FORM 4 CHEMISTRY PUSAT TUISYEN KREATIF

LESSON 5 Copyright Reserved

CHAPTER 3 : Mole Concept, Chemical Formula & Equation ( Part 3)
Prepared by : Dato' Dr. Alagesan (Jason) (DIMP, PhD., B.Sc. Hons. Nuclear Science)

A. CHEMICAL FORMULAE
1. Chemical formula is a simplified representation of a chemical compound using the combination of
________________of atoms of each element in fixed integral ratio in the elementary particle of the
compound .
Example :
a) Chemical formula of carbon dioxide is CO2 c) Chemical formula of sodium chloride is NaCl
b) Chemical formula of ammonia is NH3 d) Chemical formula of magnesium oxide is MgO

2. A chemical formula of a compound can be determined using the mass composition of the constituent
elements of the compound.
a) Convert the mass of each element into mol atom.
b) Find the simplest mole ratio.
c) Combine them and determine the chemical formula.

Example :
2.55 g of aluminium oxide contains 1.35 g of aluminium. Find the chemical formula of aluminium oxide.
[Ar of Al = 27 , O = 16]

Example :
7.75 g of sodium oxide contains 2.00 g of oxygen. Find the chemical formula of sodium oxide.

Example :
Calculate the mass of sodium oxide produced from 1.15 g of sodium. [Ar of Na = 23 , O = 16]

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 Example :
Calculate the mass of chlorine in 6.75 g of copper (II) chloride. [Ar of Cu = 64 , Cl = 35.5]

3. Chemical formula of ionic compounds can be determined using the ___________ of the charges
on its constituent ___________ and ___________.

5 When cations and anions combine to form an ionic compound, they do so in a ratio that ______________
their charges.
Total positive charge + total negative charge = _____
or
Magnitude of total ________________ = Magnitude of total _____________________

6 To form the chemical formula of an ionic compound :

a) Determine the ________________ of the two ions of the elements in the compound.
b) The combining ratio must give equal magnitude of _____________ and ___________________ .
c) The combining ratio must be in the _______________ .
d) This can be easily done by _____________ the magnitude of the charges between them.

Example 1 Example 2
The chemical formula of sodium chloride The chemical formula of magnesium chloride
is determine as follows : is determine as follows :
+ 2+
Formula of ions : Na Cl ¯ Formula of ions : Mg Cl ¯
Magnitude of charges : 1 1 Magnitude of charges : 2 1
Simplest ratio : 1 1 Simplest ratio : 2 1
Swap : 1 1 Swap : 1 2
Chemical formula : NaCl Chemical formula : MgCl2

Example 3 Example 4
The chemical formula of aluminium oxide The chemical formula of magnesium oxide
is determine as follows : is determine as follows :
Formula of ions : Al 3+ O 2 ¯ Formula of ions : Mg 2+ O 2 ¯
Magnitude of charges : 3 2 Magnitude of charges : 2 2
Simplest ratio : 3 2 Simplest ratio : 1 1
Swap : 2 3 Swap : 1 1
Chemical formula : Al 2 O 3 Chemical formula : MgO

Example 5 Example 6
The chemical formula of aluminium sulphate The chemical formula of sodium carbonate
is determine as follows : is determine as follows :
Formula of ions : Al 3+ SO 4 2 ¯ Formula of ions : Na + CO 3 2 ¯
Magnitude of charges : 3 2 Magnitude of charges : 1 2
Simplest ratio : 3 2 Simplest ratio : 1 2
Swap : 2 3 Swap : 2 1
Chemical formula : Al2(SO4)3 Chemical formula : Na 2 CO 3
 Example 7 Example 8
The chemical formula of calcium hydroxide The chemical formula of zinc nitrate
is determine as follows : is determine as follows :
Formula of ions : Ca 2+ OH ¯ Formula of ions : Zn 2+ NO 3 ¯
Magnitude of charges : 2 1 Magnitude of charges : 2 1
Simplest ratio : 2 1 Simplest ratio : 2 1
Swap : 1 2 Swap : 1 2
Chemical formula : Ca(OH)2 Chemical formula : Zn(NO3)2

6. The following list of important cations and anions can be used to determine the chemical formula of other ionic
compounds.

