6/25/2022

TRANSISTOR

246

247

1
 6/25/2022

TRANSISTOR

 A semiconductive device used for

amplification, switching applications,
voltage regulation and modulation of
signal.
 Contraction of TRANSFER and
RESISTOR
 William Shockley, John Bardeen and
Walter Brattain were the coinventors of
transistor at Bell Laboratories in 1947.
248

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

 1928- Julius Edgar Lilienfed

 1934- Dr. Oskar Heil
 1947- John Bardeen and Walter Britain
 1948- John R. Pierce
 1962- Steven Hofstein and Frederic Heiman

249

2
 6/25/2022

 Transistor is a three terminal

solid state device which is
capable of

amplifying signals

250

Transistor Amplifying
Action
 This is one basic principle on which
power gain is produced by a transistor. In
effect, the transistor has transferred
TRANSFER the
signal from low resistance
RESISTOR (input) to a
high resistance (output).Thus, the
the word transiENstor relates the concept
of transfer and resistance
TRANS ISTOR

Hence TRANSISTOR

251

3
 6/25/2022

How transistor OPERATE?

 The study of semiconductor diode has

provided the foundation for
understanding the operation of
transistors.
 The explanation of the internal
workings of the transistor will be based
on the discussion of the forward and
reversed biased PN-Junction

252

NPN TRANSISTOR
WORKING PRINCIPLE

253

4
 6/25/2022

FORWARD-BIASED
JUNCTION NPN

254

REVERSED-BIASED

255

5
 6/25/2022

ACTIONS OF TWO
JUNCTIONS TOGETHER

256

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

 Two types transistors, classified by the

arrangement of the N-and P-type materials,
are _________ and ________.

 By doping the ______material more heavily

than the _________material, current trough
the forward-biased junction of the NPN
transistor is mainly due to
_________movement

257

6
 6/25/2022

REVIEW QUESTIONS
 Conduction through the______-biased
junction is by minority carrier current
 In the NPN transistor, the ______region is
very thin compared with the
_______regions
 Nearly all the electrons injected into the
_____-type material cross through the
reversed biased junction into the ______-
type region

258

PNP TRANSISTOR
WORKING PRINCIPLE

259

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 6/25/2022

260

261

8
 6/25/2022

PNP Pointing iN NPN Not Pointing iN

262

REVIEW QUESTIONS

 The majority carriers across the forward

biased junction in the PNP transistor are
___________
 The N region is thin compared to the P
regions to lessen the probability of holes
__________with electrons in the N
region

263

9
 6/25/2022

BASIC CONSTRUCTION AND SYMBOL

264

265

10
 6/25/2022

CURRENT FLOW

266

REVIEW QUESTIONS

 The base-collector junction is

________biased
 The base-emitter junction is ______biased.
 The arrow head on the emitter lead for the
____________-type transistor points toward
the base region
 For both NPN and PNP transistor, electron
flow _____________the direction of the
emitter arrowhead

267

11
 6/25/2022

What was the first name given

to a transistor?

Answer : Point Contact Transistor

268

Bipolar Junction
Transistor

 technically described as B
Bipolar
JJunction Transistor
T

269

12
 6/25/2022

“Bi means
“Bipolar two they use two
“ because
different types of semiconductor
materials namely N1. type
N typeand
& 2. P type
p type
and because they use opposite
polarity biasing voltage

270

 “ Junction “ because they

use current – carrying PN
junction

271

13
 6/25/2022

 Reflects the part that holes

and electrons participate in
the injection process into
the oppositely polarized
oppositely polarized
material

272

TRANSISTOR OPERATION

 CUT-OFF CONDITION
 SATURATION CONDITION
 ACTIVE/LINEAR CONDITION

273

14
 6/25/2022

CUT-OFF CONDITION

 Base-collector and base-emitter junctions are

both reverse biased
 The charge from the battery attracts holes and
electrons away from the base-emitter and base
–collector junction building up a depletion
region at the two junctions. The depletion
regions possess high resistance that prevents
the current from flowing.
 Transistor acts like an open switch during cut-
off condition

