Hydropower, also known as hydroelectric power, is a renewable energy source

that harnesses the energy of flowing or falling water to generate electricity. The
word Hydro is originated from Ancient Greek word “hudor”, meaning water. It is
one of the oldest and most widely used forms of renewable energy, dating back
to ancient civilizations and has significant potential for further development in this
sector.
Hydropower in India:
History and Background: India's relationship with hydropower dates back to the
late 19th century when the first hydropower plant was established in Darjeeling,
West Bengal. The British colonial administration initiated the development of
small hydropower projects. However, it was after India's independence in 1947
that the country witnessed significant growth in the sector.
How it works: Hydropower plants use the kinetic energy of flowing or falling
water to rotate a turbine, which is connected to a generator. The generator
converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy, producing electricity. The
amount of power generated depends on the volume of water flow and the height
or pressure of the water.
Types of hydropower plants: There are different types of hydropower plants,
including:
• Impoundment plants: These are the most common type and involve the
construction of dams to create reservoirs. Water is released from the reservoir
through turbines to generate electricity.
• Run-of-river plants: These plants use the natural flow of a river without the need
for a reservoir. They divert a portion of the river's flow through turbines to
generate power.
• Pumped storage plants: These plants have two reservoirs at different
elevations. During periods of low electricity demand, excess power is used to
pump water from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir. When demand is
high, the water is released from the upper reservoir to the lower reservoir,
passing through turbines and generating electricity.
Potential: India has substantial hydropower potential due to its numerous rivers
and hilly regions. According to estimates, India's total theoretical hydropower
potential is around 148,700 megawatts (MW), out of which only a fraction has
been tapped. The country has identified several sites for large, medium, and
small hydropower projects.
Installed Capacity: As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, India had an
installed hydropower capacity of around 50,000 MW, accounting for
approximately 13% of the country's total installed power capacity. Major
hydropower plants in India include the Bhakra Nangal Dam in Himachal Pradesh,
Tehri Dam in Uttarakhand, and Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat.
Policies and Initiatives: The Indian government has implemented various
policies and initiatives to promote hydropower development. The Ministry of
Power, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, and the Central Electricity
Authority are responsible for formulating and implementing these policies. The
government offers incentives, subsidies, and long-term power purchase
agreements to attract private investment in the sector.
Advantages of hydropower:
• Renewable and clean: Hydropower relies on the water cycle, making it a
renewable energy source. It does not produce greenhouse gas emissions or air
pollutants during operation.
• Reliable and dispatchable: Hydropower plants can quickly respond to changes
in electricity demand, providing a stable and consistent source of power.
• Water management: Hydropower projects often involve reservoirs that can be
used for water storage, flood control, and irrigation purposes.
Challenges: The hydropower sector in India faces several challenges, including
environmental concerns, resettlement and rehabilitation issues for displaced
communities, geological risks in hilly regions, and funding constraints.
Addressing these challenges is crucial for sustainable and responsible
hydropower development.
Future Outlook: India aims to tap into its untapped hydropower potential and
increase the share of renewable energy in its electricity mix. The government has
set a target of achieving 40% cumulative electric power capacity from non-fossil
fuel-based energy sources by 2030, which includes hydropower. The
development of small hydropower projects and the revival of stalled projects are
also on the agenda.
Hydropower plays a significant role in India's renewable energy portfolio, and the
country continues to explore opportunities for harnessing its vast hydropower
potential while ensuring sustainable development and environmental
conservation