadivelu, 2012)
Names from indigenous Jecky anak Misieng Misieng (2013) / (Misieng, 2013) Misieng, J. (2013)
ethnic groups in Sarawak and      
Sabah    
•Important: If you are confused, try to search the
author’s name online to confirm his/her full name. Or
follow the rule of using the last name as stated in the
APA publication style (7th Edition). It is acceptable.
Part B: Citation Focus
 CITATION FOCUS
Focus on When author’s authority /
author’s name popularity is needed to add
Narrative first strength to your arguments
Citation
Example:
Author (Year)
Citation Focus
Focus on the To highlight an information more
information first than the author or focus on the
Parenthetical facts given
Citation
Example:
(Author, Year)
 Narrative Citation
When the focus is on the author’s view(s) and/or findings, this approach is known as Narrative Citation. Study the
following examples of Narrative Citation.
Jerslev (2016) finds that the famous British vlogger Zoella addresses her viewers like a girl next
door, informally, and by discussing mundane everyday events.
 
Hearn and Schoenhoff (2016) state that the authentic and trustworthy personal brand of social
media celebrities can be capitalised by companies and advertisers for consumer outreach.
 
Both Burgess (2012) and Van Dijck (2013) emphasise the role of interface design in directing
usage.
 
Social media are often not “social,” as Taylor and Kent (2014) suggested.
 
More importantly, as Lane and Kent (2018) argued, stakeholders and the public do not have to
be exploited.

The examples of the Narrative Citation show that the author’s name is given emphasis. Use Narrative Citation when the
author’s authority/popularity is needed to add “strength” to your arguments or when covering substantial information from the
same author (e.g. in a paragraph).
 Parenthetical Citation
When you focus on the information this approach is known as Parenthetical Citation. Study the following examples of
Parenthetical Citation.
Often, as in crisis and politics, social media are seen as one-way messaging tools (Lee & Xu, 2018) that serve
no relational purpose.
 
For most people the number of friends that they have exceeds the physical capabilities of the human brain
to maintain active relationships with (Kent, 2010; King, 2012).
 
Among women, making upward appearance comparisons is moderately related to negative body image
(Myers & Crowther, 2009).
 
Women are more likely than men to use social media to view others’ photos (Smith, 2014).
 
Informal learning may take place through self-guided and unstructured activities (Wolfe, et al., 2015) or
through deliberately-created digital or physical environments designed to facilitate scientific inquiry
(Cummins et al., 2001; Wolfe & Myers, 1996).

The examples of the Parenthetical Citation show that information is given primary importance. The author’s name(s) and
date of publication are parenthetically attached within or at the end of the sentence. Use Parenthetical Citation when there is a
need to highlight information more than the author or when focus is on the facts given.
Part C: Citation
Styles
 CITATION STYLES

Direct
Citation Quotation
Styles
Paraphrase
 Short
Direct Quotations
Quotations Long
Quotations
 Double
quotation
marks are The full-stop
used is at the end
of the
sentence
after the
citation or
page number

The
indication
of page
number
Long quotations of 40 words or more are placed in a double-
spaced paragraph, indented ½ inch from the left margin
No quotation marks

Begin the quotation on a new line

Text quoted is double-spaced

The full-stop is at the end of the

sentence after the citation or page
When writing academic essays, use
direct quotations sparingly and
purposefully. Direct quotations are
mainly used because the information
provided is specific and not easily
paraphrased, and/or there is an
important need to state expert view
on a claim that is made (for example
definition of key terms etc). Excessive
use of direct quotations in an
academic essay is not encouraged.
Refer to page 18 for short quotations
Refer to page 19 for long quotations
Take note on how to do it by listening to the
instructor’s guide using MsWord
Citing a Resource Published by More Than one author
If a resource is written more than 1 author, you have to pay attention to the following styles:

Number of Authors Citation Styles

Two Authors Always cite both authors' last names/surnames and use it throughout.
 
