Content

Expt. Page Date List of Experiments Marks Staff

No. No. Signature

1. Common Emitter Amplifier

2. Common Collector
Amplifier

3. Common Source Junction

Field Effect Transistor
Amplifier

4. Uni Junction Transistor as

a Relaxation Oscillator

5. RC Phase Shift Oscillator

6. Wein Bridge Oscillator

7. Series Voltage Negative

Feedback Amplifier

8. Astable
Multivibrator

9. Monostable Multivibrator

1
Circuit Diagram:

Function Generator
(0-3MHz)

Model Graph:

Base diagram:

2
 Experiment no.1
Common Emitter Amplifier
Aim:

To design and construct a common emitter amplifier and to draw the frequency
response characteristics and to obtain the bandwidth.

Given Data:

VCC = AV = hie =

VCQ = S = fL =

ICQ = hfe = VBE =

Formulae:
AV ∗hie
1. Collector Resistance, Rc =
h fe
where,
AV = Voltage Gain

V CC −V CE −I C RC
2. Emitter Resistance, R E=
IE
; ¿ ¿)
where,
VCC = Supply voltage
IE = Emitter current
IC = Collector current
VCE = Collector to Emitter Voltage

3. Stability factor, S=
(
( 1+h fe ) 1+ R
b

E
)
Rb
( 1+ hfe +
RE )

3
4
 where,
Rb = Base Resistance
hfe = forward current gain
hie = input impedance

4. Base voltage, V B =V BE + I E R E
where,
RE = Emitter Resistance
VBE = Base to emitter voltage

V CC Rb
5. R 1=
VB

V CC Rb
6. R 2=
V CC −V B

RE 10
7. XC ≪ RE , XC = ; Emitter bypass Capacitance, C E = 2 π f R
E E
10 L E

Ri 10
8. X C ≪ Ri , X C = ; Coupling Capacitance, C c = 2 π f R ;
C C
10 L I

( Ri=hie∨|R 1|∨R2 ¿
V0
9. Voltage Gain, AV =
Vi
where,
Vo = output voltage
Vi = input voltage

10. Gain ¿ 20 log 10 ( A V )

A V ∗√ 2
11. 3db line calculation ¿ 20 log 10 ( max

2 )

5
Observation:

Table: Vi = ____mV

Sl.No. Frequency(Hz) Output Voltage(Vo) Gain Av = Vo/Vi Gain(dB)

Gain = 20 log 10(Av)

6
Procedure:

1. The circuit is designed and connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Using the function Generator the input voltage and frequency are set to a suitable
value.
3. The frequency of the signal is increased and the output waveform is obtained.
4. The output voltage is measured for various frequencies.
5. Gain in dB is calculated and Band Width is obtained from the frequency response
characteristics.

7
8
Result:

Lists Marks
Calculations (15)
Experimentation (15)
Viva (10)
Graph (05)
Result (05)
Total (50)
Staff signature

9
Circuit Diagram:

Function Generator
(0-3MHz)

Measurement of Input Impedance:

Measurement of Output Impedance:

10
 Experiment no.2

Common collector Amplifier

Aim:

To design and construct a common collector amplifier and to draw the frequency
response characteristics and to measure the input and output impedances.

Given Data:

VCC = fL =

VCQ = hfe =

ICQ = hie =

Ri =

Formulae:
( V CC −V CE )
1. Emitter Resistance, R E= ;(IE IC)
IC
where,
VCC = Supply voltage
IE = Emitter current
IC = Collector current
VCE = Collector to Emitter Voltage

2. Input Resistance, Ri=R B∨¿ {hie + [ 1+h fe ] RE }

where,
RB = Base Resistance
RE = Emitter Resistance
3. Base voltage, V B =V BE + I E R E

where,
VB= Base voltage
RE= Emitter Resistance
VBE= Base to emitter voltage

11
Model Graph:

Base diagram:

Measurement of input resistance =

Measurement of output resistance =

12
 V CC R B
4. R 1=
VB
V CC R B
5. R 2=
V CC −V B
Ri 10
6. XC ≪ Ri, XC = ; Coupling CapacitanceC c = 2 π f R ,
c c
10 L i
V0
7. Voltage Gain, AV =
Vi
where,
Vo = output voltage
Vi = input voltage
8. Gain ¿ 20 log10 ( A V )
A V ∗√2
9. 3db line calculation ¿ 20 log 10 ( max

2 )
Procedure:

Common collector amplifier

1. The circuit is designed and connections are made as per the circuit
diagram.
2. Using the function Generator the input voltage and frequency are
set to a suitable value.
3. The frequency of the signal is increased and the output waveform is
obtained.
4. The output voltage is measured for various frequencies.
5. Gain in dB is calculated

Measurement of Input Impedance :

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. By varying the resistance output voltage is set to half of the input
voltage.
3. Now the input resistance is measured using the multi meter.

