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Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 400–405
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28th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering

The Augmented Reality Technology as Enabler for the Digitization of

Industrial Business Processes: Case Studies
Fahmi Bellalouna
University of Applied Sciences Karlsruhe, Moltkestarsse 30, Karlsruhe 76133, Germany

Corresponding author. Tel.: +49-721-925-1862; fax: +49-721-925-1915. E-mail address: fahmi.bellalouna@hs-karslruhe.de

Abstract

Augmented Reality Technology Augmented Reality Technology (AR) is one of the key technologies of digital transformation in industrial and
non-industrial areas. Due to the rapid development of display hardware and tracking systems, virtual and augmented reality applications are being
developed today that would only have been possible in large research laboratories with huge efforts a few years ago. This paper presents the
application of the augmented reality technology in the industrial field. Based on industrial case studies the implementation of two AR applications
and their potential to digitize the product lifecycle processes will be discussed. The case studies were developed within cooperation projects
between the University of Applied Sciences Karlsruhe and a fire truck manufacturer with the focus on the following topics: product configuration
management and assembly assistance. The objective of this work is the investigation of the AR application in the industrial environment and its
capability as digital transformation technology along the product lifecycle. The presented paper delivers experiences and suggestions in terms of
praxis-oriented development and deployment of the AR technology in the engineering field, which can be used for future AR research works.
© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 28th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering.
Keywords: Augmented Reality (AR); Product Configuration Management; Production Planning and Assembly Assistance; Idustrial Digitization.

1. Introduction hardware and tracking systems, virtual and augmented reality

The Progress in information and communication
technologies (ICT) eliminated economic and technical
restrictions and creates completely new opportunities for
action. This leads to innovations that were previously simply
unimaginable [1]. This process is called "digital
transformation" and is defined by the MIT Center of Digital
Business as “the use of new digital technologies (e.g. social
media, smartphone, analysis and integrated devices) to enable
significant improvements and to increase the performance of
the processes in the business environment (e.g. improve the
customer experience, streamline operations or create new
business models) [2]. Augmented Reality Technology is one of
the key technologies of digital transformation in industrial and
non-industrial areas. Due to the rapid development of display
applications are being developed today that would only have
been possible in large research laboratories a few years ago [3].
Indeed, modern smartphones and tablet computers, although
they were mostly not primarily purchased by their users for AR,
are now very useful with their cameras, sensors and computing
performance as the basis for AR systems. Large companies like
Google or Apple provide SDKs (Software Development Kits)
for the development of AR applications. Accordingly, today
there are thousands of new AR applications available that are
waiting for millions of potential users - users who already have
the necessary hardware [3].
Despite the exponential technological development that AR
has experienced in recent years, currently no observable and
significant breakthrough for this technology in terms of
application in the business processes can be noted in the

2212-8271 © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 28th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering.
10.1016/j.procir.2021.01.124