Examples:
Johnson and Smith (2009) found... OR
……… (Johnson & Smith, 2009).
Note the change of “and” to “&” when it is used in parentheses. This
applies to all citations with more than 1 author (not just 2 authors)
Three or more authors: If a document has three or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. without listing the
names of other authors immediately.
 
Examples:
For an article written by Andrew George Jones, Shirley Crane, and Mohammad Aziz bin Sulaiman, cite it from the
beginning as follows
 
Jones et al. (2010) further described... or
 
…. (Jones et al., 2010). Note the comma after al. There is no period after et
 
However, if the multiple works have three or more authors who are the same but with other added authors and the
same year, the citation needs to be distinguished clearly. For example
 
Authors: Ackermann, Cummins, Kilgarriff, Boat, and Tugwell (2011)
Citation: Ackermann, Cummins, Kilgarriff, et al. (2011)
 
Authors: Ackermann, Cummins, Kilgarriff, Sharif, Pence, and Moat (2011)
Citation: Ackermann, Cummins, Kilgarriff, Sharif et al. (2011)
 
Authors: Smith, Jones, Young, Brown, and Stanley (2001)
Citation: Smith, Jones, Young, et al. (2001)
 
Authors: Smith, Jones, Ward, Lee, and Stanley (2001)
Citation: Smith, Jones, Ward, et al. (2001)
‘et al.’ refers to and other people or things (from Latin ‘et alii/alia’)
Practice time
Do task 2 page 24
Part D: REFERENCING
STYLES
•In the previous section, you have learned how citations are used according to APA
Publication Style (7th edition). Always remember that citations are used within your writing
and all cited sources are then presented at the end of the written work as “References”.
This Reference list contains the name of the author(s) with their initials and the relevant
information, and appears at the end of your written article, on a new page. Avoid the use
of other terms such as “Bibliography” or “Works Cited”.

•Important Rules for Reference list:

• All sources cited in your essay must be in the reference list (vice-versa)
• References must be arranged alphabetically (A to Z) according to the author’s surname.
• Each entry takes the form of hanging indent - If the entry covers two (or more lines),
the second (and subsequent) line(s) are indented.
 All sources cited in your
essay must be in the
reference list

Arrange your references

alphabetically according to
the author’s surname

Each entry takes the form of

hanging indent – if the entry
covers two (or more lines),
the second lines are
indented
The basics of writing a
reference

• Take note on how to do it by listening to

the instructor’s guide using MsWord
Another important aspect of referencing in the APA Publication
Style (7th edition) is that all references must be formatted
according to its type (e.g. books, journal articles, chapters in a
book, magazine, web documents, etc.).
 
 A reference list entry generally has four elements: the author, date, title, and source. Each element answers a question:
 author: Who is responsible for this work?
 date: When was this work published?
 title: What is this work called?
 source: Where can I obtain this work?

General rule when referencing surnames and initials of authors:

provide the surname first, followed by a comma and the
author’s initials
Use a comma to separate an author’s initials from
additional author names, even when there are only two
authors. Use an ampersand (&) before the final author’s
name
Provide surnames and initials for up to and including 20
authors. When there are two to 20 authors, use an
ampersand before the final author’s name.
When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19
authors’ names, insert an ellipsis (but no ampersand), and
then add the final author’s name.
 
Author, A. A.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D.
D., Author, E. E., & Author, F. F.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D.
D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author,
H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author,
L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O.,
Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q. Author, R. R., Author, S. S.,
… Author, Z. Z.
• Note: For APA 7th ed., MOST published works have a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or URL (Uniform Resource
Locator), unless indicated otherwise.
• A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the
internet. DOIs can be found in database records and the reference lists of published works. You can look up for the
DOI of the published work in the particular work itself, or via https://www.crossref.org/ - Select ‘Search
metadata’.
• A URL specifies the location of digital information on the internet and can be found in the address bar of your
internet browser. URLs in references should link directly to the cited work when possible.
• Present both DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks (i.e., beginning with “http:” or “https:”).
• More details on DOI and URL can be found at https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/dois-
urls
The following sections focus on the main
types of resources commonly referred to
in academic writing based on the APA
Publication Style (7th edition).
Variants Citations Reference List
(Used in the text) (Alphabetical order)
One author The theory was first propounded in General format:
(applies to all types 1993 (Comfort, 1997). Author, A. (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.
of references and   (Note: Only the first letter of the first word in the title and subtitle
citations) OR are capitalised except for proper nouns or acronyms e.g. Malaysia,
    Asia, AIDS)
Comfort (1997) claimed that the theory Publisher information MUST be dincluded
was first propounded in 1993.  
The second line of the reference is INDENTED.
 