Valency Name of Ions Cations Valency Name of Ions Cations

+ 2+
1 sodium ion Na 2 lead(II) ion Pb
potassium ion K+ tin(II) ion Sn 2+
+ 2+
lithium ion Li barium ion Ba
ammonium ion NH 4
+
manganese(II) ion Mn 2+
+ 2+
copper(I) ion Cu mercury(II) ion Hg
+ 3+
silver ion Ag 3 aluminium ion Al
2+ 3+
2 magnesium ion Mg iron(III) ion Fe
calcium ion Ca 2+ chromium(III) ion Cr 3+
zinc ion Zn 2+ 4 tin(IV) ion Sn 4+
2+ 4+
iron(II) ion Fe lead(IV) ion Pb
copper(II) ion Cu 2+

A list of some of the important anions (negative charge) are tabled below.

Valency Name of Ions Anions Valency Name of Ions Anions

1 chloride ion Cl - 2 sulphate ion SO 4
2-

- 2-
bromide ion Br carbonate ion CO 3
iodide ion I- oxide ion O 2-
nitrate ion NO 3 - sulphide ion S 2-
- 2-
nitrite ion NO 2 dichromate(VI) ion Cr 2 O 7
-
hydroxide ion OH 3 phosphate(V) ion PO 4 3-
manganate(VII) ion MnO 4 -

7. Chemical formula of a covalent compound is determined using the respective valency of the constituent
elements in the compound.

Element H C N O S P F Cl Br I
Valency 1 4 3, 4 2 2,4,6 3 1 1 1 1

8 To form the chemical formula of a covalent compound :

a) Determine the combining ratio of the two atoms of the elements in the compound.
b) The combining ratio must give equal total valency of each element in the compound.
c) The combining ratio must be in the simplest ratio .
d) This can be easily done by swapping the valencies of the atoms between them.
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 Example 1 Example 2
The chemical formula of carbon dioxide The chemical formula of ammonia
is determine as follows : is determine as follows :
Element : C O Element : N H
Valency : 4 2 Valency : 3 1
Simplest ratio : 2 1 Simplest ratio : 3 1
Swap : 1 2 Swap : 1 3
Chemical formula : CO2 Chemical formula : NH3

Example 3 Example 4
The chemical formula of water The chemical formula of sulphur dioxide
is determine as follows : is determine as follows :
Element : H O Element : S O
Valency : 1 2 Valency : 4 2
Simplest ratio : 1 2 Simplest ratio : 2 1
Swap : 2 1 Swap : 1 2
Chemical formula : H2O Chemical formula : SO2

Example 5 Example 6
The chemical formula of sulphur trioxide The chemical formula of nitrogen dioxide
is determine as follows : is determine as follows :
Element : S O Element : N O
Valency : 6 2 Valency : 4 2
Simplest ratio : 3 1 Simplest ratio : 2 1
Swap : 1 3 Swap : 1 2
Chemical formula : SO3 Chemical formula : NO2

B. NOMENCLATURE OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

1. Naming of ionic compounds must follow the guideline of IUPAC nomenclature as outlined below;
a) When naming ions or compounds containing elements wit______________________________
their respective oxidation states( ________ ) must be indicated using _______________ in brackets
after the_____________________.

b) For elements with __________ oxidation state, Roman numerals cannot be used.
Example: 1) Iron exist in__________oxidation states as Fe2+ and Fe3+. Hence, Fe2+ and Fe3+ is
named as iron (II) and iron (III) ions

refers to +2 refers to +3
2+ 2+
•Mg and Zn are named as magnesium ion and zinc ion respectively with no Roman numerals
because the element magnesium and zinc exist as _______ oxidation state ions.

2) ZnO is named as zinc oxide. Zinc exist as________ oxidation state of +2.

3) CuO is named as ____________because Cu exists in two forms of ______ and _____

( multiple oxidation state). Copper(II) indicates that ion in CuO is Cu2+ and __________

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 C. NOMENCLATURE OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS
1. For simple covalent compounds consisting of two elements, the compound is named based on the following
guidelines :
a) The name of the more electropositive element or the first element in the formula is stated first using its
original name without any alteration.
b) The name of the second element is altered by including the suffix 'ide' at the end of its name.
Hence, oksigen → oxide , hydrogen → hydride , Chlorine → chloride and sulphur → sulphide
c) The number of atoms of each element denoted by the subscript in the chemical formula of the compound is
stated using Greek prefixes ; mono for one , di for two , tri for three and tetra for four.

