PPT NO.

1 -In site planning, the architectural style of a particular

site is being followed and physically manifested to
SITE CONTEXT
maintain the context of the site.
● Materials and Construction: The use of local
● Marco Planning: arranging activities and
materials as well as the construction techniques
buildings in response to immediate natural and
used are considered in building the aesthetic and
man-made surroundings.
physical formation of a site context.
● Micro planning: arranging buildings and
-should be manifested to ensure the context of
activities within the site.
the site
● A contextual analysis: getting data and seeking
● Weather (Microclimate): Atmospheric conditions
for patterns and trends
may influence site planning and design decisions
to ensure comfortability and safety of the users
In terms of the built environment, "context" can
and the site itself from natural risks.
refer to the conditions which surround a particular
site or project, and to which it should relate and
➢ Microclimate has an important effect on two
connect to in some way.
aspects of the built environment:
1. Aesthetics
2. Physical Considerations
1. Energy consumption for the heating and cooling of
● Context Area: defined as the area over which a
buildings
proposed development will have an impact.
2. The comfort of the people in outdoor settings

Site Context Includes:

1. Topography S
Easements
2. Site History
Open public space from the body of water to the
3. Local Culture
private land. According to NBC;
4. Local Materials and
5. Construction Techniques
1. 3.00m min for urban areas 2
6. Weather and Microclimate
2. 20.00m min for agricultural lands
7. Laws and Codes Economy
3. 50.00m min for forest areas
8. Political Conditions Architectural Style
4. Depends on LGU
9. Others that are past, present, and future of the site

● Political Conditions: Politics may have influenced

● Topography: Important factor in
the context of a site especially in its planning
site planning decisions.
process.
● Topographic Maps: provide info on the
-recognise the importance and links between
biophysical and cultural context of a community.
problem solving and decision-making skills of a
● Site Topographic Surveys:
site context
○ -larger in scale
○ -are usually completed by a licensed
● National & Local Policy: The policies, national
land surveyor.
and local, are a must in considering the context of
● Site History: Knowing the history of the site and
a site;
its previous uses
-should be followed and taken as a guideline or
-will guide the planning process to
basis in building and site planning.
connect the idea with the existing context.
● Local Culture: The local and existing culture of
the site affects the context of the space along with
Some site contexts are basically grounded by national and
its flow of activities and circulation.
local policies.

