SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ECE00- Basic Electronics
2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023

Name: Carmela Jane P. Yap Date: April 17, 2023

Section: BSME 2-GM

What is a battery?

A battery is a mechanism that transforms chemical energy into electrical

energy. The transfer of electrons from one substance (an electrode) to another
through an external circuit is a necessary component of the chemical processes
in a battery. This device transforms chemical energy into electrical energy using
one or more electrical cells. In essence, every battery is a galvanic cell that
generates chemical energy through redox reactions between two electrodes.
Batteries are typically devices that are comprised of several electrochemical cells
that are coupled to external inputs and outputs. Little electric devices like remote
controls, mobile phones, and torches are frequently powered by batteries.

Common battery sizes are AA Batteries, AAA Batteries, AAAA Batteries, C

Batteries, D Batteries, 9V Batteries, CR123A Batteries, 23A Batteries and CR2032
Batteries.

Specialty Batteries are 12V; 12 Volt Battery, 22V; 22 Volt Battery, and 44V; 44
Volt Battery.

TYPES OF BATTERIES

PRIMARY CELL / PRIMARY BATTERY

A primary cell or battery must be thrown away after use because it cannot
be easily recharged. Dry cells are defined as primary cells that use electrolytes
that are encapsulated within absorbent material or a separator (i.e., no free or
liquid electrolyte).

PRIMARY FUNCTION/ USES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES ILLUSTRATION

CELL /
PRIMARY
BATTERY
Lithium One of the most  Last up to 4x  Much more
longer expensive
widely used battery
compared to than other
types is lithium. They other battery battery types
types
 have the highest
 Light-weight for  Highly
energy density of any
portable flammable;
battery cell, which devices require
special
translates to more
 Ideal for heavy- disposal at
energy storage use specified
locations and
capacity than other
 Function well cannot be
batteries like alkaline. even in thrown away
extreme
Despite only being
temperatures,  Don’t come
offered in AA, AAA, working well in in bigger
outdoor devices battery sizes
and 9V capacities,
like flashlights like C or D
lithium batteries have
 Shelf life is 10-
higher mAh ratings
12 years; great
than any other non- for use in
emergency
rechargeable battery.
devices, as the
One AA lithium battery batteries will
not leak or
has a capacity of
explode.
2,700–3,400 mAh and
may operate for a very
long time, even when
used frequently.
Zinc Despite being  inexpensive  Low energy
and easy to find density
Carbon incredibly cheap,
 Multiple  Unable to
carbon-zinc batteries different perform well
shapes and in extreme
have a very poor
sizes are temperatures
energy density. readily  Will not be
available. able to
Frequently, these
efficiently
batteries won't be able power high-
drain
to give a high-drain
devices.
item more than  Shelf life is
2–3 years.
enough power to turn
it on.

Alkaline Alkaline batteries are  Great price for  Heavy and

quality bulky without
inexpensive, simple to
 Last longer due additional
dispose of, and very to potassium voltage
hydroxide  it may not
common. They
construction work well in
typically have a  Shelf life is 5- high-drain
10 years. devices
capacity rating of
 Function well  It will
 above 2,500 mAh, even in sometimes
extreme leak, causing
which is excellent for
temperatures, the device to
devices that are used working well in become
outdoor devices unusable.
moderately to heavily.
like flashlights.
In contrast to lithium  Lead, mercury,
and cadmium-
batteries, practically
free is good for
all standard-size the
environment,
batteries have an
and the
alkaline design, which batteries don't
need to be
makes them ideal for
disposed of in a
the majority of specific way.
gadgets.
Zinc Air The structure of zinc-  High energy  sensitive to
density for extreme
air batteries is
devices like temperatures
distinctive because hearing aids and humidity
 Inexpensive  Dry out once
they produce
 Act as a exposed to
electricity by being replacement for outside air,
highly toxic and reducing
exposed to oxygen.
mostly obsolete battery life.
As a result, they are mercury
batteries.
useless for
wristwatches but ideal
for hearing aids.
Users must remove a
sealing tab from the
battery to activate it
and allow ventilation.
Silver In wristwatches and  high energy-to-  Expensive
weight ratio materials
Oxide other compact
 Exceptionally discourage
electronics, silver long operating their use in
life high-power
oxide batteries are
 Flat applications.
frequently utilized. construction
works well in
Because the battery is
compact
made of actual silver, devices.
 Provides up to
it is frequently only
twice the
offered in button cells, amount of
energy capacity
where the amount of
compared to
silver contributes little similar alkaline
button type
to the overall cost of
batteries.
the item.
 SECONDARY CELL / PRIMARY BATTERY
A secondary cell or battery is one that may be electrically recharged to its
initial pre-discharge condition after use by running current through the circuit in
the opposite direction from the current during discharge. The charging procedure
is shown graphically in the following image.

