Multistage amplifiers

Electronics 2.
Contents:

• Structures
• Types of feedbacks
• Feedback multistage amplifiers
• Frequency dependency
• Nyquist and Bode stability
• Analysis of single and two time constant amplifier
• Frekvency compensation and its realisation

Reading: Sedra/Smith MC 7. and 8.chapter

Electronics 2. 2
Topologies

Chain amplifiers :

Gain and its rel. change:

ΔA n ΔAk
Au= Au1 Au2* Aun , =∑
A k=1 Ak

Feedback amplifiers:
€

Electronics 2. 3
Signal coupling I.
a. Capacitive

b. transformer

Electronics 2. 4
Signal coupling II.
c. Direct

Problem: shifting of the Q points

towards +Ut, or –Ut

Bias voltage shifting:

voltage divider UZ IoR Tr: UCB

Electronics 2.
Problem: signal division
5
Signal connecting III.

Disadvantage: Changes of the working point parameter of one stage

influences the others.

Solution: Feedback

Electronics 2. 6
 Series feedback of multistage amplifiers

Structure of the amplifier

Solution using a two stage BJT amplifier: The feedback network:

Electronics 2. 7
 The gain of the feedback amplifier:

A
Aue = Task: Determine the A and B gains.
1+ AB
uv RE
Bu = ≈ Au = Au1 Au 2
uki RE + RV
€
S1 (RC1 xRbe 2 ) Au2 = −S2 (RC 2 xRbe 3 xRv )
Au1 = − , €
€ 1+ S1RE

A Au1 Au 2 Au
Aue = = =
1+ AB € 1+ Au1 Au 2 Bu 1+ A RE
€ u
RE + Rv

Electronics 2. 8

€
Frequency dependency of feedback amplifiers

Negative feedback:
The JV and Jin are opposite in phase

A and B are freq. dependents ⇒

⇒ There can be f, where the
neg. fdb. becomes positive.(phase
changes) ⇒ More amplification at
that freq.
H(jω)= A(jω) B(jω)
abs(H) = -1 : oscillator -fixed amplitude
abs(H) < -1 : raising amplitude
Generaly we can say:
instability if
abs(1+H(jω)) ≤ 0
Electronics 2. 9
 Stability study using Nyquist plots I.:
1+|H(jω) | ≤ 0 : instable
At a given freq.: instable
stabil

In the full freq. band:

stabil instabil

pass round the -1 point

to be at right
Electronics 2. 10
Nyquist stabilitáskritérium II.:

On the Nyquist plot : H(jω) should avoid the ( -1, j0 ) value.

a.: single time constans

b.:two time constans

c, d.: three time constans

How much can we get close to this ( -1, j0 ) point, without instability?
We always give some safety margins (amplitude and phase)

Electronics 2. 11
Stability margins: Amplitude and phase

Amplitude margin: Phase margin:

At the freq., where the phase At the freq., where | H | = 1,
shift of H = 180o, The phase shift of H deviate
| H | << 1 from 180o by a given ϕt

These margins gives a forbidden area .

Mainly: at = -6dB, ϕt = 45o
Electronics 2. 12
Stability study using Bode plots:

The critical frequency: | H | = 0dB, ϕH =180o

-180o

We add to this the margin values:

(at = -6dB, ϕt = 45o)

In practice :
(using only the phase margin):

At | H | = 0dB, let ϕ = -180o - ϕt

Electronics 2. 13
 The Bode plot of a feedback amplifier
A
A'= → 20lg A' = 20lg A − 20lg1+ AB
1+ AB
The gain will be decreased by the actual value of H (at the given freq.)
1
20lg A' = 20lg A − 20lg A − 20lg B = 20lg
€ € B
Simplification: B is freq. independent

14
Electronics 2.
Stability ϕt ≥ 45o fulfills or not ?

Electronics 2. 15
 Stability study on a single time constant system:
1 1
A = Ask Ask
jω jω
1+ 1+
ω1 ω1 Ask 1
A'= =
1 jω
B = állandó 1+ A = Ask B 1+ Ask B 1+
jω ω1 (1+ Ask B)
1+
ω1
€
€

€
Conclusions:
1. The system is stable

2. fH will increase in
function of Hsk

Electronics 2. 16
 Two time constant amplifier1.
1 1 B = constan t
A = Ask ∗ ∗ ,
jω jω
1+ 1+
ω1 ω2

Ask 1 €
A'= 2
ξ ,ω o : ω1,ω 2 ,H függvénye
1+ Ask B jω  jω 
€ 1+ 2ξ + 
ωo  ωo 
€
If ξ<0.7 : At ωo A’ will be raising: ϕt is not sufficient
€
At ω1, ω2 we need to modify H!
ω2
The transmission is maximaly flat if: ≈ 2Ask B
ω1
Then: ω H = ω o = 0.7ω 2
Electronics 2. 17

€
Two time constant amplifier 2.

Maximaly flat transmission: Some rise in transmission:

Stable , ϕt sufficient. Basically stable, but ϕt is not sufficient.

Nyquist: H is outside of the forbidden Nyquist: H is in the forb. region at some frequencies .
region.
Electronics 2. 18
Frequency compensation of feedback amplifiers

Goal: To avoid instability by modifiing H

a. Modifiing the feedback network (B)

Solution: We make raising region on B .

This modifies the phase, so ϕt will be enought.

Electronics 2. 19
The modified B network

ω = 1/(RVCV)
lower than ω2

Electronics 2. 20
b. Modifiing the gain ( A ) 1.

I. Making a new (4.) pole

The slope to (ω1) will be -20 dB/D :

At ω1 small raising !

At H=0: ϕt = 45o

Maximaly flat if: ϕt = 60o , fH = 0.7 ω1

Electronics 2. 21
b. Modifiing the gain ( A ) 2.

II. Pole shifting

III. Pole neutralising

Electronics 2. 22
Realisation of compensations

Electronics 2. 23