-The culture of a site is important because the planning

1. National Building Code
process must acknowledge and respond to the cultural
2. PD 957 Subdivision and Condominium Act
needs and values of a certain site.
3. BP 220 Socialized Low-Cost Housing Act
4. LGU Land Use and Zoning
● Architectural Style: is highly significant
5. HLURB (Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board)
 6. DHSUD Department of Human Settlement and
Urban Development IMAGES AND SYMBOLS (Natural Resources)
7. NEDA - National Economic and Development 1. Water Bodies
Authority 2. Mountains
8. Other agencies 3. Hills
4. Others
● State of the Economy: greatly affects its context
because of the influences brought by the existing Deck and Patios
economic status. 01. There are different drawings for a particular
a) Views: views on a site may either be pleasing or material of decks or patios.
objectionable. 02. Bricks are drawn just how brick will appear.
-They may bear heavily on the orientation of a 03. Stone will be drawn with a bold line covering its
building and therefore should be carefully studied. area and within are stone looking drawings.
b) Vistas: This may be a natural or completely man 04. Exposed are the same as th stone, but this time
made view. with smaller stone looking drawing to
-It has a dominant focal point or terminus that is illustrate irregular aggregate materials.
strongly emphasized and is framed and balanced 05. The wooden deck is characterized with slanting
by minor elements forming masses to enclose the lines all over the identified area.
vista and screen out conflicting objects from its
composition. SENSUOUS QUALITIES:
c) Visual Barriers. In some case elements such
as elevated highway that cut off views of
● The Sense of Place: its visual impression and
parts of a community or natural feature such as
appeal to one's senses
river,
-sensory information will be done through first hand
experience
IMAGES AND SYMBOL -Info is obtained from sketching and photographs
1. Placement of vegetation around the
building ● Touch: The sensuous experience of a place
2. Shading and rendering is first a spatial one.
techniques are -perception of the volume of air
sometimes inappropriate to the site -affected by the feel of a surface
3. Measurement of crowns of trees are ● Visual Resources
often overlooked a) Views: a scene observed from a
4. Lack of detail vantage point.
A landscape is seen from a limited set of viewpoints:
● Vegetation the path of the observer and certain key station
● Google Maps: allows us to see the views on all
A) Place accent trees with broad crowns far enough sides
away from buildings that the canopy has ample -allow us to see the street view of a site
room to grow.
a) Landscape beds can be composed of a SENSUOUS QUALITIES (Visual Resources)
collection of plants with a specific theme, such as 1. LIDAR - Light Detection and Ranging
an herb garden, a wildflower garden, a rose bed, A remote sensing method used to examine the surface of the
or a perennial bed. Earth.
b) A large tree may provide shade on 1 side
c) Plan symbols may be modified to ● Vista
reflect texture or other plant -Confined view, usually directed toward a
characteristics. dominant feature.
- A view is usually better if enframed or seen
B) Ground Covers: probably the simplest through an appropriate screen.
- sketches in a down-up stroke that looks like the
penmanship ● Visual Resources
-May cut off views of parts of a community or natural
feature.
-Views may either be pleasing or objectionable.
-The experience of a site may be enhanced by changing the
position of the observer.
● Visual Barriers: A sense of the enclosure
May be created with landform, followed by an expansive
opening to a larger landscape
● Hearing:
-Sense of hearing also convey the shape of space
- Blind users use echolocation to move through the
world and experience spaces
- An absence of echo is interpreted as extended
openness.
- Noise Pollution in a site can be alleviated by
seldomly used areas away from the source.
● Smell
-Odour is one of the most overlooked factors in
properly planning a site.
- Proper site analysis can help avoid choosing sites
that receive undesirable odors.
Maggie's Centre London
-Users are bombarded with fragrances
of lemon and rosemary from the foliage placed on
the walkways.
Vocabulary of Space:
2. Spatial dimensions are reinforced by light, color,
texture, and detail.
I. overlapping of distant object by closer ones
II. parallactic movement of objects
III. the farther the things will be higher above the
horizontal baseline and vice versa.
SENSUOUS FORMS (Vertical Elements in
Outdoor Perception)
I. Outdoor spaces are rarely created by complete
enclosure. They are only partially bounded; form is
completed by the conformation of the floor and by
smaller vertical elements that mark out imaginary
aerial definitions.
II. Level changes can define space, they can open
views; and they can create effects of silhouette,
truncation, or dynamic movement.
● PROPORTION AND SCALE
-Space differs in character according to their
shape and their proportions.
-Proportion is an internal relation
-judged by their scale with respect to objects
outside themselves.
- In relation to the environment and the user.
-Will define and determine the spaces and its
corresponding functions.

● Enclosure: impression of size, space, dimensions

Types of external spaces experiences by the users
● Symbolic Connotations: indicate their purpose on
- Used to create relationship with the natural
site plan.
landscapes harmoniously
● Light: naturally needed for sight
Examples:
-gives liveliness that is naturally appealing to
senses
● Maze
● Visible Activity: able to see activity within a space
● Tunnel
● Slope
● Valley
● Park

SENSUOUS FORMS (Space Illusions)

● The looseness of outdoor space - combined with

the difficulty that all but trained eyes have in estimating
distance, geometry of plan, level, or gradient - allows a
certain freedom in layout.