Cross (2011)
Provide DOI if available
OR  
(Cross, 2011) Example:
 
Walters (2015) Cross, N. (2011). Design thinking: Understanding how designers
OR think and work. Berg.
(Walters, 2015)  
Walters, D. (2015). Physiological responses of plants to attack.
John Wiley & Sons. https://doi:10.1002/978111878305
    
Madden and Hogan (1997, p.17) stated Madden, R., & Hogan, T. (1997). The
TWO authors that “the method should be used to
(applies to all type of achieve consistency”. definition of disability in Australia:
references and citations) OR Moving towards national
  “The method should be used to achieve
consistency” (Madden & Hogan, 1997, p. consistency. Australian Institute of
45). Health and Welfare.
 
Cohen and Cohen (1983) suggested that
when the missing pattern is non- Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied
systematic the missing rate should be multiple regression/correlation
kept under 10%
  analysis for the behavioural sciences.
Researchers should keep the “non- Erlbaum.
systematic missing patterns below 10%”
(Cohen & Cohen, 1983, p. 25)

THREE or MORE authors
(applies to all type of references
and citations)
 
If a document has three or more For referencing –list ALL names. For example,
authors, cite only the surname Rehman, T., McKemey, K., Yates, C. M., Cooke, R. J.,
of the first author followed by et Garforth, C. J., Tranter, R. B., Park, J. R., &
al. the first time the reference Dorward, P. T. (2007). Dairy farms in South West
occurs. For example England. Oxford University Press.
Rehman et al. (2005) found … For a work with up to 20 authors, include ALL
or of the names in the reference
…. (Rehman et al., 2005) However, when the work has 21 or more
authors, include only the first 19 names, and an ellipsis (…),
and the final name. For example,
  Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van
den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E.,
Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu,
A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M.,
Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E.,… Kovács,, A. (2019).
Twenty one pilots of Pearl Harbour: The story of
World War Two. Random House.
     
No author (Employment the Professional Way,
(applies to all type of 2000) Employment the professional way:
references and citations)
 
 
OR
A guide to understanding the
  Australian job search process for
the book Employment the Professional Way
(2000) professionally qualified migrants.
 
when a source has no author, use a few
(2000). Australian Multicultural
words of the title, or the whole title if it is Foundation.
short, in place of an author name in the
citation followed by the year.  
Titles of books and reports are italicized in in-
text citations, and titles of articles and other (When no author is present, the title
documents are put in quotation marks. of the book replaces the author’s
Capitalize the important words.
place. The title should be written in
full in the reference list)
Multiple In recent reports (Napier,
works 1993a, 1993b) …
Napier, A. (1993a). Fatal storm.
published in   Allen & Unwin.
the Use a/b etc. to
same year by differentiate between  
the works in same year. Napier, A. (1993b). Survival at
same author  
(applies to all sea. Allen & Unwin.
type of  
references and
citations)
Order alphabetically by title in the
reference list (e.g. F comes first before
S).
Variants Citations Reference List
(Used in the text) (Appears at the end – in alphabetical order)
Author as sole Berndt (1999) Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends’ influence on
author in one   students’ adjustment to school. Pearson.
citation, and Berndt and Keefe (1995) /  
first author of a (Berndt & Keefe, 1995)
Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends’
group in
another influence on adolescents’ adjustment to school.
citation Pearson.
(applies to all  
type of List the entry with one author first.
references and
citations)
     
Authors with the same last name but (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998) Johnson, E. (2001). Important rules in negotiating. University of
different works   Chicago Press.
(applies to all type of references and citations) Use first initials with the last names to prevent
confusion. If same last name but belongs to the same
work, the initials are not needed. Johnson, L. (1998). The new Grove dictionary of music and
musicians. Grove.
 