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 Fahmi Bellalouna / Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 400–405
industrial environment. According to a trend study by Tata
Consultancy Services and Bitkom Research, only around 15%
of industrial companies in Germany used AR in their business
processes in 2019 [4]. According to the same trend study, the
major hurdles for the introduction of new digital technologies
such as AR within industrial companies can be summarized as
follows: lack of skilled employees with new digital
technologies; direct benefits for the own processes not
recognizable; Lack of acceptance among the company staff;
lack of time due to the daily workload. These aspects were the
major motivation for the initiation of the implementation of the
presented use cases. The carrying out of the in this paper present
case studies can be considered as feasibility study that has the
investigation of the follows topics as main objective: the needed
implementation effort for AR application; the benefit and
potential of AR for business processes; the employees’
acceptance for the AR technology. The AR case studies were
carried out for the business areas: “product configuration
management” and “assembly assistance”.
2. Definition and application of augmented reality
The According to Azuma [5] Augmented Reality (AR) is a
variation of Virtual Environments (VE), or Virtual Reality as it
is more commonly called. VE technologies completely
immerse a user inside a synthetic environment. While
immersed, the user cannot see the real world around him. In
contrast, AR allows the user to see the real world, with virtual
objects superimposed upon or composited with the real world.
Therefore, AR supplements reality, rather than completely
replacing it. A common example for an application of AR
would be the insertion of further information during the live
broadcast of a soccer game, e.g. the offside lines or goal
distances during a free kick are digitally shown on TV [6].
According to Azuma AR system should have the following
three basic characteristics [5] (Fig. 1):
 Combines real and virtual: using sensors (e.g. camera,
gyroscope, GPS) the real observed objects can be detected
and oriented according the user position in the real time.
Based on the position of the real object and the perspective
view of the user, the virtual objects can be rendered and
superimposed in the right geometric size and orientation in
the 3D space.
 Interactive in real time: by means of user interfaces (e.g.
touchscreen, hand gestures, microphone, earphone) can
the user interact (input / output of data) with the real and
the virtual objects in real time (e.g. overlay or hide digital
data).
 Visualization in 3D: 3D visualization of the virtual objects
in the 3D space can be done using special graphic software
and hardware (e.g. HMD, Display of tablet computers and
smartphones). The 3D visualization must be linked to the
user and follow its motion, so that the 3D virtual object can
be rendered in the real time according to the relative
position of user to the real object.
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401
Fig. 1. AR system (AR app for the configuration of fire truck)
Currently, the AR Technology is already used in many areas
such as retail, construction, medical, education, marketing,
tourism. CaratLane, one of India’s largest online jewellery
retailers, implemented an AR-app to introduce the world’s first
virtual 3D jewellery Try-on app. Using a facial recognition and
3D imaging technology to turn the user’s laptop or smartphone
screen into a mirror. MAC Cosmetics implements this
technology on location in their New York retail store. Another
example is the IKEA Place app, which lets consumers
experience how true-to-scale furniture would look, and fit, in
their house [7]. The automobile manufacturer Volkswagen has
used AR to investigate and to plan a new hall building for a
new factory. The AR application enables a completeness check
and the reliable detection of position deviations on the
construction site [8]. AR technology has already found its way
into education. AR applications put students into the story,
what makes learning more lively. Instructors can use AR as
distracting technology to motivate and engage the students [9]
[10]. According to Horvath and Sudar, there are some
significant and determinate research results on learning
efficiency related to AR technology: 30% faster student’s
activity and team work, 50% better information
comprehension, 50% more complex information sharing, 30%
[11].
The AR technology is expected to perform well in the future,
especially towards the development of intuitive human-
machine interfaces [12]. The International Data Corporation
predicts an enormous market growth from 0.2 bn. USD in 2016
to 48.7 bn. USD in 2021 [13]. In spite of the depicted trend,
current applications in the industry sector are often
characterized as proprietary [14]. Especially the transfer from
a laboratory environment towards industry is considered to be
inhibited by specific requirements [14].
3. Related research works
In last few years several research and industrial works have
conducted, to investigate the application of the emerging AR
technology in the industrial environment. The results of these
works show the significance of this technology for improving
the industrial business processes and give new impulses for
future research projects. Furthermore, the analyzed related
works show some intersection with this presented paper
regarding the project target and the developed approach.
However, the ways of the realization differ. Bellow, a short
 402 Fahmi Bellalouna / Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 400–405
summary about the significant works is given without claim of
completeness.
Quandt et al. [13] discussed and defined the general
requirements for AR application based on two industrial case
studies: an AR-based assistance system for wind energy
services technicians and an AR-based welding simulator for
education and training purposes. In both case studies, the
authors identified approaches to meet the defined requirements
for successful application of AR solutions in industrial
scenarios. The work of Quandt et al. only presented a system
architecture for AR applications and does not provide any
information about their implementation and their introduction
in the industrial practice. Weiding et al. [15] presented a new
approach for a systematic development process for mobile AR
application to support production planning. The developed
approach delivers a theoretic basic methodology how to design
an AR application for a production planning process, however
it has not been realized into a concrete AR application and there
is a lack of how to be applied in the practice. Mura et al. [16]
proposed an approach for system based on the interaction
between a force sensor and an AR equipment, used to give the
worker during a manual assembly process the necessary
information about the correct assembly sequence and alert him
in case of errors. During this work two AR devices were used
and tested: a video-mixing spatial display and an optical see-
through apparatus. The presented approach was developed for
a small and simple assembly process and had prototypical
character with open issues and weaknesses. Servan et al. [17]
developed an approach for using AR in AIRBUS A400M shop
floor assembly work instructions. To replace the elaborate
paper-based work instructions (e.g. drawings of components,
torques to be applied, sealing system characteristics or paste,
etc.) AIRBUS Military developed within the MOON project
(asseMbly Oriented authOring augmeNted reality) an AR-
based assembly work instruction approach. MOON uses 3D
information from the iDMU (industrial Digital Mock-Up) to
generate assembly instructions by applying Augmented Reality
technology. A demonstrator was developed for the electrical
harness routing in the of the AIRBUS A400M. The results of
the project showed that the use of augmented reality in the shop
floor was a feasible alternative to the conventional paper-based
documentation. The project proposed a methodology, named
MOON, based on the combination of these two techniques:
iDMU and augmented reality. The paper of Porcelli et al. [18]
presents a case study in an industrial context, that depicts the
main technical and organizational challenges that have to be
faced in order to introduce AR in the delivery process of
maintenance services. Within this case study the technical and
organizational issues that can limit the actual introduction of
this technology were identified and discussed. The authors
believe the AR technology is directed, within a few years, to
become a standard equipment of service and maintenance
department.
4. Methodology
The realization of the presented case studies has been done
applying the scrum product design and project management
framework. Scrum is an agile process framework for managing