1. Rhythm and direction will be supported by the

form of all visible elements
PPT NO. 2 ● ENERGY EFFICIENCY:
SITE AND LANDSCAPE PLANNING FOR GREEN -Solar Powered Outdoor Lights
BUILDING CONSIDERATIONS
Necessity for Water Efficiency
“Site and its Surroundings” is one of the seven principles of
Water Efficiency is one of the seven key principles of
Green Building Architecture.
Green Architecture. Due to the water shortage across the globe,
the climatic changes have reduced the extent of rainfall in many
SEVEN PRINCIPLES OF GREEN
parts of the world. The climatic changes are reaching their
ARCHITECTURE
extremes. There are either droughts or floods but not proper
rainfall.
1.Site and its surroundings
Necessity for Water Efficiency
2.Energy Efficiency
(DEMAND AND SUPPLY)
3.Water Efficiency
4.Material Efficiency
❖ Urbanization has increased the demand for food,
5.Indoor Air Quality
clothing and shelter.
6.Waste Reduction
❖ Water forms the major part of the ever increasing
7.Low maintenance costs
demand which are not able to satisfy.
❖ The availability of fresh water for drinking
Selection of a suitable site
purposes is falling short and is unable to meet with
the ever increasing demand for water supply.
● Selection of a site depends on the type and the
❖ The demand for water is more than the natural
size of the Project.
aquifers can give in a period of time.
-The aim is to reduce the consumption of energy
resources and still create an efficient structure.
Necessity for Water Efficiency
Water Efficiency can be classified into (3) three
Site selection is mainly based on two factors:
major categories:
1. Interiors
1.Factors concerning “the before construction of
➢ Using Water Urinals
the project”
➢ Using low-flush toilets/dual flush water closets
2.Factors concerning “the after construction of the
structure” (after use efficiency) 2. Exteriors
1) Sustainable Landscaping
A. The practice of using multiple strategies to create
Factors concerning “the after construction of the structure” an environmentally friendly and climate
(after use efficiency) appropriate landscape.
B. The main goals of sustainable landscape design
01. Access to Parks and Playgrounds are to conserve water and energy, reduce waste
02. Agricultural potentiality of the land and decrease runoff.
03. Availability of Public Utility Services especially C. In order to achieve these goals residential gardens
water, electricity and sewage disposal should treat water as a resource, value soil,
04. contour of the land in relation to the building costs preserve existing plants and conserve material
05. cost of land resources.
2) Drip Irrigation
Factors concerning “the after construction of the structure” A. Drip irrigation is the most efficient water and
(after use efficiency) nutrient delivery system for growing crops. It
delivers water and nutrients directly to the plant’s
01. distance from places of work roots zone, in the right amounts, at the right time,
02. ease of drainage so each plant gets exactly what it needs, when it
03. location with respect to schools, colleges and needs it, to grow optimally
public buildings 3) Xeriscaping
04. nature of use of adjacent areas A. the practice of landscaping with slow- growing,
05. transport facilities drought tolerant plants to conserve water and
06. wind, velocity and direction reduce yard trimmings. From the beginning, a
 landscape can be designed to reduce the amount of
resources needed to maintain it and the amount of
waste it produces.
3. Stormwater Reuse
➢ Rainwater Harvesting
➢ Soakaways
-a buried drainage feature which seeks to manage
surface water of the site and infiltrate into the ground, rather
than discharging to an offsite location such as a watercourse
or sewer
➢ Swales
-shallow, broad and vegetated channels designed
to store and/or convey runoff and remove pollutants. They
may be used as conveyance structures to pass the runoff to
the next stage of the treatment train and can be designed to
promote infiltration where soil and groundwater conditions
allow.
➢ Infiltration ponds
-intended primarily for flow control;
however they can also be used for runoff
treatment where infiltration requirements are met.
Infiltration ponds are used to collect, temporarily store, and
infiltrate stormwater runoff. Infiltration of runoff is the
preferred method of flow control.
➢ WetLands
-a place in which the land is covered by
water—salt, fresh, or somewhere in between—either
seasonally or permanently.
● Site Anal;ysis:
-follow by Site Development
- Site Dev can be efficient only if the Site Analysis
is done correctly and accurately.
Site Analysis
A. Once done with the selection of the Building site,
get the entire survey of the site.
B. The topography of the site and the natural
features present on the site are to be studied.
C. A better and efficient way of utilizing the site’s