SECONDARY FUNCTION/ USES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES ILLUSTRATION

CELL /
PRIMARY
BATTERY
Lead Acid In solar systems, lead-  Cheap,  Very heavy,
acid batteries are the powerful, batteries
easily tend to be
most common type of
rechargeable very large
battery. In contrast to , high power bricks
other battery types, output because
capability. energy
lead-acid batteries have
density is
a long lifespan and very low.
inexpensive cost
despite having a poor
energy density, only
modest efficiency, and
high maintenance
needs. Lead-acid
batteries have the
distinct benefit of being
the most widely utilized
type of battery for the
majority of rechargeable
battery applications
(such as starting
automobile engines),
which has resulted in a
well-established,
mature technology
foundation.
Nickel Nickel-cadmium  inexpensive  Does not
Cadmium ( batteries, sometimes and easy to store well
find over long
NiCd) known as NiCd
 Low internal periods of
batteries, are a resistance time.
common option for ensures the  A full
battery discharge is
flashlights, digital
 cameras, and other charges and required
high-drain gadgets. discharges before
quickly. recharging,
They are available in
 Delivers at or the
common sizes, full capacity. battery will
including AA, AAA, C, lose its
capacity.
and 9V. Unlike other
 Over-
batteries, such as charging will
alkaline batteries, NiCd cause the
battery’s
batteries have the
capacity to
distinct advantage of decline.
maintaining a constant  Contains
voltage all the way until toxic metals
and is not
battery exhaustion. It environment
has a low voltage per ally friendly.
cell of 1.2V, but the  Uses a
specific type
strong supply makes up
of charger,
for this. For instance, requiring the
the lightbulb of a user to
purchase
flashlight will gradually
one or have
dim if it is about to die. one on
When using NiCd hand.
batteries, the brightness
will not change until the
battery is completely
dead.
Nickel-Metal NiMH batteries are  High energy-  Ship in a
Hydride marketed as having a to-volume discharged
ratio, state and
(NiMH) high density, although
compared to require a full
this may result in a NiCd charge
shorter cycle life. They  Environment before use.
ally friendly  Over-
can only be recharged
 Delivers at charging will
roughly 500 times full capacity. cause the
despite having a high battery's
capacity to
energy density.
decline.
Although they will  Discharges
undoubtedly pay for at a very
themselves in due high rate
and must be
course, they might not recharged
be the best option for before use.
applications like clocks,  doesn't
perform well
TV remotes, or smoke
in high-rate
alarms. All of these
 gadgets require discharge
incredibly little power, devices

and a NiMH battery

works best when used
within 30 days. NiMH
batteries operate at full
capacity until practically
all of the energy has
been depleted, similar
to NiCd batteries.
Lithium Ion The most well-known  Small and  Not
thin with available in
and often used batteries
superior regular
in the modern world are energy
household
density,
lithium-ion batteries, sizes
most
sometimes known as li- smartphones  requires a
use li-ion protection
ion batteries. Your
batteries. circuit to
laptop or smartphone  Quick to prevent
recharge overheating
probably uses a li-ion
and fairly low
and limit
battery, although you self-
discharge. A voltage.
may not be aware of it.  Overall
lithium-ion
These batteries fall battery loses capacity will
less than 5% slowly
under the category of
of its full deteriorate
rechargeable batteries charge per over time,
month,
and can be recharged causing the
compared to
repeatedly. They have a NiMH, which device to
loses up to lose its
very high energy
20% per charge
density and don't need month. quicker.
 Does not  Use a
routine maintenance. Li-
require a specific type
ion batteries are not prolonged
of charger,
charge when
offered in consumer requiring the
new,
sizes because they can compared to user to
other purchase
catch fire if put into a
rechargeable one or have
typical battery charger. batteries. one on
One charge
Rather, they need a hand.
is all you
particular charger with a need.
 Maximum
particular lithium-ion
performance
charging algorithm. and
efficiency
offset high
initial costs,
making it
consumer-
friendly.
  Environment
ally friendly
and safe