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complex knowledge work, with an initial emphasis on software
development, although it has been used in other fields and is
slowly starting to be explored for other complex work, research
and advanced technologies [19]. Scrum is suitable for
development projects dealing with new innovative
technologies with unpredictable challenges such as the AR
technology, for which conventional predictive project
management approaches are not suited [19]. For the
implementation of the case studies a so-called scrum team was
built, which contains a representative from the business unit
“product owner”, a “development team” of students and a
project manager “scrum master”. The implementation of the
case studies was structured in several successive iteration loops
also known as sprint. Each sprint starts with a sprint planning
event that establishes a sprint goal. The team accepts what they
agree is ready and translate this into a sprint backlog, with a
breakdown of the work required and an estimated forecast for
the sprint goal. Each sprint ends with a sprint review and sprint
retrospective, that reviews progress to show to stakeholders and
identify lessons and improvements for the next sprints [20].
In order to evaluate the implemented AR applications
systematically, a questionnaire was created and used as basis
for the evaluation workshops with the business unit experts and
key users. The evaluation workshops were structured in three
phases: introduction phase to present the AR application and its
functions (time duration about 10 min), field trial phase with
the experts to test the AR application in real field situations
(time duration about 30 min), and the assessment phase to fill
out the questionnaire (time duration about 30 min). The
questionnaire focused on the following topics:
 Performance: the ability of the AR application to exact
overlay of the virtual data on the physical object and the
real-time rendering when changing user position.
 Usability: intuitive use of the AR functions without any
hindrance while real task operation.
 Added value: the perception of added value for the
considered business processes due to the use of the AR
application.
The outcomes of the final assessment of the questionnaire was
a list of recommendation for the involved business units on how
to deal with the AR technology in the future in terms of aptitude
for the own business processes and the application scope.
5. Case Study: AR-based product configuration
management for rescue platform
The rescue platform of a fire engine has approx. 50 different
special and optional equipment (e.g. diver leader, stretcher,
wheelchair ramp, camera, lighting) that can be selected by the
customer while the product configuration. The product
configuration is currently carried out with the help of the sales
documents, which exist in paper form as product catalogs. The
product catalogs are created individually for the single
equipment and provide a functional description with a simple
image presentation of the assembly position. In this way, only
one optional equipment can be considered at the same time, so
that the space available when installing two neighboring
components is not apparent. It also remains unclear whether the
components may collide and a simultaneous installation is not
 Fahmi Bellalouna / Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 400–405
possible. In addition, the installation position can only be
viewed from a fixed perspective. This current configuration
process of the rescue platform leads in the most of the case to
wrong decision regarding the selection of the optional
equipment, which not fit to each other. However, these wrong
decisions can only be detected during the assembly process of
the rescue platform. As consequence is cost- and time-
consuming reconfiguration of the rescue platform, which leads
to costumer dissatisfaction and in some cases to customer
churning. In order to simplify the configuration process for the
rescue platform, an AR application was developed in this
cooperation project between the University of Applied
Sciences Karlsruhe and an OEM for fire trucks. Using the AR
application, the costumer can overlay the virtual 3D models of
all the optional and extra equipment to a real basic rescue
platform. To use the AR application, only a real rescue platform
with basic equipment without additional components is
required. The assembly, disassembly and transport of special
equipment for demonstrative purposes at sales events is
omitted, which greatly simplifies and speeds up the
configuration process. Below the main function of the AR
application are presented:
Model recognition and tracking function uses a 2D
drawing as target model to orient the camera of the AR device
to real basic rescue platform and to detect it (Fig. 2). Once the
model is detected, the virtual 3D model of the rescue platform
is overlaid on the physical real one. This function allows an
uninterrupted model tracking even though the customer move
around. The detection of the rescue platform based on catalog
image can also be attained by this function.
Fig. 2. AR function “Model recognition”
Tree view function structures the optional and extra
equipment into several categories (e.g. safety, extinguish
system, camera system). Hence, the costumer can easy navigate
in the virtual equipment catalog and search for the needed
components systematically. The content of a category expands
as sub-tree view by selecting a category in the main tree view.
Overlay 3D Model function enables the display the virtual
3D model of one or more selected components in the tree view
based on the real rescue platform in the correct position and
size (Fig. 5). This function contains configuration rules that
prevent the selection of conflicting components. The tracking
function permits the observation of the shown 3D model from
different perspective for assembly and collusion check.
Animation function animates the in the tree view selected
components. The animation shows the real movement of the
components in the 3D space. Using this function, the costumer
can get a realistic impression of the built equipment and can
check its collision with the neighboring components. Thus, a
reliable and efficient configuration process can be ensured.
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Load of technical documents function loads and opens
technical documents as PDF for the built equipment. Hence,
the customer does not have to page through the product manual
to look for the technical specification of a specific components.
As consequence, a valuable time during the configuration
process can be saved and mistakes in terms of using of incorrect
data can be avoided.
Play of videos function loads and plays videos to
demonstrate the use of the selected equipment in the field
during a rescue operation. This function offers a crucial support
for the costumer while the decision process. In this case, the
configuration process will be carried out based on accurate
technical information and not on assumptions.
Fig. 3. AR function “Overlay 3D model for optional equipment”
6. Case Study: AR-based assembly assistance for
firefighting equipment
The firefighting equipment (e.g. power saw, axe, fire truck,
hoses) is housed in various equipment boxes in a firetruck.
There is a wide variety of equipment configurations that can be
stored in the different equipment cases with different positions
(Fig. 4). The equipment configuration is determined in
collaboration with the fire department during the sales process
individually. Currently, the assembly process of the firefighting
equipment is based on paper 2D drawings, which depict the
equipment and its location in the firetruck. However, this
process is very elaborate and error-prone due to the high variety
of the equipment, its storage and positioning. This process is
particularly difficult for inexperienced employees and leads to
high error rates while the assembly process. This causes high
numbers of customer complaints, which lead to high costs for
guarantee and after sales service, as well as customer
dissatisfaction.
In order to improve the quality and to reduce the error rate
during the assembly process, an AR-based assembly assistant
application was developed in cooperation with the firefighter
equipment manufacturer. The AR application is intended to
display the firefighting equipment virtually in the empty
physical equipment cases using a mobile device (e.g. tablet,
smartphone). This should make it easier for new employees to
get started with assembly process and support them during the
firefighting equipment installation. In addition, the AR
application can be used to visualize the final assembly state of
the firefighting equipment to the fire department in the earlier
sales process phase. This leads to avoid misunderstandings
during the requirements management process and to identify
change requests at an early product planning phase. In
 404 Fahmi Bellalouna / Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 400–405