Book(s) published in language that is not Jeniri Amir (2005) Jeniri Amir. (2005). Dari budaya ke media: Mengangkat suara
English OR pinggiran di Sarawak [From culture to media: Lifting the voices
  (Jeniri Amir, 2005) of the marginalised in Sarawak]. Kota Samarahan, Malaysia:
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
  Kastenbaum (1993)  
  OR Kastenbaum, R. (Ed.). (1993). Encyclopedia of adult development.
Books with (Kastenbaum, 1993) Oryx Press.
Editor(s)  
 
 
  (If multiple editors, use Eds. Note: E is capitalised Note the use of
the period (full stop)
    Renton, N. (2004). Compendium of good writing (3rd ed.). John
Different Editions Renton (2004) Wiley & Sons.
  OR (Note: The period comes after the edition. The edition should be in
(Renton, 2004)
number format and not spelled out)
 
   General Format:
Article or chapter As discussed by Dreher (1994) … Author, A., & Author, B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In F. Editor & G.
in an edited book Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Publisher.
   
(Different chapters
Dreher, M. (1994). Qualitative research methods from the reviewer’s perspective.
written by different
authors) In J. M. Morse (Ed.), Critical issues in qualitative methods (pp. 281–297).
Sage.
 
Ramanair, J. (2016). Turning challenges into opportunities: Investigating
technology integration in tertiary level English language programmes through
the lens of Activity Theory. In D. P. Gedera, & J. P. Williams (Eds.), Activity
theory in education: Research and practice (pp. 121-138). Sense Publishers
 
 
Take note of the list of names of editors for the edited book. The initial comes
before the last name. E.g., C. Carter.
 
For authors, the initial comes after the last name, as usual, e.g. Dreher, M.
 
The title of the edited book is italicised, not the book chapter because if the edited
book can be found, then the chapter can be easily located.
 
The page number of the chapter is provided after the title with p. (single page) or
pp. (multiple pages).
     
Electronic DeHuff (2011) mentions DeHuff, E. W. (2011). Taytay’s tales:
Book that… Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved
(eBooks) OR from http://digital.library.upe
DeHuff (2011)
nn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html
 
Ensure the link to the eBook is provided.
EBooks should be in proper format with pages
and not merely a webpage.
 
     
Book by Ministry of Health Malaysia Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2011). AIDS
Organisations (2011) reported that…. prevention manual. Pelanduk Publication.
or Institutions OR  
  … (Ministry of Health
Department of Statistics Malaysia, Sarawak.
Malaysia, 2011).
  (2012). Monthly statistical bulletin Sarawak:
(The name of the May 2012. Department of Statistics Malaysia.
organisations or institutions  
is used as the author) American Psychological Association. (2009).
Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). The
American Psychological Association
 
Variants Citations Reference List
(Used in the text) (Appears at the end – in alphabetical order)
     
Journal - Article Whitmeyer (2000) General format:
in print version OR Author, A. (2000). Title of the article. Journal Name,
  (Whitmeyer, 2000) Volume(Number), pages of the article.
(Note: the listing  
 
of multiple  
Whitmeyer, J. M. (2000). Power through appointment.
authors is the  
same as books)   Social Science Research, 29(3), 535-555.
   
Josien and Broderick (2013) Josien, L., & Broderick, B. (2013). Cheating in higher
OR education: The case of multi-methods cheaters. Academy
(Josien & Broderick, 2013) of Educational Leadership Journal, 17(3), 93–105.
 