What is a switch?

An electrical switch is a device that can interrupt or reconnect an electrical

circuit's conducting channel, switching the flow of electricity from one conductor
to another. Switches prevent traffic between two devices on the same network
from obstructing the use of other devices. Switches let you manage who has
access to different network areas. Switches let you keep an eye on utilization.
Switches allow for faster than Internet-speed connectivity (within your network).

TYPES OF SWITCHES

MECHANICAL SWITCHES

Mechanical switches are tangible objects that need to be physically moved,

pressed, released, or touched to be turned on. Mechanical switches can be
divided into different types based on a variety of characteristics, including the
way they are activated (manual, limit, and process switches), the number of
contacts (single-contact and multi-contact switches), the number of poles and
throws (SPST, DPDT, SPDT, etc.), the way they operate and are built (push button,
toggle, rotary, joystick, etc.), the state they are in (momentary and locked
switches), and more.

MECHANICAL FUNCTION/ USES SYMBOL ILLUSTRATION

SWITCHES

Single Pole This is a straightforward ON/OFF switch

Single Throw that is frequently found in houses for
Switch (SPST) lighting circuits, modest load appliances,
computers, and other electronics. A "one-
way" or "single-way" switch is another
name for it. (Known as a two-way switch
in the US). It regulates a single circuit
operation, such as whether the circuit is
made or broken. When the SPST switch
is in the ON position, the contact is
typically either NC (Normally Closed) or
NO (Normally Open) for the OFF position.
Single Pole In whole, SPDT switches have three pins
Double Throw (terminals), plus an additional ground
Switch terminal. The input terminal, also known
(SPDT) as a two-way switch (Known as a three-
way switch in the US), is recognized and
used as common, while the other two
terminals are known as travelers. (Output
terminals).

Double Pole A DPST switch can be controlled by a

Single Throw single lever and is essentially two SPST
Switch switches packaged together. Similar to
(DPST) how a two-pole breaker operates, this
switch is typically used when both the
ground and the line need to be broken (or
closed) at the same time. Shortly, it has
two poles, allowing it to regulate two
circuits (hot and neutral), and it has a
single throw, allowing it to perform only
one action, such as turning something off
or on.
Double Pole This switch functions similarly to two
Double Throw bundled SPDT switches. Two common
Switch pins and four signal pins are present on
(DPDT) this switch. (a total of six terminals). Four
distinct signal combinations can be
applied to this switch's input pins in total.
DPCO is another switch connected to
DPDT. (Double Pole Changeover, or
Double Pole, Center Off).
Push Button As the name suggests, push buttons are
Switch momentary switches that are operated by
pressing (putting pressure on them by
pushing them) for a while. The spring
mechanism for the actuator inside it is
used to close or open the circuit for OFF
and ON operations. When a pushbutton
switch is pressed, the movable contacts
attached to the button make sure to
connect the static (or stationary) contacts
in series to complete the circuit. When the
pressure is released, the contacts on the
pins are detached, and the circuit
operation returns to the first position,
 either ON or OFF.
Toggle Switch Toggle switches are latching type of
switches that are actuated by a lever
angled in one or more directions. This
switch is stable in its state and remains in
that state unless or until the lever is
pushed in another direction. Most
household applications (such as lighting
control switches) have a toggle switch,
and it can fall into any of the categories
mentioned above, e.g., SPST, DPDT,
DPST, DPDT, etc.
Limit Switch A limit switch is operated automatically
(by mechanical parts or machines) or
manually by an object in control systems.
The bumper arm in the switch is used as
an actuator, and when pressed or comes
into contact with an object, it changes the
direction of the flowing current, hence
changing the position and operation of
the circuit.
Float As the name indicates, a float switch is a
Switches floating switch that controls a circuit or
machine inside a tank full of liquid (such
as a water tank). It detects the level of the
liquid and switches on or off when the
liquid level rises or falls according to the
requirements.

