1.

1 Vectors Operations

Vectors are physical quantities which are represented by both magnitude and direction. An arrow (or
vector arrow) is usually used to represent a vector e.g. displacement and velocity.

Another way of representing a vector is by using vector notations.

Unit Vector - A vector that has a magnitude of 1, with no units. It is used to describe a direction in space.
It is expressed with a caret or “hat” (^) to distinguish it from ordinary vectors.

i caretunit vector that has a magnitude of 1 and points in the direction of x-axis ; i caret= (1,0,0)

j caretunit vector that has a magnitude of 1 and points in the direction of x-axis ; j caret= (1,1,0)

k caretunit vector that has a magnitude of 1 and points in the direction of x-axis ; k caret= (1,1,0)

Components of a Vector - any vector can be expressed in terms of unit vectors.

The vector A has three component vectors Ax, Ay, and Az. where:

A right-arrowx=Axi caret points in the direction of positive x-axis

A right-arrowy=Ayj caret points in the direction of positive x-axis

A right-arrowz=Azk caret points in the direction of positive x-axis

Similarly, we can write a vector, e.g. vector A, in terms of its components

A right-arrow= Axi caret+ Ayj caret+Azk caret

Vector Addition - A moving body is usually affected by some elements in its surrounding. For instance
rowing, a boat on lake waters will not be the same in river waters. The water current provides an
external push to the boat for its rate of motion, as well as direction, to change.

Products of Vectors
Distance refers to how long or how much ground was covered. It is a scalar quantity.

Distance = 4 m + 3 m = 7 m

Displacement is the distance from the origin to the endpoint of travel with the corresponding direction.
It is a vector quantity.

Displacement = 5 m, northeast direction.

Speed is a scalar quantity that describes how fast or slow something is moving.

Velocity is a vector quantity that describes how fast or slow something is moving towards a certain
direction.

Acceleration is the rate at which the velocity is changing. It can be:

changing speed, constant direction

constant speed, changing direction

changing speed, changing direction

FREE FALL

A body that is uniformly accelerated exhibits a constant increase or decrease of speed in one direction
at a given period of time. A free-falling body is an example of a body in vertical motion that is influenced
solely and uniformly accelerated due to gravity. On earth, the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s,
downward.

The equations below represent the final position, velocity, and acceleration of a uniformly accelerated
body along a horizontal axis or vertical axis, in vector notations.
PROJECTILE MOTION

When a moving object follows a curve path, like the angry bird above, it exhibits curvilinear motion.
Projectile motion is one example of this type of motion, and the object is known as a projectile.

A projectile is any object which once projected continues in motion by its own inertia and is influenced
only by the downward force of gravity. As the body ascends (descends), its speed decreases (increases)
uniformly by gravity. On earth, where the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s, the vertical velocity of a
projectile changes by 9.8 m/s each second.

Projectile motion consists of horizontal and vertical motion. There are no horizontal forces acting upon
projectiles and thus no horizontal acceleration. The horizontal velocity of a projectile is constant. There
is a vertical acceleration caused by gravity.
Each of the motion graphs above can be represented by a function equation h(t), v(t), and a(t). Looking
closely at the graph, the position h(t) of the object thrown upward is a parabola which can be
represented by a quadratic equation. Getting the first derivative of this function will lead to a linear
function v(t), and the second derivative is a constant a(t).

So gather now your basic differential formulas and get ready to describe the motion of a body in terms
of the position vector, velocity vector, and acceleration vector.

Position vector

refers to the exact position of a particle which is usually illustrated using a vector arrow that starts from
the origin to a certain point in space.

In two dimensions, the location of a particle is specified by its position vector