following the main functions of the AR application are
outlined.
Fig. 4. Fire truck with firefighting equipment (Rosenbauer)
To start the AR-based assembly process, the QR code of the
fire truck case that have to be assembled has to be scanned.
Based on this information the virtual data of the firefighting
equipment will be loaded while the following steps.
Afterwards, an AR visual target for the concerned equipment
box will appear, which can serve to identify and track the real
box in the fire truck (Fig. 5).
7. Implementation of the AR applications
The presented AR applications were implemented using the
software systems Vuforia SDK and Unity3D Engine. An
important element of an AR application is the model target. A
model target is a real-world object that has to be recognized in
the AR application by the camera of the AR device. It can be
an image, e.g. a photo or a page in a magazine, or a real object
like a chair. In order to have a stable and reliable detection, the
real object must be static and have a distinctive shape. The
target objects in this work were created with the Vuforia SDK
based on the 3D CAD models of the real objects (Fig. 7). The
UX (user experience) in the AR applications is designed and
implemented in Unity3D Engine. The UX describes the design
of the UI (user interface) in interactive context. Before the
development of the UX, the requirements for the AR
application were defined. These were derived from the tasks of
the target user groups. The best method to collect the user tasks
and to identify the user interactions with the AR application,
was the discussion with the user groups the typical everyday
experiences. The final AR applications were built from
Unity3D as Android Apps that can be run on any Android
device (Smartphone, Tablet) that fulfills the hard- and software
requirements.