Flow Flow switches are used to detect and

Switches control the flow of air or the movement of
liquids (such as water, oil, etc.) in the
connected ducts and pipes. When the air
or liquid flows above the limits in the
metal or plastic pipes, the snap action of
the spring mechanism moves the metal
arm of the micro switch, which leads to
making or breaking the contacts, hence
the operation of the system changes.
Pressure Pressure switches are used in industrial
Switches applications to sense and operate under
the pressure of air or gas. The different
 types of pressure switches (such as metal
bellows, piston type, and diaphragm-
operated pressure switches) are widely
used in pneumatic devices and hydraulic
systems to measure a range of levels of
pressure.

Temperature Thermal and temperature switches

& Thermal depend on the temperature at which the
Switches heat-sensing element (such as a
bimetallic strip) is bent by thermal
expansion, i.e., when exposed to the
heat. For example, when the temperature
rises and crosses the preset level, the
bimetallic strip expands and breaks the
contact, hence the circuit is open.
Timer Switch Both digital and analog timer switches
(also known as timers) are used for time
delay in specific applications. A time
switch can be configured using the
mechanical timer's clockwork, where it
makes or breaks the contact when the
setup time runs out and hence turns on or
off the connected circuit from the supply.
Joystick A joystick (also known as a flight stick or
Switches hat switch) is a switch with a lever
connected to it. The lever freely moves,
and the directional movement connects
the different terminals of the switch to
control the circuit. The switch contacts
can be actuated by moving the stick in
the right, left, upper, and lower positions.
Slide Switch As the name suggests, a slide switch
uses a slider as an actuator, which slides
back and forth to make and break the
contacts. The following fig shows the
SPDT (single pole, double throw) slide
switch, which is used to control the flow of
current in a circuit.
2PMT & 2P6T DPMT stands for Double Pole Multi
(Two Pole, Six Throw, and 2P6T is abbreviated as 2-
Throw & Two Pole, Multi Throw switches. These kinds
Pole, Multiple of switches consist of two poles and
Throw) multiple throws, i.e., they can be used to
control two independent circuits. These
types of switches with a common lever
are used as changeover and selector
switches for multiway switching.
Intermediate Intermediate switch is also known as a
Switch four-way switch in the US (and way
switch in the UK and EU). It has four
terminals, which are used to divert the
flow of current from one position to
another. These switches are used to
control a single appliance, such as a light
bulb, from different locations. For
example, to control a light bulb from two
different locations or simply a staircase
wiring configuration.
Rotary Selector switches are rotary switches with
Switches a knob that rotates around its axis and
switches, connecting the common
terminal to many of the output terminals.
It is the same as a knob switch in a digital
or analog multimeter based on the
working principle of a demultiplexer,
electrical measurement tools and
metering, radio band selectors, channel
selectors in a communication system, etc.
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
SWITCHES
Single Pole  The circuit design is very simple.  Once the label on this switc
 Simple wiring is faded, it creates confusio
Single Throw
 Cabling is less required. for the user.
Switch (SPST)  Low cost  Not strong.
 Capable of working with high voltages
and currents.
 Reliable

Single Pole  It is less costly.  We cannot control two load

 It is reliable for most applications. at a time.
Double Throw
 It can work with high voltages and  Increased cost.
Switch currents.
(SPDT)  High switching currents let the device
control relays, pumps, and motors.