Note: For journal articles, Journal Name and Volume are
italicised and not the title of the article. As for the journal
number, not all journals provide number, in such case,
provide volume only.
Journal Article    
in print and Potter (2000) Potter, H. (2000). Marketing principles.
electronic OR International Economics, 29(4), 535-555.
version (Potter, 2000)  
 

Journal article (Sopensky, 2002) Sopensky, E. (2002). Ice rink becomes hot business.
available via - OR Austin Business Journal, 3(4). Retrieved from
Internet-Only Sopensky (2002) http://www.bizjournals.
com/austin/stories/2002/10/14/small b1.html
Variants Citations Reference List
(Used in the text) (Appears at the end – in alphabetical order)
     
Journal article Kayaoğlu et al (2016) Kayaoğlu, M. N., Erbay, Ş., Flitner, C., & Saltaş, D.
with digital OR (2016). Examining students’ perceptions of plagiarism:
object identifier (Kayaoğlu et al., 2016)
A cross-cultural study at tertiary level. Journal of
(DOI)  
  Further and Higher Education, 40(5), 682–705.
doi:10.1080/0309877X.2015.1014320
 
   
  It is a growing problem in the Anorexia nervosa. (1969). British Medical Journal, 1(2),
Article – no U.K. (“Anorexia nervosa”, 1969) 529-530.
Author …
 
 
When no author, cite the title
using double quotation marks.
(c) Resource cited/Found in another resource (Secondary Citation)
Occasionally, you will see several citations used within a resource/publication that you are reading and intend to use them.
Minimise the use of this type of citation. Search for the original source first (look at the Reference list) so you can read it for
yourself and cite it directly. If you have exhausted all efforts to find the original work, then you may proceed to cite it as a
Secondary Citation as follows:
Variants Citations Reference List
(Used in the text) (Appears at the end – in alphabetical order)
     
Book “… including neuralgia” (Carini & Hogan Thibodeau, G. A., & Patton, K. T. (Eds.). (2002). The human body in
as cited in Thibodeau & Patton, 2002) health and disease. Mosby Publishing.
OR
 
Carini and Hogan’s study (as cited in
Thibodeau & Patton, 2002)  
OR Record the book that you actually sourced and NOT the reference for
According to Carini and Hogan (as cited the secondary sources.
in Thibodeau & Patton, 2002)…

     
Journal article Carini and Hogan’s study (as cited in Patton, K. T. (2002). Neuralgia and headaches. Science, 400, 2153-
Patton, 2002). 2155.
OR
 
“… origins of neuralgia” (Carini &
Hogan as cited in Patton, 2002). Record the journal that you actually sourced.
 (d). Encyclopaedias and Dictionaries
Variants Citations Reference List
(Used in the text) (Appears at the end – in alphabetical order)
Printed Barber (2009) If it is a chapter in an encyclopaedia:
   
OR
 
Barber, C. (2009). Gender identity. In E. M. Anderman, & L. H. Anderman
(Ho, 1993) (Eds.), Psychology of classroom learning: An encyclopaedia (Vol. 2, pp. 428-
430). Gale-Cencage.
 
If it is the entire encyclopaedia:
 
Goethals, G. R., Sorenson, G. J., & Burns, J. M. (Eds.). (2004). Encyclopedia of
leadership. Sage.
 
For dictionaries:
 
Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th
ed., Vols. 1-20). Macmillan.

Online “Feminism” (2010) Feminism. (2010). In Encyclopaedia Britannica online. Retrieved from
 
OR
http://www.britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/724633/feminism
   
(“Feminism”, 2010) Note: italicise the title of the encyclopaedia / dictionary
(e). Thesis.
Variants Citations Reference List
(Used in the text) (Appears at the end – in alphabetical order)

     
Thesis from online (Biswas, 2008) Biswas, S. (2008). Dopamine D3 receptor: A neuroprotective
Database OR treatment target in Parkinson's disease. Retrieved from ProQuest
Biswas (2008) …
Digital Dissertations. (AAT 3295214)

     
Unpublished Thesis (Santini, 2008) Santini, S. N. (2008). Research methods for business: A skill building
OR approach. (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Malaya,
Santini (2008)…
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
 
Healey, D. (2005). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and
creativity: An investigation into their relationship. (Unpublished
doctoral dissertation). University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New
Zealand.
 