Fig. 5. AR target to recognize the real firefighting equipment box.

After the identification of the real equipment box, the virtual
graphic data of the box and the included firefighting equipment Fig. 7. Create AR model target for the rescue platform.
will be displayed in the 3D space in the right position (Fig. 6).
Using the camera of the AR device, an uninterrupted model 8. Evaluation of the AR applications
tracking can be ensured even though the user move around the
equipment box. Furthermore, the firefighting equipment will be In order to get final evaluation of the implemented AR
shown as tree structure that can be shown and hidden. The applications from the involved business unit experts, several
equipment can also be found via a search function applying the evaluation and review workshops were conducted at the end of
part number or the part name. This will be displayed the use cases. The evaluation feedbacks are summarized in the
graphically interactively with the information of the equipment following table.
boxes, where is mounted. With those implemented AR Table 1. Summary of the evaluation of the AR applications.
functions, the employees can visualize the virtual 3D models Performance Usability Added values
of the equipment in interactive way in order to get a better view AR-based Stable target The AR The AR-based
about the equipment box bevor starting the assembly process. Configuration detection and application configuration
Moreover, the AR application can also be used to check the Management precise provides a good management
assembly process regarding the correctness and the overlaying of the UX for a offers many
completeness of the fitted equipment. 3D model of the configuration advantages
rescue platform. process. The compared to the
However, due the use of a tablet today paper-based
large size of the as AR device process in terms
real rescue was not felt as of context-
platform the hindrance for oriented data
target tracking the costumer presentation. The
during the user activities while reliability of the
Fig. 6. left: empty real equipment box, right: visualization of the virtual motion cannot be the product product
graphic data of the box and the included firefighting equipment. achieved configuration. configuration can
accurately. be improved and
late costly

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 Fahmi Bellalouna / Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 400–405 405

configuration thank the engineers and the employees of Rosenbauer for their
changes can be support in carrying out this work and in evaluating and
avoided. discussing the implemented AR applications.
AR-based Smooth target The AR The overlying of
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