Feedback

(theory)

Sedra/Smith MC 8.chapter

Electronics 2. 1
 Harold Stephen Black
History revolutionized the field of applied electronics
by inventing the negative feedback amplifier
1927

Advantages:

• Desensitise the gain

(components, temperature)
• Reduce nonlinear distortion
• Reduce the effect of noise
• Control the input and output
impedances
• Extend the bandwidth

Electronics 2. 2
 General feedback network
J v = BJout
Jin J1 Jout
A J out = AJ1

€ J1 = J in − J v

€ J A A
Jv A'= out
= =
B
€ J in 1+ AB 1+ H

H = AB loop gain
€ F = 1+AB amount of feedback
Jin and Jv : in phase
∣F∣ > 1 ⇒ ∣H∣ > 0 : negative fdb, Jin, Jv same in phase
Jin and Jv : opposite in phase
∣F∣ < 1 ⇒ ∣H∣ < 0 : pozitive fdb, Jin, Jv opposite in phase

Electronics 2. 3
 Effect of the feedback on the stability of an amplifier

A The change of the full gain (A’) depends both

A'= on the change of A and B.
1+ AB
( Function with two variable)

∂A' ∂A'
€ dA'= dA + dB
∂A ∂B
The relative change of A`:

€ dA' = 1 dA + AB dB (absolut value:

A' 1+ AB A 1+ AB B worst case)

Reduces the effect of changes of A

€ Electronics 2. 4
Conclusions: dA' 1 dA AB dB
= +
A' 1+ AB A 1+ AB B

•  Changes of A’ depends on both changes of A and B

€
•  If AB > 0 (negative feedback) : The relative changes of A’
will be reduced

•  If AB > > 1 (strong negative feedback):

The relative changes of A’ will depend only on the rel.
change of B.
dA' dB
= ⇒
A' B
1
⇒ A'≅ Depends only on B!
B
€ Electronics 2. 5
Basic topologies of feedback
Jbe J1 Jki
A

Jv
A and B: B
We model them as controlled generator -

• Output:
U or I

• Input:
U or I

4 topologies: U-U, U –I, I – U, I – I possibilities

Electronics 2. 6
 1. Series – Shunt feedback

Au=Uout / U1

Bu= Uv / Uout

H=Au Bu

uout Au
Au' = = will be reduced by: 1+H
uin 1+ Au Bu

' uin u1 + uv u1  uv 
Z =
in = = 1+  = Z in (1+ H ) Will be raised by: 1+H
iin iin iin  u1 
€ Electronics 2. 7
 2. Series – Series feedback

The transmissions:

uv iki
BR = AS =
iki ube

H = AS BR
€ €

uki Au
Au' = = Z ki' = Z ki (1+ AS BR )
ube 1+ AS BR

'
Z be = Z be (1+ H ) €
€ Electronics 2. 8
 3. Shunt – Shunt feedback

AZ=Uout / iin

BS= iv / Uout

H=AZ BS

uout iout Ai
Au' = = Au Ai' = =
uin iin 1+ H

Z in Z out
Z in' = '
Z out =
€ (1+ H ) € (1+ AS BR )
Electronics 2. 9

€
4. Shunt – series feedback

Ai=iout / iin

Bi= iv / iout

H=Ai Bi

uout iout Ai
Au' = = Au Ai' = =
uin iin 1+ H

Z in Z out
Z in' = '
Z out =
€ (1+ H ) € (1+ AS BR )
Electronics 2. 10