BSM Chapter 5.
Zero Point Energy of the vacuum (CL space)
Chapter 5. Zero Point Energy of the
Vacuum (CL space).
In this chapter the relation between the cos-
mic background radiation and the ideal gas con-
stant Rg will be shown. They both are
experimentally measured physical parameters. Re-
lying on the derived relation, the size of the proton
(and neutron) will be determined and cross refer-
enced to other calculations.
The Zero point energy in energetic units will
be theoretically determined also by the parameters
obtained in Chapter 2 in relation to derivation of
light equation.
5.1 Zero point energy of CL space and its rela-
tion to the Cosmic Background Radiation
According to the BSM theory, the origin of
the cosmic background radiation, known also as a
relict radiation, comes from the present radiation of
the very rarefied gas existing in the deep space.
The gas molecules or atoms in such conditions are
in dynamic equilibrium with the surrounding CL
nodes, the carriers of the Zero Point Energy. This
equilibrium involves absorption of zero order
waves, from the gas molecules or atoms and emis-
sion of photons, while the energy balance of the
system including the gas particles and surrounding
CL space is preserved. The most abundant inter-
stellar gas is an atomic and molecular Hydrogen.
This fact facilitates the estimation of the ZPE and
determination of one important parameter of the
proton - the volume of its envelope. This parame-
ter, is later used in Chapter 6, for determination of
the dimension of the proton with its substructures
by cross calculations with other experimentally de-
termined parameters.
5.2 Derivation of expressions about the CL
space background temperature.
The method of calculation is based on two
fundamental expressions: the equation of the ideal
gas and the equation of the CL dynamical pressure.
The first one is well known in the Classical termo-
dynamics, while the second one is a BSM equation
derived in Chapter 3.
The equation for the ideal gas is
PV
R ig = ---------µ- (5.1)
T
Copyright © 2001, by S. Sarg
where: Rig = 8.31451 (J kmol-1) - is the uni-
versal gas constant; Vµ is the molar volume at ab-
solute temperature T.
The ideal gas constant is an experimentally
measured physical parameter for gases in condi-
tion when they behave as ideal gases.
The CL dynamical pressure, PD , is given by
Eq (3.61) (Chapter 3).
hν hν c N -
P D = --------c = ----------------------
- ------------- (5.2)
cS e 2
4π cR c r e m 2 Hz
where: h - is a Plank’s constant, ν c - is a
Compton frequency, c - is alight velocity, Rc is the
Compton radius, re is the small electrons structure
radius.
In the condition of dynamical equilibrium,
the hydrogen atom gets momentum from the cos-
mic lattice in a form of dynamical pressure on the
proton envelope. The surface of the proton enve-
lope is given by the envelope of the proton circum-
ference 2π ( Rc + r p ) and its axial length Lpc.
S p = 2π ( R + r p )L pc (5.3)
The dynamical force exercised by the CL
space on the proton surface is
hν c ( R c + r p )L pc
F D = P D S p = --------------------------------------- (5.4)
2πcR c r e
The pressure unit in SI system is [N/m2]. This
means that the resultant total force should be refer-
enced to a unit surface of 1 m2. In such case the
pressure can be regarded as a sum of bouncing in-
dividual forces from number of protons but the re-
sultant force is reference to a virtual wall with area
2
SW = 1 m .
The number of protons for one molar volume
of atomic hydrogen is given by the Avogadro
number NA. Then the resultant force on a virtual
wall from NA number of protons is ΣFD = N A FD .
Normalizing the resultant force to a virtual wall
with unite area of 1 m2, we get the exercised pres-
sure:
ΣF D N A FD N A hν c ( R c + r p )L pc
P = ----------
- = -------------
- = ----------------------------------------------
- (5.5)
SW SW 2πcR c r e
Let to consider one mol of neutral Hydrogen
atoms in a deep space that is in dynamical equilib-
rium with the Zero Point Energy. This equilibrium
5-1
BSM Chapter 5. Zero Point Energy of the vacuum (CL space)

could be estimated by the dynamical CL pressure
exercised on the proton. It has been mentioned, that
the dynamical CL pressure is caused by the zero
point waves, responsible for ZPE equalization, that
means a background temperature uniformity of CL
space. The dynamical equilibrium means, that the
hydrogen atom gets energy from the zero point
waves, but it also should radiate some energy back.
The radiated energy corresponds to low level tran-
sitions. It is performed by small amount of atoms
distributed in the space so the optical depth is quite
large. This conditions are ideal in order to consider
the behaviour of the hydrogen atoms as an ideal
gas. The distance between atoms is large enough to
eliminate the collision effect. The background tem-
perature also is very low, so we may consider that
the photon energy exchange is negligible. In such
conditions the probability of the hydrogen electron
orbiting electron in a quantum quasishrink space
(see Chapter 7 and Chapter 9).
The above features provide a possibility in
the analysis to replace the interaction (with CL
space) of the moving neutral Hydrogen by the in-
teraction of a moving proton but considered as a
neutral. So we can use the neutron parameters in-
stead of proton. The interaction of the latter is char-
acterized with one important parameter: the
magnetic moment.
The absolute expression of such interaction is
difficult, but we may express the relative interac-
tion referenced to the electron, that is involved in
the definition of the CL dynamical pressure, PD.
The interaction volume (VH) involved in PD pa-
rameter could be expressed as:
me
V = V ------ where: Vp = π ( Rc + r p )2 Lpc
H pm
n