Measurement of Output Impedance :

13
 1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. By varying the resistance output voltage is set half of the input voltage.
3. Now the output resistance is measured using the multi meter.

Observation:

Table :
Vi = ____ V

Sl.No. Frequency(Hz) Output Voltage(Vo) Gain Av = Vo/Vi Gain(dB)

Gain = 20 log 10(Av)

14
15
16
Result:

Lists Marks
Calculations (15)
Experimentation (15)
Viva (10)
Graph (05)
Result (05)
Total (50)
Staff signature

17
Circuit Diagram:

Function Generator
(0-3MHz)

Model Graph:

Base diagram:

18
 Experiment no.3

Common Source Junction Field Effect Transistor Amplifier

Aim:

To design and construct a Common Source JFET Amplifier and to draw the
frequency response characteristics.

Given Data:

VDD = fL = AV = rd =

R1 = R2 = gm =

Formulae:
1. Voltage Gain, AV =[−gm ( r d∨¿ R d ) ]
where,
rd= dynamic resistance between drain and source terminal
Rd = drain resistance
gm-trans conductance
2. Ri=( R 1∨¿ R2 )
3. R0 =( r d ∨¿ Rd )
10
4. Coupling Capacitance, C c = 2 π f R
L i
10
5. Source Capacitance,C s= 2 π f R
L s
V0
6. Voltage Gain, AV =
Vi
where,
Vo = output voltage
Vi = input voltage
7. Gain ¿ 20 log10 ( A V )
A V ∗√2
8. 3db line calculation ¿ 20 log 10 ( max

2 )

19
Observation:

Table : Vi = ______ V

Sl.No. Frequency(Hz Output Gain Av = Vo/Vi Gain(dB)

) Voltage(Vo) Gain = 20 log 10(Av)

20
Procedure:

1. The circuit is designed using design data and connections are made as per the
circuit diagram.
2. Using the function Generator the input voltage and frequency are set to a
suitable value.
3. The frequency of the signal is increased and the output waveform is obtained.
4. The output voltage is measured for various frequencies.
5. Gain in dB is calculated and the frequency response characteristic is plotted.

21
Result:

Lists Marks
Calculations (15)
Experimentation (15)
Viva (10)
Graph (05)
Result (05)
Total (50)
Staff signature

22
Circuit Diagram:

Model Graph:

Base diagram:

23
 Experiment no.4

Uni Junction Transistor as a Relaxation Oscillator

Aim:

To design and construct a Uni Junction Transistor as a Relaxation Oscillator and

to generate the pulse train of the given frequency.

Given Data:

f= RBB = ᶯ= VV =

VBB = IP = IV =

Formulae:

VP
1. Intrinsic stand of ratio, ɳ=
V BB
where,
Vp = peak voltage
V BB−V P
2. Rmax =
IP
where,
Ip = peak current
V −V V
3. Rmin = BB
IV
where,
Rmin = minimum resistance
Vv = valley voltage
Iv = valley current
4. Optimum Resistance, Ropt =√ R max∗R min
where,
Rmax = maximum resistance
1
5.
C=
[
f ∗Ropt ∗ln
1
1−ɳ ( ) ]
0.7 R BB
6. R 2=
ɳ V BB
where,

24
 RBB = inter base resistance

Observation:

Table :

Observed
Sl.No. Parameters
values

1. VP

2. VV

3. VO

4. f

5. R

25
Procedure:

1. The circuit is designed using design data and connections are made as
per the circuit diagram.
2. The value of the variable POT is varied until the designed value of the
frequency is reached.
3. The waveform of the voltage across capacitor V c and the output
waveform Vo is obtained.
4. The value of resistance R is measured which is used to obtain the
required frequency.

26
Result:

Lists Marks
Calculations (15)
Experimentation (15)
Viva (10)
Graph (05)
Result (05)
Total (50)
Staff signature

27
Circuit Diagram:

Pin Diagram of μA 741:

Model Graph:

28
 Experiment no.5

RC Phase Shift Oscillator

Aim:

To design and construct a RC Phase Shift Oscillator using op-amp and to study
its output voltage variation with feedback voltage.