natural elements has to be figured out.
Swales and Wetlands can be maintained and preserved if
any on the site and used for the filtration of the Surface
runoff.
Site Analysis also includes the study of
micro-climatic factors which could influence the design of
the Project
SITE ANALYSIS AND
DEVELOPMENT
Site Development scheme should be carried out
after having studied the site.
This is the ultimate stage where importance has to
be given to the consequences of the construction
that is to be carried out onto the site.
This is something that will decide whether we
were able to successfully create a Green
environment or not. When we talk about Green
environment, we are also taking into consideration
the ecological and environmental impact that our
structure would have on the surroundings and
vice-versa
SITE PLANNING FOR GREEN
BUILDING
1. Planning
A collaborative approach is followed where the
owners, engineers, architects, contractor and important
stakeholders come together to develop a sustainable design
process. This helps to combine valuable
inputs from different expertise.
2. Site Plan
A sustainable site plan is developed based on the
discussions and inputs. A sustainable site plan of green
building construction is the plan that has less impact on the
environment while meeting the project goals of the client.
The site plan must fit to the project parameters without
compromising environmental concerns.
3. Site Selection
Important parameters to be considered while selecting site
are:
1.) The site must not fall under the disaster
zone. Flood plain areas must be avoided.
2.) If the building is to be constructed
around water bodies, buffers of
undisturbed soil must be provided
3.) Ease of transportation of resources for
construction purposes must be kept in
mind. The site accessible to the public
and other means of transportation is a
good choice.
4.) Ensure that basic amenities such as
banks, child care , post office ,park ,
library , primary school , clinic and
 community hall are near to or within the
site premises .
4. Site Layout
Proper orientation of building or site layout helps
to save energy by 25%. Following parameters are considered
while sitting and orienting the building.
➢ 1.The plan is elongated along East/West axis
➢ 2.Exposures to north and south are good for
daylighting
➢ 3.Windows must not be provided facing east and
west
➢ 4.The most populated area must be oriented
towards the north or south direction
5. Reduce Impervious Surfaces of Site
-Implementing a large impervious surface
throughout the site to avoid water runoff issues and to
increase the aesthetic is not a sustainable practice. Increase
in the impervious surface affects the groundwater recharge
causing heat island effect. Limiting the impervious surface
helps reduce the environmental impact drastically.
01. Site imperviousness can be reduced by the
following methods:
02.
1.Implementing green roofS
2.Placing plants around parking areas
3.Implementing permeable pavement options
LANDSCAPING FOR GREEN
BUILDING
● There are many benefits a sustainable landscape
design can provide beyond the aesthetics of the
site.
● Good landscape design is an effective
microclimate modifier. A good landscape design
provides shading for the outdoors which is one
way of modifying microclimate.
● It helps to modulate the air flows within the
building. Improperly designed landscapes consume
large amounts of potable water for its
maintenance.
2.Landscape is placed and design such that it
filters and clean stormwater
3.Provide site rain gardens in parking areas
4.Instead of constructing retention ponds,
bio-retention ponds can be employed
LANDSCAPING CONSIDERATIONS
FOR GREEN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
1. For Projects larger than 1 hectare of topsoil and
preserve for reuse on site. For tsunami-affected
areas, ensure that topsoil has not been rendered
unusable.
2. A pH of value of soil ranging from 6.0 to 7.5 and
organic content of not less than 1.5% by mass
needs to be maintained. When the pH is less than
6, lime is added. This can adjust the value to 6.5 or
higher. Any soil that has soluble salt content >500
ppm should not be used for the purpose of
landscaping.
3. Preserve existing vegetation on site. Mark all
existing vegetation in the tree survey plan. Evolve
tree preservation guidelines
4. For all mature trees removed for construction, as a
compensation, forestation has to be performed in a
ratio of 1:5 within the site premises.
5. Do not alter the existing drainage pattern on site.
All the existing grades should be maintained
around existing vegetation.
6. Use of recycled landscaping products.
COST FACTORS OF LANDSCAPE
AND SITE PLANNING
1.1. Inherited site conditions
1.2. The size of the property.
1.3. Finishing and materials.
1.4. Landscape features.

