Keywords:

BEAM, OPTICAL, ATMOSPHERIC, FSOC, WAVEFRONT, laser beam, FOG, Optical

Communication, ATTENUATION, wavefront aberration

Digest:
...Wavefront Compensation Technique for Terrestrial Line of Sight Free Space
Optical Communication Abstract-Free Space Optical Communication (FSOC) refers to an
optical communication where unguided visible, infrared or ultraviolet light is used
to carry the signal....
...In Wireless Optical Communication systems, optical signal is modulated and
transmitted over the free space atmospheric channel....
...When the laser beam is propagating through the turbulent atmospheric channel it
is heavily affected by various parameters....
...Generally, the intensity of the laser beam is greatly degraded by the phenomenon
such as absorption and scattering effect due to natural atmospheric components
namely gases, dust, smoke, precipitation, fog, rain etc....
...This fluctuation results in atmospheric turbulence effect such as beam wandering
beam scintillation and wavefront aberration....
...Therefore, the performance of the FSOC is degraded by the atmospheric turbulence
tremendously....
...This paper shows the viability to improve the performance of FSOC by
compensating the atmospheric turbulence effect....
...In this paper, a wavefront aberration compensation technique to mitigate the
wavefront aberrations due to the channel is developed using the necessary opto
electronic assembly....
...This paper mainly elaborates experimental implementation for calculation of
wavefront aberration and also demonstrates the correction achieved
experimentally....
...Keywords- Wireless Optical Communication (WOC), Free Space Optical Communication
(FSOC), Atmospheric Turbulence, Wavefront Aberration....
...I.INTRODUCTION A. Free Space Optical Communication Free Space Optical
Communication (FSOC) is a high speed wireless optical communication technology that
uses light for the transmission of data through free space....
...FSOC works on the principle of laser source technology at transmitter end and
detector at receiver end to transmit and receive information through the
atmosphere....
...All studies and analysis about FSOC says that the stability and quality of the
FSOC link is greatly degraded by atmospheric factors such as rain, fog, dust and
heat....
...There are two types of optical light source are available namely Light Emitting
Diode (LED) and Laser Diode (LD)....
...Laser is preferred because the beam is characterized by high pointedness, zero
EMI influence and coherence....
...Transmitter converts electrical signal from driver circuit into optical form to
be transmitted over the atmospheric channel....
...When optical beam propagates through atmospheric channel, it is heavily affected
by the atmospheric turbulence effect....
...After achieving the necessary correction, photo detector in the FSOC receiver
converts the received optical signal to electrical signal....
...C. Factor Affecting FSOC Since the medium for transmission in FSOC is free
space, there are many challenges faced in implementing the free space optical
system as shown in Fig 2. They include atmospheric challenges due to changes in
various weather conditions as well as many others....
...Atmospheric turbulence results in intensity fluctuations and degradation of the
optical beam....
...Fig. 2. Challenges in Atmospheric Channel a) Fog-The highest attenuation in the
transmitted signal is caused due to fog....
...Fog is composed of small water droplets....
...The particles of fog are comparable to the wavelength of the optical beam. b)
Atmospheric Absorption-Naturally, our atmosphere contains atmospheric gases and
aerosols....
...When Laser beam propagated though such an atmosphere it can be greatly
affected....
...Particularly, absorption and scattering effects causes high attenuation on the
laser beam. c) Rain-Rain will cause serious degradation of laser beam's
intensity....
...The degradation of laser beams by rain is heavily depended upon the density of
the rain drops. d) Snow-Snow is form of fine ice crystals that precipitate from the
atmosphere snowflake size and the snowfall rate are the two important
parameters....
...Based on these two parameters, the snow attenuation can vary tremendously....
...Snow causes deeper attenuation when compared to rain because of the snowflake
size seems to be greater than raindrop size. e) Optical Turbulence-Uncertainty
present in the atmosphere causes propagation phenomena such as beam spread, beam
wander, and waveform aberration....
...Fig. 3. Beam Wandering Due to Atmospheric Turbulence Beam wandering is defined
as divergence of laser beam from its original path....
...Therefore received beam focus gets deviated due to variation in the beam's angle
as shown in Fig 3. Beam Scintillation is defined as degradation of power or
intensity of laser beam due to atmospheric turbulent parameters....
...It can also be defined as the variation in the spatial power density at the
receiver plane caused by small destructive interference within the optical beam....
...Fig. 4. Wavefront Aberration Waveform aberration is defined as deviation in
phase of the laser beam....
...In 2017, Suyang Zhao, Xuemin Cheng stated that the sensorless AO scheme brings
solution to eradicate the effect caused by the wavefront aberration on the laser
images [2]....
...In 2016, Max Segel, Esdras Anzuola, Szymon Gladysz, Karin Stein investigated the
experimental calculation of the wavefront aberration using wavefront sensor....
...Because of wavefront sensor, the conventional AO system becomes more complex....
...In 2009, Muhammad Saleem Awan, Laszlo Csurgai Horwath, Sajid Sheikh Muhammad,
Erich Leitgeb, Farukh Nadeem ,Muhammad Saeed Khan analyzed and reported that fog
will causes highest attenuation of laser beam....
...Its attenuation ranges from 30 to 60 dB/km for light fog and 70 to 230 dB/km for
heavy fog [7]....
...In 2015, Jing Guo, He Zhang, and Xiang jin Zhang studied and reported that the
attenuation caused by fog is high when compared to the attenuation caused by
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