Given Data:

fo = c=

Formulae:

1
1. Frequency, f o=
2 π √ 6 RC
1
2. Resistance,R1 = R=
2 π √6 f 0 C
where,
C-Capacitance
R2 R2
3. Feedback voltage gain, AV = ; ≥ 29 ; R2 ≥ 29 R1
f
R1 R1

Procedure:

1. The circuit is designed using given data and connections are made as per
the circuit diagram.
2. The power supply is switched ON.
3. The variable Resistance is adjusted to get an undistorted output signal.
4. The value of the resistance at that point is noted.
5. The output voltage and feedback voltage waveforms are obtained from
CRO.
6. Graphs are plotted.

29
Observation:

Table

Observed
S.no Parameters
values

1. Frequency, f
2. Feedback Voltage,Vf (pp)
3. Output Voltage Vo (pp)
4. Gain, (Vo/Vf)
5. Resistance (R2)

30
Result:

Lists Marks
Calculations (15)
Experimentation (15)
Viva (10)
Graph (05)
Result (05)
Total (50)
Staff signature

31
Circuit Diagram:

Vf

Pin Diagram of μA741:

Model Graph:

32
 Experiment no.6

Wien Bridge Oscillator

Aim:

To design and construct a Wien Bridge Oscillator and to study its output voltage
variation with feedback voltage.

Given Data:

f0 = C= R1 =

Formulae:
1
1. Frequency, f 0= 2 πRC
1
2. Resistance, R= 2 π f C
0

where,
C = capacitance
2 R R
2
3. Voltage gain, AV =1+ R ; A V ≥3 ; 1+ R ≥ 3
1 1

4. R2 ≥2 R1

Procedure:

1. The circuit is designed using given data and connections are made as per
the circuit diagram.
2. The power supply is switched ON.

33
 3. The variable Resistance is adjusted to get an undistorted output signal.
4. The value of the resistance at that point is noted.
5. The output voltage and feedback voltage waveforms are obtained from
CRO.
6. Graphs are plotted.

Observation:

Table:

Sl. No. Parameters Observed values

1 Output Voltage, V0 (pp)

2 Feedback Voltage, Vf (pp)

3 Minimum Voltage Gain, Av =

Vo/Vf

4 Frequency, f0

5 Resistance, R2

34
35
Result:

Lists Marks
Calculations (15)
Experimentation (15)
Viva (10)
Graph (05)
Result (05)
Total (50)
Staff signature

36
Circuit Diagram:

Base Diagram of BC107:

Model Graph:

37
 Experiment no.7

Series Voltage Negative Feedback Amplifier

Aim:

To design and construct a Series Voltage Negative Feedback amplifier and to

draw the frequency response characteristics and to obtain the bandwidth.

Given Data:

Avf = 60 fL = 100Hz R1 = R3 = 90k R2 = R4 = 9k

Rc1= Rc2= 3.3k R6 = RE1=RE2= = 470Ω hie = 1.5kΩ Vcc = 12 V

3.3k

Formulae:

R
5
1. β= R + R
5 6

1 5 R +R
6 6 R
2. Feedback Gain, AVf = β = R ≈ R ; R6 ≫ R 5
5 5

R6
3. Resistance, R5= A
Vf

10 R6
4. Feedback Capacitance, C f = 2 π f X ; X Cf = 100
L Cf

10
5. Emitter Capacitance, C E = 2 π f R
L E

10
6. Coupling Capacitance, C c = 2 π f R ; Ri ≈ hie
L i

V
0
7. Voltage Gain, AV = V
i

where,
Vo = output voltage
Vi = input voltage
8. Gain ¿ 20 log 10 ( A V )

38
 A V ∗√2
9. 3db line calculation ¿ 20 log 10 ( max

2 )
Observation:

TABLE:

Vi = ____ mV

Sl. Frequency(Hz) Output Voltage Gain Av = Gain(dB)

No. Vo (pp) Vo/Vi = 20 log 10(Av)

39
40
Procedure:

1. The circuit is designed using given data and connections are made
as per the circuit diagram.
2. Using the function generator the input voltage and frequency are
set to a suitable value.
3. The frequency of the signal is increased and the output waveform is
obtained.
4. The output voltage is measured for various frequencies.
5. Gain in dB is calculated and Band Width is obtained from the
frequency response characteristics.
6. The effect of negative feedback is studied.