Double Pole  By using this switch, two independent  The switching function
Single Throw circuits can be opened or closed
simultaneously.
Switch
 It operates with two independent
(DPST) circuits.
 Both the input and output pair function
simultaneously.
 This switch is equivalent to 2-SPDT
switches.
Double Pole  Carries two autonomous signals
 Are perfect when used with high voltage
Double Throw
and current
(DPDT)  Relatively inexpensive
 It is easily available in most hardware
stores.
 Easy to work with when it comes to the
installation and maintenance
 super-light hence portable, and can be
installed even in small applications.
Push Button  Due to their small size, they are perfect
for use in smaller appliances and
Switch
consoles.
 where there is limited space to
accommodate large buttons.
 These are easy to use as they require
only a simple touch to operate the
equipment.
Toggle Switch  These switches are ideal for use with
circuit boards.
 These switches are very simple to seal,
extremely durable, and typically have a
small footprint.
 These types of switches can control
electricity well.
 These switches are available in small
and standard sizes.
 These can be operated and extended by
a lever.
 The electricity used by these switches is
less, so they are energy efficient.
 These switches are very strong.
Limit Switch  Limit switch installation is simple.
 Its size is compact.
 It controls several loads.
 It consumes less electrical energy.
 It is applicable in many industries.
 It has accuracy, repeatability, and high
precision.
 It works in the toughest environmental
conditions.
 The maximum current it can switch is up
to 10 A.
Temperature  compact size and less cost
& Thermal
provided by this is either on
or off.
 This switch is a somewhat
more complicated on-off
switch where it connects or
disconnects two circuits
simultaneously.
 Once this switch is on, the
current starts flowing throug
two loads. When it is turned
off, two loads will be turned
off.
 As compared to bridges,
these are expensive.
 Network connectivity issues
cannot be traced using this
switch.
 Broadcast traffic may be
difficult on a switch.
 In the case of push buttons
accidental turning on or off
devices is also mitigated,
since you need to manually
push the button, and an
accidental bump will not be
enough to operate the
device.
 These types of switches wil
make some clicking sounds
while operating them.
 These are larger and bulkie
as compared to rocker
switches.
 It requires a toggle lock
washer.
 It is applicable to low-voltag
circuits only.
 To activate this switch, it
should make physical
contact with an object.
 The mechanical componen
can exhaust.
 Usually, it is restricted to
equipment that operates at
comparatively low speeds.
 less accuracy, prone to
vibrations & shocks, not
Switches
Timer Switch  Its installation is easy and simple to use.
 These time switches are strong, reliable,
and low-cost.
 They give several options and are
available with sensors.
 They have a visually appealing design
and are slimmer.
 flexible and safe.
 These switches are helpful for
connecting Christmas lights
automatically.
 Power and money can be conserved.
 The travel experience can be enhanced.
 Farm productivity can be improved.
 Turn lights on and off at fixed times.
 Timely alerts can be obtained.
 Appliances can be managed bitterly.
Flow  These switches are very reliable devices
for determining flow rates.
Switches
 These switches offer accuracy,
versatility, and economy.
 They provide high accuracy.
Pressure  will cut power to the motor.
 This is especially beneficial for pumps
Switches
that draw more amps because the
bigger the motor,
 the quicker it will drain a battery when
left running.
 Lower cost.
 Higher current ratings – can switch
pumps, motors, or valves directly
through the switch.
 Being a passive device, no power
source is required.
Float  Simple and low-cost mounting
 doesn’t require an auxiliary power
Switches
supply.
 It can be used for any kind of liquid, like
acids, chemicals, etc.
 Potential-free and switching voltage up
to 230 volts.
 Surface disturbances like bubbling,
foaming, and ripples will not affect its
performance.
 It can be used with a temperature
handling high temperatures
and its performance will get
affected when the ambient
temperature changes.