to be in a ground state is quite high. But the electron where: VP is the envelope volume of the pro-
could never stop its motion in the quantum orbits. ton
So it will have a continuous interaction with CL Then the interaction molar volume of
space by its magnetic moment. This means that the the hydrogen could be expressed as:
Hydrogen atom will have some finite velocity dif-  µ e (5.7)
V µ =  ------ π ( R + r p ) L pc N A
2
ferent than zero. The physical effect of such motion µn
is some small but finite pressure. In order to esti-
mate this pressure we need to define a finite vol- Substituting (5.5) and (5.7) in Eq. (5.1) we
ume. Such volume could be the molar volume. It obtain the equation of the CL background temper-
could be defined as: ature.
Vµ = V H NA (5.6) 2 3 2
N A hν c ( R c + r p ) L pc µ e
where: NA - is the Avogadro number T = ------- ------------------------------------------  ------ [K] (5.8)
SW 2cR c r e R ig  µ n
VH - is the Hydrogen volume for inter-
action with ZPE waves. where: SW = 1 (m2) - is a reference wall
The Hydrogen volume should be some vol- area
ume around the proton core where the interaction Then the proton core length Lpc is obtained by
will take place. It is very probable this to be the vol- the expression:
ume enclosed in the Bohr surface, so in the outside
1  2cR c r e TSW R i g µ n
1/2
volume the atom behaves as a neutral. (the system L pc = -------  ------------------------------------
N A  hν ( R + r )3 µ e 
------ [m] (5.9)
of proton and orbiting electron appears externally c c p

neutral). Then comparing this system with a single The measured background temperature by
neutron we see, that they both exhibit the following COBE experiment is:
common features: Texp = 2.726 ± 0.01 [K] (5.10)
- appearing as a neutral in the far field Then from Eq.(5.7) we obtain
– 10
- in the near field they exhibit magnetic field L pc = 1.6429 ×10 (m) , but this is approximate
- the proximity electrical field of the neutron value. In §6.12.2.1 (Chapter 6), the accurate value
is locked by the IG(CP) forces due to the symmet- is obtained by strobing the approximate value with
rical spatial configuration other independent particle data. The obtained accu-
- the proximity field of the proton in the Hy- rate value is
– 10
drogen is locked inside the Bohr surface due to the L pc = 1.6277 ×10 [m] (5.11)
proximity coupling with the electrical field of the