2. Based on the above :

a) CO2 is named as carbon dioxide
b) SO3 is named as sulphur trioxide
c) H2O is named as dihydrogen oxide but is commonly known as water.
d) NH3 is named as nitrogen trihydride but is commonly known as ammonia
e) H2O2 is named as dihydrogen dioxide but is commonly known as hydrogen peroxide
f) HF is named as hydrogen fluoride
g) N2O4 is named as dinitrogen tetraoxide

D. MOLECULAR AND EMPIRICAL FORMULAE

1 There are two important types of chemical formulae:

a) ____________ formula b) ____________ formula

2 Molecular Formula Empirical Formula

Molecular formula of a compound is the actual
formula that shows the _____________of atoms
of each element in __________________of a
chemical compound.
Example
a) Molecular formula of glucose = _________
Empirical formula is defined as chemical formula
that shows the __________________ of atoms of
each element present in a chemical compound.
Example
a) Empirical formula of glucose = ________

b) Molecular formula of naphthalene = ________ b) Empirical formula of naphthalene = ________

c) Molecular formula of ethanoic acid = ________ c) Empirical formula of ethanoic acid = _______

3. In many cases , the molecular formula happens to be the same as the empirical formula. This is especially true
for ionic compounds.

Chemical compound Molecular Formula Empirical Formula

Magnesium oxide MgO MgO
Sodium chloride NaCl NaCl
Copper (II) sulphate CuSO4 CuSO4
Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 ZnCO3
Calcium chloride CaCl2 CaCl2

I Interpretation Of Molecular Formula

1. A molecular formula can be intrepreted in two ways :
a) In terms of elementary particle. b) In terms of mol.
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2. For a covalent compound, in terms of elementary particle :
a) One molecule of CO2 contains ___ atom of C and __ atoms of O .

b) There are a total of __ atoms in ___ molecule of CO2 .

c) In 15 molecules of CO2 , there are ___ C atoms and ___ O atoms.

3. For a covalent compound in terms of mole :

a) One mole molecule of CO2 contains __ mol atom of C and __ mol atom of O.

b) In 0.1 mol molecule of CO2 there are ____ mol atom of C and ___ mol atom of O.

c) 6 mol atom of C will react completely with ___ mol atom of O atoms to produce ____ mol molecule
of CO2

4. For ionic compound,in terms of elementary particle.

a) One formula unit of Al2O3 contains ___ Al3+ and __ O2- .

b) There are a total of ___ ions in ____ formula unit of Al2O3 .

3+ 2-
c) In 15 formula units of Al2O3 , there are ____ Al and ____ O .

5. For ionic compound,in terms of mole.

a) One mol of Al2O3 contains ____ mol atom of Al3+ ion and ___ mol atom of O2- ion.

3+ 2-
b) In 0.1 mol of Al2O3 there are ____ mol atom of Al ion and ____ mol atom of O ion.

3+ 2-
c) 6 mol of Al ion will react completely with ____ mol atom of O ion to produce ___ mol atom of
Al2O3 formula units.

II . Determining Empirical Formula And Molecular Formula.

1. To determine the empirical formula, follow the following simple sequence of steps:
Step 1 : Determine the proportion of mass of each element present in the compound. If the proportion
is stated as percentages, simply convert all values of percentage to mass in grams.

Step 2 : Convert the mass of each element to moles.

Step 3 : Find the simplest mole ratio of all elements.

Step 4 : Use the simplest ratio and state the empirical formula of the compound.

Note : The above steps can be shown in a table form.

Example 1 : A hydrocarbon of mass 0.56 g contains 0.48 g of carbon.

Find the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon [ Ar of C = 12 and H = 1]

Element C H
Step 1 → mass / g

Step 2 → n / mole

Step 3 → simplest ratio

Step 4 → Empirical formula =
 Example 2 : Sodium oxide contains 74.2 % of sodium and 25.8 % of oxygen. Determine its empirical formula.
[ Ar of Na = 23 and O = 16 ]

Element Na O
mass / g

n / mole

simplest ratio

Empirical formula =

Example 3 : 12 g of iron oxide contains 8.4 g of iron. Determine its empirical formula.
[ Ar of Fe = 56 , O = 16 ]

Element Fe O
mass / g

n / mole

simplest ratio

Empirical formula =

2. Molecular formula is the intrgral multiple of the empirical formula as shown by the expression below.
Molecular formula = ( empirical formula) n ; n = integral multiple

a) n is obtained by comparing the relative molecular mass of the molecular formula to the empirical formula.
b) Follow the four simple sequence of steps below:

Step 1 : Determine the empirical formula

Step 2 : Express the molecular formula as an integral multiple of n of the empirical formula.

Step 3 : Use the Mr, relative atomic mass , to determine the value of n.

Step 4 : Substitue the value of n and obtain the molecular formula.