274

SATURATION CONDITION

 Base-collector and base emitter junctions are

both forward biased

 The charge from the battery repels holes and

electrons toward the junction. Since the two
forward biased junctions exhibit low resistance.
Therefore current will start flowing

 Transistors acts like a closed switch during

saturation condition

275

15
 6/25/2022

ACTIVE CONDITION

 For PNP transistor all voltages and

currents will be reversed and the current
carriers passing from the emitter through
the base and into the collector will be
holes
 Transistor acts as an amplifer during
active condition

276

277

16
 6/25/2022

Advantages of transistor
over vacuum tubes
 smaller and light weight
 had no heater requirement
 more efficient since less power absorbed
by the device
 instantly available for use requiring no
warm – up period
 low operating voltages

278

BIPOLAR JUNCTION
TRANSISTOR

SELECT THE BEST ANSWER

279

17
 6/25/2022

1. The arrow in the symbol of a transistor

indicates the direction of

A. electron current in the collector

B. donor ion current
C. electron current in the emitter
D. hole current in the emitter

280

2. Which are the three terminals of a

bipolar transistor?

A. Cathode
B. Base, collector and emitter
C. Input, output and ground
D. Gate, source and sink

281

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 6/25/2022

3. Common-base (CB) amplifier has

________ compared to common-
emitter and common-collector amplifier.

A. a higher input resistance

B. a larger current gain
C. a lower input resistance
D. a larger voltage gain

282

4. Which of the electronic transistor

configuration has the highest current
gain?

A. All are equal

B. Common emitter
C. Common collector
D. Common base

283

19
 6/25/2022

5. Which transistor configuration has a

current gain of less than 1?

A. Common transmitter
B. Common collector
C. Common emitter
D. Common base

284

6. Percentage of current in an NPN

transistor that reaches the collector.

A. 75 percent
B. 100 percent
C. 98 percent
D. 90 percent

285

20
 6/25/2022

7. The region in an electronic transistor

that is very lightly doped and very thin
is referred to the ________.

A. collector-base
B. collector
C. base
D. emitter

286

8. ______ is the region in a transistor that

is heavily doped.

A. Collector
B. Ground
C. Base
D. Emitter

287

21
 6/25/2022

TRANSISTOR

246

247

1
 6/25/2022

TRANSISTOR

 A semiconductive device used for

amplification, switching applications,
voltage regulation and modulation of
signal.
 Contraction of TRANSFER and
RESISTOR
 William Shockley, John Bardeen and
Walter Brattain were the coinventors of
transistor at Bell Laboratories in 1947.
248

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

 1928- Julius Edgar Lilienfed

 1934- Dr. Oskar Heil
 1947- John Bardeen and Walter Britain
 1948- John R. Pierce
 1962- Steven Hofstein and Frederic Heiman

249

2
 6/25/2022

 Transistor is a three terminal

solid state device which is
capable of

amplifying signals

250

Transistor Amplifying
Action
 This is one basic principle on which
power gain is produced by a transistor. In
effect, the transistor has transferred
TRANSFER the
signal from low resistance
RESISTOR (input) to a
high resistance (output).Thus, the
the word transiENstor relates the concept
of transfer and resistance
TRANS ISTOR

Hence TRANSISTOR

251

3
 6/25/2022

How transistor OPERATE?

 The study of semiconductor diode has

provided the foundation for
understanding the operation of
transistors.
 The explanation of the internal
workings of the transistor will be based
on the discussion of the forward and
reversed biased PN-Junction

252

NPN TRANSISTOR
WORKING PRINCIPLE

253

4
 6/25/2022

FORWARD-BIASED
JUNCTION NPN

254

REVERSED-BIASED

255

5
 6/25/2022

ACTIONS OF TWO
JUNCTIONS TOGETHER

256

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

 Two types transistors, classified by the

arrangement of the N-and P-type materials,
are _________ and ________.