Copyright © 2001, by S. Sarg 5-2

BSM Chapter 5. Zero Point Energy of the vacuum (CL space)
This value is extensively used in number of
expressions, especially in Chapter 9 and 10 and
matches quite well to the theoretical results and ex-
perimental data.
The calculated background temperature for
this value of Lpc is: T = 2.6758 [K] (5.12)
The difference between the estimated tem-
perature by BSM and the experimentally measured
one is only 1.8%.
The CMB (cosmic microwave background)
temperature is measured by a satellite looking in a
deep space, while the universal gas constant is
measured in Earth conditions. Some difference
may exist between the ZPE of the deep space and
Earth local filed, that could be a result of the Earth
gravitation influence on the CL density. This is
kind of General relativistic effect.
The concept applied for the Hydrogen in fact
should be valid for any other simple molecule, be-
cause, the Zero point waves have very short wave-
train and could easy envelope around any
molecule. So in conditions of dynamical equilibri-
um number of molecules contained in the deep
space could be involved. The resultant spectrum
obtained as a summation of their radiation may
have an envelope approaching the theoretical curve
of the blackbody radiation at the definite tempera-
ture. The “relict” temperature in fact is estimated
by fitting of the measured spectrum to a blackbody
function tuned at proper temperature.
5.3 CL space background temperature
expressed by the parameters of CL space.
The deep space background temperature is a
pure CL space parameter existing in both condi-
tions: a deep space and in vicinity of massive ob-
jects as well. The first option indicates that it could
be expressed by physical constants defined only by
the CL space parameters. In order to obtain such
expression we must replace the proton and electron
geometrical parameters in Eq. (5.6) with pure CL
space parameters.
The proton length Lpc could be substitute by
some length parameter of the quantum orbit. In
Chapter 3 (73.12.3) it has been shown that the trace
length of quantum orbits is defined by the equation
[(3.43.j)0
Copyright © 2001, by S. Sarg
2πa λ c
L q ( n ) = -----------o- = ------c- = ------------ [(3.43.j)]
n nα nανc
where: n - is the quantum number, defined by
the subharmonic number of confined velocity mo-
tion of electron in CL space.
For a second subharmonic we have:
–10
L q ( 2 ) = 1.66246 ×10 [m] (5.13)
This value differs from Lpc only by 2%, so
L pc in Eq. (5.8) could be substituted. The parame-
ters of the electron: Rc , re and rp can be also ex-
pressed by α , c, g e (electron gyromagnetic factor).
Then we arrive to equation in which the geometri-
cal parameters of the electron and proton are elim-
inated.
2 2 2 3
N A hc ( 3g e 1 – α + 4πα ) µ e
T = --------------------------------------------------------------------
- ------ (5.14)
864α ν c π g e ( 1 – α )R ig µ n
3 2 2 2 2
It has been shown in Chapter 3 that the gy-
romagnetic factor of the electron ( g e ) is defined by
the interactions between the internal RL(T) struc-
tures and the CL space. The magnetic moment ratio
µ e /µ n could be also considered defined by the CL
space.
The provided analysis is correlated with the
calculated mass budget of the proton and cross-cor-
related with the eta- particle mass, antiproton/pro-
ton stopping power ratio, and the high energy
collision resonances (1.7778 GeV, 1.44 GeV, 80
GeV and 91.18 GeV) (See Chapter 6).
5.4 Estimation of the hidden Zero Point Energy
The following theoretical estimation is
based on the derived CL space parameters .in
Chapter 2.
– 20
d abcd ≈ d nb /2 = 0.54876 ×10 [m]
d nb = d xyz
where: dabcd and dxyz is respectively the
node distance in abcd and xyz axes.
This distances were estimated for
k rd = r nb /d nb = 0.15 , where the ratio 0.15 was deter-
mined by Fig. 2.24 (Chapter 2) as normalized ratio
to dabcd:
0.2 + 0.4
r abcd = r nb = --------------------- d abcd
2
The other obtained parameters are:
29
ν R = 1.092646 ×10 Hz - CL node resonance
frequency
5-3
BSM Chapter 5. Zero Point Energy of the vacuum (CL space)
–66
m n = 6.94991 ×10 kg - CL unit cell inertial stant from one side and the CMB
mass temperature from the other.
• Eq. (5.6) connects indirectly many experi-
–20
d xyz = d nb = 1.09752 ×10 - unit cell spacing
(m) mentally measured constants: Plank con-
Applying the classical equation E = 0.5Iω 2 , stant, light velocity, Compton wavelength,
we obtain the vibrational energy of single CL node: fine structure constant (for re determina-
tion), muon to electron magnetic moment
1 2 2 2 –48
E ZPE = --- m n r abcd ( 4π ν R ) = 4.43867 ×10 [J] (5.15) ratio, pion to muon mass ratio (for proton
2
core length determination).
The ZPE in vacuum volume of volume of 1 • The discovered relation between the CMB
cub is: temperature and ZPE of the CL space, pro-
12
E ZPE ( 1m 3 ) = E ZPE /d xy
3
z = 3.35776 ×10 [J] (5.16) vides a physical meaning of the universal gas
constant and the Boltzman constant, as
The obtained value of zero point energy is for parameters of CL space.
free space (away from gravitational field). • The small accuracy difference of 2%
We see that the ZPE in one cubic meter of between the calculated and measured tem-
space is enormous. However it is hidden and not perature indicates that the calculated dimen-
accessible by usual interactions. It is accessible sions of the electron system and proton
only by: (neutron) are based on a correct physical
a. Large mass accumulation (in astronomical model.
aspect)
b. Very weakly accessible by the change of
the aggregate state
c. Strongly accessible by nuclear reactions
From the theoretical point of view the hidden
energy is accessible only if the volume of the first
order helical structures (FOHS) changes or CL
node density change (referenced to the proton di-
mensions). Typical example of the first case is the
destruction of FOHSs in particle colliders. The sec-
ond case appears in atomic nuclear reactions and in
case a. in astronomical scale phenomena. The case
b. could be also a result of change of the node den-
sity but the effect is extremely weak. Another man-
ifestation of the same effect is the weak change of
weight of chemical compound (after the reaction)
in respect to the total weight of the involved sub-
stances before the reaction.

5.5 Summary
• The calculated background temperature is a
CL space parameter related to the Zero
Point Energy of that space. The coincidence
of the calculated ZPE temperature with the
CMB temperature is one of many proofs for
the existence of gravitational lattice.
• Eq. (5.6) connects directly two experimen-
tally measured constants: the ideal gas con-

Copyright © 2001, by S. Sarg 5-4