41
Result:

Lists Marks
Calculations (15)
Experimentation (15)
Viva (10)
Graph (05)
Result (05)
Total (50)
Staff signature

42
Circuit Diagram:

Base Diagram of 2N2222:

43
 Experiment no. 8

Astable Multivibrator
Aim:

To design and construct an Astable Multivibrator and to study its output

characteristics.

Given Data:

f= Vcc = hfe = Ic =

Formulae:
CC V
1. Collector Resistance, RC =R C = I 1 2
C

where,
RC1 = Collector Resistance of transistor1
RC2 = Collector Resistance of transistor2
VCC = Supply voltage
IC = Collector current

C I
2. Minimum base current of transistor, I B = h ( min )
fe

3. I B=1.5 I B( min )

where,
IB = base current of transistor

V CC
4. Base Resistance, R B =R B = I
1 2
B

where,
RB1 = base Resistance of transistor1
RB2 = base Resistance of transistor2
VCC = supply voltage
IB = base current
5. Time Period of the clock pulse, T =1.38 RC
1 1
6. Frequency, f = T = 1.38 RC
1
7. Capacitance, C 1=C2 = 1.38∗R ∗f
B

44
45
Model Graph:

46
Procedure:

1. The circuit is designed using given data and connections are made as per the
circuit diagram.
2. The power supply is switched ON.
3. The Waveforms of VCE1, VCE2, VBE1, VBE2 are obtained from CRO.
4. Graphs are plotted.

47
Observation:

Table

Sl.no. Parameters Observed values

1. VCE1 (max)  

2. VCE2 (max)  

3. VCE (sat)

4. VBE1(max)

3. VBE2(max)  

4. VBE(sat)  

5. TON  

6. TOFF  

7. T  

8. f  

48
Result:

49
Circuit Diagram:

Lists Marks
Calculations (15)
Experimentation (15)
Viva (10)
Graph (05)
Result (05)
Total (50)
Staff signature

Base Diagram of 2N2222:

50
51
 Experiment no.9

Monostable Multivibrator
Aim:

To design and construct a Monostable Multivibrator and to study its output

characteristics.

Given Data:

Pulse Width = Ton = 2ms Vcc = 10 V VBB = -4 V hfe = 10

Ic = 10 mA VCE(Sat) = 0.2 V VBE(Sat) = 0.8 V C = 0.01µF

ftrig = 100Hz

Formulae:

Q2 ON:

V CC −V CE ( sat )
1. Collector Resistance of Q2, RC = 2
IC
where,
VCC - Supply voltage
IC - Collector current
VCE(sat) - Collector to Emitter saturation Voltage
IC
2. Minimum Base current of Q2, I B = h 2 (min )
fe

3. Base current of Q2, I B =1.5 I B

2 2 (min )

V CC−V BE (sat)
4. Base resistance, R B= IB 2

Q1 ON:

5. Collector Resistance of Q1, RC =R C 1 2

where,
RC2–Collector Resistance of Q2
I
6. Current through R2, I 2= C
10
7. Voltage across R2, V R =V BE −V BB
2 2

where,
VBE2 –Base to Emitter Voltage of Q2
VR
8. Resistance, R2= I 2

52
 9. On time of transistor, T ON =0.693∗R B C B

Model Graph:

53
 where,
RB –Base Resistance
CB – Base Capacitance
V CC −V BE
10. Resistance, R1= {[ IB +I2
1
] }
−R C
2

Differentiator Circuit:

1
11. T trig= f
trig
T trig
12. Resistance, R=
10∗C
where,
C-Capacitance

Procedure:

1. The circuit is designed using design data and connections are made as per the
circuit diagram.
2. The power supply is switched ON.
3. Using the Function Generator Square wave signal is supplied.
4. The Waveforms of triggering pulse V t, the collector voltages VC1, VC2 are
obtained from CRO.
5. Graphs are plotted.

54
Observation:

Table:

Parameters Observed values

Sl.no

1. VC1 (max)  
2. VC2 (max)  
3. VCE (sat)
4. VB1

5. VB2  

6. VBE (sat)  
7. TON  
8. TOFF  

9. T  

10. f  

55
56
Result:

Lists Marks
Calculations (15)
Experimentation (15)
Viva (10)
Graph (05)
Result (05)
Total (50)
Staff signature

57