Question 1

(a)State the Bernoulli theorem

The Bernoulli theorem states that if the fluid flows horizontally so that no change in
gravitational potential energy occurs, then a decrease in fluid pressure is associated with an
increase in fluid velocity.

(b)Give two advantages and two disadvantages of using thermocouple for temperature
measurent

Advantages
•Thermocouples can be used at very high temperatures.
•Thermocouples can be used in demanding environments.
•Thermocouples have high reproducibility.

Disadvantages
•Thermocouples are not as accurate as RTDs in a certain set temperature range.
•Thermocouples are susceptible to drift over time.
•Thermocouples, when badly insulated, are vulnerable to corrosion.
Question 2
Describe and explain the action of direct pressure measuring instruments

(a)U-tube manometer

a U- tube manometer is used to balance the weight of the liquid in one leg of the 'U' against
the pressure introduced into the other leg. The difference in height between the two legs of
liquid represents the pressure pushing the liquid down one leg and up the other.One end of a
U-tube manometer is connected to an unknown pressure while the other end is left exposed
to the atmospheric pressure. The difference in the height of the liquid on the two sides of the
tube is the differential pressure. – Other types of manometers include the barometer and the
inclined manometer.

(b)Single-manometer

The U-tube manometer principle is that when we apply pressure to be measured to one side
of the tube produces a movement of liquid. The U-tube manometer has a U-shaped glass
tube and a measuring scale. A manometer is an instrument that measures the gauge
pressure.The way a manometer functions is as follows. A meter contains a cylinder of metal.
The springy cylinder of the meter is pressed when measuring a gas or fluid. The cylinder is
subsequently deformed, which is converted into a meter, allowing you to read the result

{c)Inclined tube manometer

This manometer has a well that contains the liquid and a transparent column. The column is
mounted at an angle. The pressure is indicated by the vertical amount the liquid rises or falls
in the column. Because of the incline, a small change in pressure will cause greater
movement of the liquid in the column.Inclined manometers are typically used to measure
liquids and gases where the pressure is very low. The angled design of the inclined
manometer makes it particularly well-suited to this role, enabling accurate measurements to
be taken.
Question 3
Describe pressure measuring systems which utilizes transducers thus

(a)L.V.D.T

A Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) is an electrical transducer or sensor used

for the measurement of physical quantities like displacement, force, pressure, acceleration,
etc.An LVDT is incorporated into a pressure measurement device by connecting the core of
the LVDT to the centre of a pressure sensing diaphragm, so that any flexing of the
diaphragm due to changes in pressure will be detected as a position change by the LVDT.

(b) Capacitive

The capacitive transducer is used for measuring the displacement, pressure and other
physical quantities. It is a passive transducer that means it requires external power for
operation. The capacitive transducer works on the principle of variable
capacitances.Capacitance pressure transducers measure pressure by detecting the
changes in electrical capacitance due to the movement of the diaphragm. It has two
capacitor plates, a diaphragm, and an electrode fixed to an unpressurized surface.
Question 4
Explain the principle of operation of the following level measurement systems

(a) Sight glass

The principle of the reflex level indicator is based on the reflection of light. In the gas or
steam phase, the light is reflected by the prismatic grooves of the sight glass so that bright
indication is achieved. In the liquid phase, the light is absorbed, resulting in a dark indication
of the level.

(b) Float

The principle of float type level meter is that a float moves up and down due to buoyancy. A
reed switch in a stem is actuated by a magnet in the float, and outputs detection signal (see
the figure below). However, the level meter may not measure liquids with some viscosities
and specific gravities.

{c) Purge dip pipe system

The apparatus is based on the principle that when compressed air is purged into the pipe,
the liquid within the pipe is displaced by air pressure equal to the hydrostatic force of the
liquid in the tank or vessel.
(d) Ultrasonic

Ultrasonic sensors work by sending out a sound wave at a frequency above the range of
human hearing. The transducer of the sensor acts as a microphone to receive and send the
ultrasonic sound. Our ultrasonic sensors, like many others, use a single transducer to send a
pulse and to receive the echo.

(e) Interface detection

The interface is detected by a sensor attached to a weight, which is lowered in the tank. By
measuring the energy absorption of the fluid surrounding the sensor, the interface detector
senses the emulsion regardless of density, viscosity, temperature, pressure or pH.