Note: Italicise the title of the thesis.
(f). Magazines.
Variants Citations Reference List
(Used in the text) (Appears at the end – in alphabetical order)
     
1 author Martinez-Conde and Martinez-Conde, S., & Macknick, S. L. (2007, August).
   
(Note: listing of multiple Macknick (2007) … Windows on the mind. Scientific American, 297(2), 56-63.
authors is the same as    
books) OR  
  Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science,
(Martinez-Conde & Macknick, 2007)
  262, 673-674.
   
Posner (1993) For magazines that are published MONTHLY, the date of publication
 
consists only of year and month
OR
   
(Posner, 1993) Italicise the name of the magazine and volume, not the title of the
  article
(Do not provide month/date as given in the
reference list)
 
For magazines that are published WEEKLY, the exact date of
publication is provided.
 
In the case when exact date is not given, provide the year and the
month. If volume is not given (e.g. 262 in the example above) then
you can omit it.
(g). Newspapers
Variants Citations Reference List
(Used in the text) (Appears at the end – in alphabetical order)

     
1 author Scultz (2005) Scultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy
 
(Note: listing of multiple policies. The Country Today, pp.1A-2A.
authors is the same as  
books) Note: pp. is used for multiple pages and p. is used for single page.
   
Note: Italicise the name of the Newspaper, not the article.

No author “New drug appears” (1993)

 
(“New drug appears”, 1993) New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart
  failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.
Use a few words of the title, or the whole title
if it is short for the parenthetical citation and
enclose it in quotation marks

Online Parker-Pope (2008) Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to
drug industry. The New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www. nytimes.com
(h). Reports
Variants Citations Reference List
(Used in the text) (Appears at the end – in alphabetical order)
Government Malaysia Department of Health Malaysia Department of Health. (1992). The health
report (1992) consequence of smoking. Jabatan Percetakan Negara.
 

Report from a American Psychiatric Association American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guidelines
private (2000) for the treatment of patients with eating disorders (2nd ed.).
organisation APA.
 

Report from a Dearing Committee (1997) Dearing Committee. (1997). Higher education in the learning
special committee society. Report of National Committee of Inquiry into Higher
  Education. Oxford
Online Ministry of Education (n.d.) Ministry of Education. (n.d.). KBSM curriculum specification.
  Retrieved from http://www.moe. edu.my/kbsmcs.html
 
Lecture or publicly Ministry of Education (n.d.) Ministry of Education. (n.d.). KBSM curriculum specification.
delivered paper Retrieved from http://www.moe. edu.my/kbsmcs.html
 
(i). World Wide Web documents
Variants
 
Document with author,
published date and title.
 
Pease ensure validity and
reliability of information.
Html addresses that end
with .edu, .org. are generally
more reliable
Citations Reference List
(Used in the text) (Appears at the end – in alphabetical order)
  General Format:
 
  Author. (Year). Title of the webpage. Retrieved from
  http://www.website.com/fullpage.html
 
  Dawson, J., Smith, L., Deubert, K., & Grey-Smith, S. (2002). Trek 6: Referencing,
….. (Dawson et al., 2002). not plagiarism. Retrieved from http://www.
OR academicworld.com/ referencing-not-plagiarism.html
Dawson et al. (2002) mentioned that…  
…….. (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO).
Organisation [UNESCO], 2012) (2012). Graduate employability in Asia. Bangkok, Thailand: UNESCO Bangkok
  Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education. Retrieved from
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/
When citing organisations with official abbreviations to
the title for the first time, state the full name of the 002157/215706e.pdf
organisation with the abbreviation in square bracket  
(followed by the year of publication). In the subsequent Provide date information - date month/day/year of retrieval if the contents of
citations state the abbreviation only.
  the page are designed to change over time. For example
Department of Statistics Malaysia (2020) Salaries and wages survey report,
Malaysia, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2020 from
https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?
r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=157&bul_id=VXRJbkFUNUp5eDl0UFBFRG5C
MWlMUT09&menu_id=Tm8zcnRjdVRNWWlpWjRlbmtlaDk1UT09
Document with no (Royal Institute of British Architects, n.d.) Royal Institute of British Architects. (n.d.). Shaping the future: Careers
published date OR in architecture. Retrieved from http://www.careersinarchitectur
Royal Institute of British Architects (n.d.) e.net/articles/124.html