 Timer switches need
maintenance otherwise, the
dirt can cause damage to th
switch.
 If these switches are used
outdoors, there is a chance
to get damage based on
surrounding conditions.
 The mechanical time switch
controls manually.
 The mechanical time switch
needs different
switchboards.
 Digital time switches require
some advance plan before
installing at home as they
will not be equivalent to
normal switchboards.
 Gas inclusions can cause
errors.
 Lower conductivity.
 Installation is expensive and
requires maintenance.
 It is vulnerable to rust from
water-based liquids.
 Its design is complex.
 Poor zero stability.
 Fluids with low density
cannot be measured.
 Lower longevity with a high
switch rate application.
 Not effective switching low
power control signals (e.g.,
PLC inputs), unless gold
contacts are selected.
 To set the switch point
pressure, some mechanica
pressure switches have the
adjustment screw hidden
underneath the DIN plug
connector, and the set-up
process is not easily carried
out on site.
 Moving parts are exposed t
corrosion, clogging, and
damage.
 Fouling can cause unreliabl
movement or a seizure of
float actuation.
 Float actuation mainly
depends on fluid contact.
 Turbulence within the liquid
may cause the float to move
 Sticky or thick fluids may
stop the float from moving.
 sensor or temperature switch.
 The fluid conductivity and dielectric
constant will not affect operation.
Joystick  It is very easy to use for beginners.
 It has a very fast interface.
Switches
 It is easier to navigate.
 The control is in 3D (three dimensions).
Slide Switch  These are famous mechanical switches
due to their simple functionality.
 These switches give the operator the
visual advantage of being able to
identify which condition the switch is in.
 These are available in standard and
small sizes.
Intermediate  You may control a lamp from many
different places by adding more
Switch
intermediate switches such as in the
middle of stair or in shared flats (when
needed).
 Also, many other electrical appliances
like fans, alarms, machines etc.
 can be controlled from different places
by using an intermediate switch.
2PMT & 2P6T  It can make use CAM table for a port to
MAP mapping.
(Two Pole, Six
 It helps in logical segmentation by
Throw & Two supporting VLANs.
Pole, Multiple  The number of broadcast domains gets
decreases.
Throw)  Support centralized management.
 They help in reducing the workload on
individual host PCs.
Rotary  This switch can make circular
movements and can stop or interrupt in
Switches
various positions.
 These are designed to operate multiple
contacts simultaneously using the same
switch position.
 This device has several advantages
over other switches because the rotation
of the actuator can turn the circuit on or
 Regular maintenance is
required to ensure nothing i
controlling the movement o
the float.
 They are not robust and can
break if too much force is
applied to them.
 It requires lifting of the hand
from the keyboard keys and
different hand movements.
 The prolonged use of a
joystick can cause fatigue in
the arms.
 Frequently moving a slider
can lose its sharpness and
fail.
 The mechanical componen
can exhaust
 Issues within traffic
broadcasting
 Defenseless.
 is only used for very specifi
circumstances.
 is far more expensive due t
being a more complicated
circuit, this means they are
only used when necessary
for circuits with three or mo
switches.
 High cost
 Failure of switch bridge
down the network
 When we use a switch, a
network connectivity proble
can be difficult to trace
through a switch
 Broadcast traffic may be
troublesome
 While uses a limited
broadcast, they are not as
good as routers
 Proper design and most
important configuration are
needed in order to handle
multicast packets
 If a switch is in promiscuous
they are vulnerable to
security attacks
 These switches are rarely
used as complex switching
tasks are performed using
digital devices such as touc
screens.
 However, mechanical rotary
switches are still used,
especially in devices where
damage to the computer
could be a security risk.
 off depending on the position and allows
for different actuation positions.
 Cost is more.
 More issues in broadcasting
 Wear out of mechanical
components with time.
 Physical contact is
necessary.