 By doping the ______material more heavily

than the _________material, current trough
the forward-biased junction of the NPN
transistor is mainly due to
_________movement

257

6
 6/25/2022

REVIEW QUESTIONS
 Conduction through the______-biased
junction is by minority carrier current
 In the NPN transistor, the ______region is
very thin compared with the
_______regions
 Nearly all the electrons injected into the
_____-type material cross through the
reversed biased junction into the ______-
type region

258

PNP TRANSISTOR
WORKING PRINCIPLE

259

7
 6/25/2022

260

261

8
 6/25/2022

PNP Pointing iN NPN Not Pointing iN

262

REVIEW QUESTIONS

 The majority carriers across the forward

biased junction in the PNP transistor are
___________
 The N region is thin compared to the P
regions to lessen the probability of holes
__________with electrons in the N
region

263

9
 6/25/2022

BASIC CONSTRUCTION AND SYMBOL

264

265

10
 6/25/2022

CURRENT FLOW

266

REVIEW QUESTIONS

 The base-collector junction is

________biased
 The base-emitter junction is ______biased.
 The arrow head on the emitter lead for the
____________-type transistor points toward
the base region
 For both NPN and PNP transistor, electron
flow _____________the direction of the
emitter arrowhead

267

11
 6/25/2022

What was the first name given

to a transistor?

Answer : Point Contact Transistor

268

Bipolar Junction
Transistor

 technically described as B
Bipolar
JJunction Transistor
T

269

12
 6/25/2022

“Bi means
“Bipolar two they use two
“ because
different types of semiconductor
materials namely N1. type
N typeand
& 2. P type
p type
and because they use opposite
polarity biasing voltage

270

 “ Junction “ because they

use current – carrying PN
junction

271

13
 6/25/2022

 Reflects the part that holes

and electrons participate in
the injection process into
the oppositely polarized
oppositely polarized
material

272

TRANSISTOR OPERATION

 CUT-OFF CONDITION
 SATURATION CONDITION
 ACTIVE/LINEAR CONDITION

273

14
 6/25/2022

CUT-OFF CONDITION

 Base-collector and base-emitter junctions are

both reverse biased
 The charge from the battery attracts holes and
electrons away from the base-emitter and base
–collector junction building up a depletion
region at the two junctions. The depletion
regions possess high resistance that prevents
the current from flowing.
 Transistor acts like an open switch during cut-
off condition

274

SATURATION CONDITION

 Base-collector and base emitter junctions are

both forward biased

 The charge from the battery repels holes and

electrons toward the junction. Since the two
forward biased junctions exhibit low resistance.
Therefore current will start flowing

 Transistors acts like a closed switch during

saturation condition

275

15
 6/25/2022

ACTIVE CONDITION

 For PNP transistor all voltages and

currents will be reversed and the current
carriers passing from the emitter through
the base and into the collector will be
holes
 Transistor acts as an amplifer during
active condition

276

277

16
 6/25/2022

Advantages of transistor
over vacuum tubes
 smaller and light weight
 had no heater requirement
 more efficient since less power absorbed
by the device
 instantly available for use requiring no
warm – up period
 low operating voltages

278

BIPOLAR JUNCTION
TRANSISTOR

SELECT THE BEST ANSWER

279

17
 6/25/2022

1. The arrow in the symbol of a transistor

indicates the direction of

A. electron current in the collector

B. donor ion current
C. electron current in the emitter
D. hole current in the emitter

280

2. Which are the three terminals of a

bipolar transistor?

A. Cathode
B. Base, collector and emitter
C. Input, output and ground
D. Gate, source and sink

281

18
 6/25/2022

3. Common-base (CB) amplifier has

________ compared to common-
emitter and common-collector amplifier.

A. a higher input resistance

B. a larger current gain
C. a lower input resistance
D. a larger voltage gain

282

4. Which of the electronic transistor

configuration has the highest current
gain?

A. All are equal

B. Common emitter
C. Common collector
D. Common base

283

19
 6/25/2022

5. Which transistor configuration has a

current gain of less than 1?

A. Common transmitter
B. Common collector
C. Common emitter
D. Common base

284

6. Percentage of current in an NPN

transistor that reaches the collector.

A. 75 percent
B. 100 percent
C. 98 percent
D. 90 percent

285

20
 6/25/2022

7. The region in an electronic transistor

that is very lightly doped and very thin
is referred to the ________.

A. collector-base
B. collector
C. base
D. emitter

286

8. ______ is the region in a transistor that

is heavily doped.

A. Collector
B. Ground
C. Base
D. Emitter

287

21