Website with no    
author. Use the title as “40 amazing hacks” (2015)…. 40 amazing hacks to save you money. (2015, August 29). Retrieved
the author   from http://www.msn.
  OR com/en-my/money/news/40-amazing-hacks-to-save-you-money/ss-
Cite in text the first  
BBmf821
few words of the ….. (“40 Amazing Hacks”, 2015)
reference list entry    
(usually the title) and Use a few words of the title, or the whole  
the year. Use double title if it is short for the parenthetical Note: Articles found on the web, like the example above, are not
quotation marks citation and enclose it in quotation marks italicized in the reference entry.
around the title or    
abbreviated title.    
 
 
Pease ensure validity
and reliability of
information before
citing / referencing
(j). Audio-visual Materials

Variants Citations Reference List

(Used in the text) (Appears at the end – in alphabetical order)

Video (OCD-UK, 2009) OCD-UK. (2009, February 26). A guide to cognitive

OR behavioural therapy (CBT) [Video].
OCD-UK (2009) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ds3wHkwiuCo

YouTube (Welker, 2012) Welker, J. (2012, August 13). The circular flow model of a
OR market economy [YouTube Channel].
Welker (2012) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PKH2wtDT3E

Podcast (Rissian, 2012) Rissian, L. C. (Producer). (2012, May 4). Twelve

OR parsecs [Audio podcast].  http://itunes.apple.com
Rissian (2012)
 (k). Papers
Variants Citations Reference List
(Used in the text) (Appears at the end – in alphabetical order)
     
Published in proceedings Gibson (2005) Gibson, C. C. (2005). Impact of the larger social context on the distance learner.
  OR
(Note: Similar to Chapter in a (Gibson, 2005) In S. Allsop (Ed.), International Conference on Distance Education: One
book)   world many voices: Quality in open and distance learning (pp. 279-282).
    Chicago, IL: Milton Keynes.
If proceedings are published Armstrong et al. (2007)
 
online, substitute the OR
publisher and location with (Amstrong et al., 2007) Armstrong, D. B., Fogarty, G. J., & Dingsdag, D. (2007). Scales measuring
Retrieved from…   characteristics of small business information systems. In W-G. Tan, B. J.
(see section (i))   Reads, & B. Zigman (Eds.), Proceedings of Research, Relevance and Rigour:
  Felt et al. (2011)
If proceedings are available OR Coming of age: 18th Australasian Conference on Information Systems (pp.
via CD, add [CD] after the title (Felt et al., 2011) 163-171). Toowoomba, 
of the paper.   Australia: University of Southern Queensland.
Ramanair et al. (2017)
 
OR
(Ramanair et al., 2017) Felt, A. P., Finifter, M., Chin, E., Hanna, S., & Wagner, D. (2011). A survey of
mobile malware in the wild. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on
Security and Privacy in Smartphones and Mobile Devices (pp. 3-14).
Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2046614.2046618
 
Ramanair, J., Rethinasamy, S., Misieng, J. (2017). The technological,
pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) of tertiary level English
language instructors in integrating technology in language classrooms. In E-
Proceeding of the 6th Global Summit on Education (pp. 15-19).
WorldConferences.net
Unpublished conference   General Format:
paper.   Author, A. (Year, Month). Title of the paper. Paper presented at the Conference Name, Location,
Country.
 
 
Portman (2000)
OR Portman, J. (2000, May). Teaching learners English using video games. Paper presented at the
(Portman, 2000) 3rd International Conference on Computer-Assisted Language Learning, Kuala Lumpur,
  Malaysia.
    