ELECTRONIC SWITCHES

Electronic switches can operate a circuit without requiring physical touch.

They use semiconductor activity to activate them. As there are no actual moving
parts or, by extension, actual contacts, the electronic switches are sometimes
referred to as solid-state switches. Along with HVAC equipment and motor drives,
semiconductor switches are used to operate the majority of appliances

ELECTRONIC FUNCTION/ USES SYMBOL ILLUSTRATION

SWITCHES

Bipolar A transistor either allows the current

Transistors to pass or it blocks the current,
similar to the working of a normal
switch. In switching circuits, the
transistor operates in cut-off mode
for the OFF or current blocking
condition and in saturation mode for
the ON condition. The active region
of the transistor is not used for
switching applications.
Power Diode A diode can perform switching
operations between its high and low
impedance states. Semiconductor
materials like silicon and germanium
are used for constructing the diodes.
Usually, power diodes are
constructed using silicon in order to
operate the device at higher
currents and higher junction
temperatures. These are
constructed by joining p- and n-type
semiconductor materials together to
form a PN junction. It has two
terminals, namely, an anode and a
 cathode.
Metal Oxide Perhaps the most popular and most
Semiconducto commonly used semiconductor
r Field Effect switching device is the MOSFET.
Transistor Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field
(MOSFET) Effect Transistor (MOSFET) is a
unipolar and high-frequency
switching device. It is most
commonly used in power electronic
applications. It has three terminals,
namely drain (output), source
(common), and gate (input). It is a
voltage-controlled device i.e., by
controlling the input (gate to source)
voltage, resistance between the
drain and source is controlled, which
further determines the ON and OFF
state of the device.
Insulated Gate IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar
Bipolar Transistor) combines the several
Transistor advantages of the bipolar junction
(IGBT) power transistor and the power
MOSFET. Like a MOSFET, it is a
voltage-controlled device and has a
lower ON-state voltage drop (less
than that of a MOSFET and closer
to that of a power transistor). It is a
three-terminal semiconductor high-
speed switching device. These
terminals are the emitter, collector,
and gate.
Silicon A silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) is
Controlled one of the most widely used high-
Rectifier speed switching devices for power
(SCR) control applications. It is a
unidirectional device, like a diode,
consisting of three terminals,
namely an anode, a cathode, and a
gate. An SCR is turned on and off
by controlling its gate input and the
biasing conditions at the anode and
 cathode terminals. SCR consists of
four layers of alternate P and N
layers such that the boundaries of
each layer form junctions J1, J2,
and J3.
TRIode AC A triac (or TRIode AC) switch is a
(TRIAC) bidirectional switching device, which
is equivalent to the circuit of two
back-to-back SCRs connected with
one gate terminal. Its capability to
control AC power in both positive
and negative peaks of the voltage
waveform often make these devices
suitable for use in motor speed
controllers, light dimmers, pressure
control systems, motor drives, and
other AC control equipment.
DIode AC A DIAC (or DIode AC Switch) is a
Switch (DIAC) bidirectional switching device and it
consists of two terminals, which are
not named as anode and cathode
as it is a bidirectional device, i.e., a
DIAC can be operated in either
direction regardless of the terminal
identification. This indicates that the
DIAC can be used in either
direction.

Gate Turn off A GTO (Gate Turn Off Thyristor) is a

Thyristor bipolar semiconductor switching
(GTO) device. It has three terminals: an
anode, a cathode, and a gate. As
the name implies, this switching
device is capable of being turned off
through the gate terminal. A GTO is
turned on by applying a small
positive gate current, which triggers
the conduction mode. It can be
turned off by sending a negative
pulse to the gate. The GTO symbol
 consists of two double arrows on the
gate terminal, which represent the
bidirectional flow of current through
the gate terminal.

ELECTRONIC ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

SWITCHES
Bipolar  operate better in high load conditions &  It affects by radiation
Transistors with higher frequencies  It generates more noise
 have higher fidelity & better gain in the  It has less thermal
linear areas stability
 are very faster because of the low  Base control of BJT is
capacitance on the control pin. very complex
 are a very good choice for voltage and  Switching frequency is
low power applications low & high complex
control
 The switching time of
BJT is low as compared
with voltage & current
with high alternating
frequency.
Power Diode  The PN-junction region of this diode is  its size & probably needs
large & can supply huge current; to be fixed to a heat sink
however, the capacitance of this while conducting a high
junction can also be large, which works current.
at a lower frequency & it is generally  It needs specialized
used for rectification only. hardware for installing
 It will resolve AC at high current and a and insulating from the
high voltage. metal frames which are
available in the
surrounding.
Metal Oxide  Less size  The disadvantages of
Semiconducto  Manufacturing is simple MOSFET include the
r Field Effect  Input impedance is high as compared following.
Transistor with JFET  The lifespan of MOSFET
(MOSFET)  It supports high-speed operation is low