Some important parameters to be considered for landscape

planning for green building construction are:

1.The landscape is placed to directly receive the

runoff and captured water
 from any roadway as the shape of the park lot
allows. However, in no case shall the farthest
interment site be more than ninety(90) meters than

PPT NO. 3 any roadway.

● The width of the walkway shall be not less than
MOVEMENT SYSTEMS 1.20 meters but not more than 1/3 of the width of
1. Pedestrians the sidewalk. Where only partial occupancy of the
sidewalk is necessary, a temporary walkway will
-the term used for a person that is
not be required provided that a width of at least
traveling on foot, particularly on road 1.20 meters of the sidewalk is left open for the use
surfaces. of pedestrians.
➢ Once arriving at the site, pedestrians should be
able to circulate the area conveniently and safely. 01. Pedestrian Lanes: designated space on road
➢ Pedestrian circulation: surfaces for exclusive use of pedestrians. The lane
may be on one or both sides of the roadway and
➔ Ensures that visitors can safely walk can fill gaps between important
from vehicles to pathways to destinations in the community.
destinations. 02. Walkways/Pathways: Outdoor passages built for
➔ Prevents visitors from cutting new people to walk along, usually adjacent to roads and
paths. Creates the quickest, shortest along buildings and parks.
walk from the parking area to the front 03. Pedestrian Movement: one of the principal
door or destination. considerations in designing a building and site.
➔ Place trash receptacles along the path
2. Vehicular
from the parking area to the destination.
Landscape architects, site planners, and engineers
➔ Places clear directional signs.
are responsible in designing
➔ Provides attractive lighting when
quality public spaces, including street
needed.
systems which incorporates:
A) PEDESTRIAN ON WALKWAYS 3. Transportation needs
● The width of pedestrian pathways vary depending 4. Improved access for residents
on purpose and intensity of use. 5. Employees, and customers;
● In general, a 600 mm (24 in) width for each 6. Reduced congestion
pedestrian is necessary, which suggests a 7. Increased choice among modes of travel
minimum pathway width of 1200 mm (4ft) for 8. Consideration of ecological parameters
public walkways. Time-Saver Standards for 9. Enhanced environmental protection.
Landscape Architecture.
● Pedestrians as a group do not typically use the At the local level, vehicular circulation design involves the
entire width of walkways. The edge of a walkway following steps:
adjacent to a curbed roadway and along the
building facade is avoided by pedestrians. 1.Determination of land uses at the site.
● Street furniture and features such as trees reduce 2.Estimation of trips generated, add the type of
the effective width of a pathway. intensity of the uses
B) PEDESTRIAN (Pedestrian Roadway 3.Distribution of trips to major approach roads
Standards in NBC) 4.Assignment of vehicle volumes to the roadway
● For local cemeteries, there shall be a main road of network 5.Analysis of the capacity of the roadways
two(2) meters minimum width from the main gate to handle the traffic
straight to the rear of the cemetery for pedestrian 6.Geometrical design of the various roads and
traffic. Crossroads of one meter minimum shall be streets according to projected capacity, use, and
laid out to divide the cemetery into sections. desired speed
● For memorial parks, roadways shall be at least
eight(8) meters wide, laid out in such a manner
that the farthest interment site shall at least be
within sixty(60) meters walking distance
 ➢ Parking should be provided for bicycles and
General Principles motorcycles as well.
○ Bicycle parking shall be bike rack or
● Minimize the amount of land for vehicular locker-type parking facilities unless
circulation. otherwise specified.
● Preserve natural features and provide street ○ All bicycle parking and storage shall be
alignment that complements the natural located in safe, visible areas that do not
topography. impede pedestrian or vehicle traffic
● Reduce impervious areas and materials and flow, and shall be well lit for night time
incorporate natural drainage. use.
● Provide adequate streetscape (landscapes and ➢ Parking areas used at night should be well lit,
hardscapes). Minimize road Pavements and generally one-half to one footcandle.
right-of-way.
● Reduce the length of streets and provide adequate
pedestrian connections.
● Provide traffic-calming measures at transition
points and where pedestrian oriented design is
sought.
● Incorporate and encourage multimode travel, such
as bicycle and bus lanes, and reduce parking ratios
where transit is available.
a) VEHICULAR (PARKING)
a) VEHICULAR (PARKING)