Taylor (2006) If the paper is taken from online source, include the URL/web address after the location.
OR  
(Taylor, 2006) Taylor, J. A. (2006). Assessment: A tool for development and engagement in the first
year of university study. Paper presented at the 9th Pacific Rim in Higher Education Conference,
Griffith, Australia. Retrieved from http://www.fyhe.com.au/past_papers/2006/Papers/Taylor.pdf
Paper presented at a Bamgbose (1998) Bamgbose, A. (1998, March). Language as a resource: An African Perspective. Paper presented
workshop OR at the workshop on the role of the African Languages in democratic South Africa, University
(Bamgbose, 1998) of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
 
Paper presented at Symposia Krinsky-McHale et al. (2012) Krinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., & Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric
OR symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B.
(Krinsky-McHale et al., 2012) Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with
Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological
Association, Orlando, FL.

Poster sessions Adams-Labonte (2012) Adams-Labonte, S. K. (2012, August). Daytime impairment due to college students’ technology
OR use during sleep: Similarities to sleep apnea. Poster session presented at the meeting of the
(Adams-Labonte, 2012) American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.
 
(l). Figures
Variants Caption (in text) Reference List
(Placed under the figure) (Appears at the end – in alphabetical order)
General Format   
Book       
  Figure X. Descriptive phrase that serves as title  
  and description. Reprinted [or adapted] from  
Book Title (page number), by Author First Initial.  
Second Initial. Surname, Year, Place of   
Publication: Publisher. Copyright [Year] by the
Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or
 
adapted] with permission. Pike, K. M. (2008). Short-term memory loss. New York,
 
Example: NY: Mackerlin Press.
Figure 1. Short-term memory test involving  
pictures. Reprinted from Short-term Memory  
Loss (p. 73), by K. M. Pike, 2008, New York, NY:  
Mackerlin Press. Copyright 2008 by the  
Association for Memory Research. Reprinted  
with permission.  
Variants Caption (in text) Reference List
(Placed under the figure) (Appears at the end – in alphabetical order)
Journal article General Format    
   
Figure X. Descriptive phrase that serves as title   
and description. Reprinted [or adapted] from  
“Title of Article,” by Author First Initial. Second Wang, S. H., & Kohne, L. (2007). Visual experience enhances
Initial. Surname, Year, Journal Title, Volume
(issue), page number. Copyright [Year] by the Infants' use of task-relevant information in an action task.
Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 1510 - 1524
adapted] with permission.
 
Example:  
 
Figure 1. Schematic drawings of a bird's eye
view of the table (a) and the test phase of the
choice task (b). Numbers represent the
dimensions in centimeters. Adapted from
“Visual Experience Enhances Infants' Use of
Task-Relevant Information in an Action Task,"
by S.-h. Wang and L. Kohne, 2007,
Developmental Psychology, 43, p. 1515.
Copyright 2003 by the American Psychological
Association.
Website General Format   
   
Figure X. Descriptive phrase that serves as  
title and description. Reprinted [or  
adapted] from Title of Website, by Author  
First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, Year,  
Retrieved  
from URL. Copyright [year] by the Name
of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or
adapted] with permission.
   
  Dawson, D. K. (2000). List of yoga postures. Retrieved from
Example:  http://en.wikipedia.org/
     wiki/List_of_yoga_postures
Figure 1. An example of the cobra yoga
position. Reprinted from List of Yoga
Postures, by D. K. Dawson, 2009,
Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_yoga
_postures. Copyright 2007 by Pearson.
Reprinted with permission.
*All information provided above is as accurate as possible to the APA requirements for referencing and citation. In the event of any error(s), information provided
in the APA manual and/or the official website is considered accurate.
 
References
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
 
American Psychological Association. (2020). APA style. Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association. Retrieved from https://apastyle.apa.org/
Practice required

• Task 3 p. 19
• Task 4 p. 21
• Task 5 p.35