 Power consumption is low so that more  Frequent calibration is

components can be allowed for each required for precise dose

chip outside the area measurement

 The MOSFET with enhancement type  They have extremely

 is used in digital circuitry vulnerable to overload
 It doesn’t have a gate diode, so it is voltage; therefore,
possible to work through a positive special handling is to be
otherwise negative gate voltage necessary because of
 It is broadly used as compared with installation
JFET
 The drain resistance of MOSFET is
high because of low channel resistance
insulated Gate  The insulated gate bipolar transistor  The switching frequency
Bipolar (IGBT) is easy to turn ON and OFF. of insulated gate bipolar
Transistor  The switching frequency is higher than transistor (IGBT) is not
(IGBT) that of power BJT. as high as that of a
 It has a low on state power dissipation. power MOSFET.
 It has simpler driver circuit.  It cannot block high
reverse voltages.
Silicon  It can handle large voltages, currents  It can conduct only in
Controlled and power. one direction. So, it can
Rectifier (SCR)  The voltage drops across conducting control power only during
SCR is small. This will reduce the one half cycle of ac.
power dissipation in the SCR.  It can turn on
 Easy to turn on. accidentally due to high
 Triggering circuits are simple. dv/dt of the source

 It can be protected with the help of a voltage.

fuse.  It is not easy to turn off

 We can control the power delivered to the conducting SCR. We

the load. have to use special

circuits called
commutation circuits to
turn off a conducting
SCR.
 SCR cannot be used at
high frequencies. The
maximum frequency of
its operation is 400 Hz.
 Gate current cannot be
negative.
TRIode AC  The Triac need a single fuse for  It has a very high
(TRIAC) protection switching delay
 When the voltage is reduced to zero  This is not suitable for
the TRIAC device is generally turned DC application
off  It can be triggered in any
  It needs only a single heat sink of a
slightly larger size whereas for SCR
two heat sinks should be required of
smaller size
 A safe breakdown in either direction is
possible using TRIAC but for SCR
protection should be given with parallel
diode
 It can be triggered with positive or
negative polarities of gate pulses
direction so we need to
be careful about
triggering circuit
 As compare to SCR it
has a low rating
 The TRIAC is not much
reliable as compared to
SCR
 The dv/dt rating is very
low as compared to SCR
device

DIode AC  The DIAC offer symmetrical switching  It is a low power device

Switch (DIAC) characteristics.  It only conducts when
 Symmetrical switching helps in voltage increases above
reducing the harmonics in a system. 30 volts.
 It has low on-state voltage drop.  It cannot block high
 The voltage drops increases with the voltages.
voltage
 It can be easily switches by increasing
or decreasing the applied voltage.
 It offers smooth power control when
used for triggering another thyristor and
TRIAC
Gate Turn off  The GTO has outstanding switching  The associated loss, as
Thyristor characteristics well as ON-state voltage
(GTO)  The configuration of the GTO circuit drop, is more
has less weight and size than the  The structure of GTO is
thyristor circuit unit. multi-layered, so the
 A commutation circuit is not required; gate triggering current
hence cost, weight and size can be value is high as
reduced. compared to the
 The switching speed of GTO is high as conventional thyristor.
compared with SCR.  High losses of Gate drive
 Less maintenance circuit
 The current surge capacity is similar to  The voltage drops of ON
an SCR. state across the gate
 The blocking voltage capacity of GTO turn off thyristor is more.
is high  The latching & holding
 di/dt ratings are more at turn ON current’s magnitude is
high as compared to
  Efficiency is high SCR
 The latching current
value is 2A whereas, for
an SCR, it ranges from
100 mA to 500 mA.
 As compared with SCR,
the triggering current of
GTO is high.

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Electronics Hub.

https://www.electronicshub.org/switches/#Single_Pole_Single_Throw_Switch_SPST

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https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/digital/chpt-4/switch-types/

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