● ON-STREET PARKING:
● Defined as the act of parking, or the
-means parking your vehicle on the street,
spaces in which cars are parked.
anywhere on or along the curb
● Bring (a vehicle that one is driving) to a
-in contrast to parking it in a parking garage
half and leave it temporarily, typically in
● OFF-STREET PARKING
a parking lot or by the side of the road.
-parking your vehicle anywhere but, on the streets
● A desirable location for parking is to
-can be parked both indoors/outdoors
● locate the onsite drive between the
building and the parking area.
B) VEHICULAR (PARKING
10. Road Lay-Outs
CONSIDERATIONS) Hierarchy of Street Systems
● Vehicular Traffic Flows in sequential order from
low to high intensity
● Local access streets > collector/distributor streets >
arterial streets > freeways

BASIC CATEGORIES OF TRAFFIC ARTERIES AREA:

1. Freeways/Expressways/Motorways
-are designed to movement of large volumes
between of around urban areas
I. -velocity is reached due to high intervals
between traffic interruptions
II. -all cross-traffic is accomplished by
over/underpasses

2. Arterial Streets/Highways
-are continuous vehicular channels

I. -typically two/three lanes wide in

direction
C) VEHICULAR (ACCESSIBLE PARKING)
II. -on-street parking is prohibited
III. -access to adj. comm. property could be
prohibited
IV. -access to residential streets is allowed
V. -all crossings are controlled by traffic
signals
VI. -typical speed limit is 35 mph
VII. -major intersections should be separated
by at least 800’-0”

3. Collector-Distributor Streets
-serves as the transition between arterial and local
C) VEHICULAR (ACCESSIBLE PARKING) access streets of a neighborhood.

I. -access to residential properties

II. -usually are discontinuous
III. -curb-side parking is allowed
IV. -when collector and arterial streets
intersect, traffic signals are used
 V. -local and collector streets are usually -radiating from the business outwardly
controlled by STOP signs -in between, a built-up area may be planned in a
rectangular block
4. Local Access Streets
● Radial/Star and Circular Pattern
-provide access to low intensity uses fronting them
-the main radial road radiating from central

I. -carry low traffic flows -are connected with concentric roads

II. -consists of loops and cul-de-sacs or merged -built-up with curved block system
III. -unrestricted curbside parking ● Hexagonal Pattern:
IV. -unlimited pedestrian use -roads formatting hexagonal figures
-built-up with side of hexagons that is
divided into suitable sizes
A. Road Lay-Outs ● Minimum Travel Pattern
PARTS OF ROADWAY -contented by sector center
-road is required minimum to connect the city
● Alignment: center
-route of road
-series of horizontal tangents and curves
Horizontal Alignment:
-based on the pavement center line
- marked off in 100 foot stations
-beginning at some arbitrary
Vertical Alignment:
-provides comfy transition between two different
grades
-avoids steep inclines, sudden bumps, & hollows

● Profiles:
-vertical aspect of the road
● Cross-Section:
-shows the position and number of vehicle; along
with their cross-slope
● Dead Ends
-minimum turn-around at the end of a cul-de-sac
-should have 40ft/ outside radius free of parking

TYPES OF ROAD LAYOUTS:

● Rectangular/Block Pattern
-whole area is divided into rectangular blocks of
plots.
-main road is provided directly approaches to the
outside of a city
● Radial/Star and Block Pattern
-entire area is divided into a network of roads