INTRODUCTION TO

HYDROPOWER ENGINEERING
GROUP MEMBERS
SAMYAM BOHORA (8)
BINOD CHAND (9)
AAYUSH CHAUHAN (10)
ESHAN DHAKAL (11)
SACHIN DHAKAL (12)
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SHRIJAN DHAKAL(13)
SAMRIT DUMRE (14)
INTRODUCTION

• The water of rivers and streams, while flowing down from places of higher elevations to those
with lower elevations, loose their potential energy and gain kinetic energy. The energy is quite
high in many rivers which have caused them to etch their own path on the earth’s surface
through millions of years of continuous erosion.
• Hydropower engineering tries to tap this vast amount of energy available in the flowing water
on the earth’s surface and convert that to electricity. There is another form of water energy that
is used for hydropower development: the variation of the ocean water with time due to the
moon’s pull, which is termed as the tide. Hence, hydropower engineering deals with mostly two
forms of energy and suggest methods for converting the energy of water into electric energy.

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• There is an important principle stating that the total amount of energy in a
closed system remains constant. Energy may change from one form to
another, but the total amount in any closed system remains constant. This
principle, known as ‘Conservation of energy’ which is used in hydropower.

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APPLICATIONS

• Dam Design & Rehabilitation

Hydropower Engineering solutions include the design and rehabilitation of dams and
structures built to store and regulate water for hydropower generation, flood control &
water supply sustainability. It helps to create detailed and innovative designs for dams and
spillways, also completely rehabilitating existing dams using cost-effective repair methods
• Hydraulic Structure Design
It supports in constructing flow diversion, flow control and water level control structures
that achieve the goals of the project and meets the needs of the surrounding environment.
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APPLICATIONS

• Economic Assessments
It helps to provide a detailed cost analysis of hydropower engineering and
construction projects, outlining factors affecting cost and provides
recommendations for cost efficiency.
• Habitat Improvements
It help create productive environments for native plants, fish and wildlife.

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ENERGY AND ITS SOURCES, PRESENT
SCENARIO OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN
NEPAL.
• Energy is the capacity to do work and is required for life processes. An energy resource
is something that can produce heat, power life, move objects and produce electricity.
1.Non-renewable energy source.
• source with a limited supply that we can mine or extract from the earth, and it’ll
eventually run out.
• Petroleum and coal
• Hydrocarbon gas liquids
• Natural gas
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• Nuclear energy
2. Renewable Energy source.
• A renewable energy source is any natural resource that can replace it quickly and
dependably.
• These energy sources are plentiful, sustainable, naturally replenished and good to the
environment.
• Solar energy from the sun
• Wind energy
• Geothermal energy from the heat inside the earth
• Hydropower from flowing water
• Ocean energy in the form of wave, tidal, current energy and ocean thermal energy.
• Biomass from plants
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• In Nepal Renewable energy comes from hydropower, solar energy, biomass,
biogas, and wind energy.
• Power of the water is used to turn generators to produce the electricity that is
then used. It is non-polluting, entails no waste or produces toxic gases, and
environment friendly.
• Nepal installed hydropower capacity is at 1,016 megawatts (MW), providing
most of the country's grid-connected electricity generation. The potential for
economically viable hydropower in Nepal is estimated at 40,000 MW.

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PRESENT SCENARIO
• It is being realized that the development of hydropower is vital role for
development of country.
• Many Indian and international company have shown their interest to invest in
hydropower sector in Nepal.
• National and international finance agencies are willing to invest in hydropower
sector in Nepal.
• Huge crisis of energy in Nepal during the peak hours.
• Lack of infrastructure such as roads and transmission lines are the main
challenge in hydropower development.
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HISTORY OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN
NEPAL

• Pharping hydropower is the first hydropower of Nepal built in 1911 AD with

a installation capacity of 500 KW.
• After the establishment of the first hydropower plant, the second hydropower
plant (640 KW) was established at Sundarijal in 1936.
• The First Five-year Plan (1956-61) targeted to add 20 MW of hydropower.
However, the target was unmet. During the Second Three-year Plan (1962-
65), some progress was achieved.No significant progress made till eigth fifth year plan.
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ESTABLISHMENT OF NEC AND NEA

• In 1962, Nepal Electricity Corporation (NEC) was established and was given
the responsibility of transmission and distribution of the electricity.
• Institutional restructuring took place again in 1985, when the merging of the
Electricity Department, Nepal Electricity Corporation and all the
development boards resulted in the creation of Nepal Electricity Authority
(NEA). Since this arrangement, the NEA has been responsible for the
generation, transmission and distribution of electricity.

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ORGANIZATION INVOLVEMENT IN
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT OF NEPAL
Active body for development of hydropower in Nepal are:-
A. Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA),
B. Independent Power Producers (IPPS)
A. Nepal Electricity Authority(NEA)
 The major project are operating under NEA by it’s subsidiary companies.
Some of them are as follows:-
1. Nepal Engineering Company Limited (NEAEC)
 Established on:- July 13,2017
 Conducting studies of different hydropower project such as
a. Betan karnali Hydroelectric Project(688Mw)
b. Mugu karnali Hydroelctric storage project(1902Mw) 12

c. Kimanthanka Arun Hydroelectric project(450Mw)

2. Chilime Hydropower company Limited (CHCL)
 Established on:-1993 ,for the development of chilime Hydropower
project(22.1Mw)
 It has formed subsidiary companies to develop hydroelectric project such as
Rashuwaghadi HEP(111Mw), Middle Bhotekoshi HEP(102 Mw), Sanjen
HEP(42.5Mw)

3. Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Limited(UTKHPL)

 Established on:- 09 march,2007, for development of upper Tamakoshi
HEP(456Mw)
 Ownership:-
NEA- 51%
Nepal Telecome(NT)- 41%
Citizen Investment Trust(CIT)- 6%
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Rastriya Beema Sansthan(RBC)-2%

4. Tanahun Hydropower Project(THL)
 Established on:- 25 March, 2012, to promote Storage type Tanahun
Hydropower Project(140Mw),
 also called Upper seti HP.
 expected to commissioned by end of 2024.
 THL has also started detailed engineering design of lower seti
HP(104MW)
5. Raghuganga Hydropower Limited(RGHL) to develop Raghughat
Hydroelectric project(40Mw).
6. Trishuli Jal Vidhyut Company Limited(TJVC) to develop upper
Trishuli 3B HEP(37MW) etc.
7. Nepal Power Trading Company Limited work on carry out power
trading function within and outside the country. 14
B. Independent Power Producers (IPPs)
 IPPs generate electricity and sell to NEA.
 According to Power purchase agreement(PPA) between IPPs and NEA,
NEA is supposed to buy electricity once the project has been completed.
 IPPs are the private companies. For example:-Mistri khola is under
construction by Robust Energy Pvt. Ltd. ,Butwal Power Company Ltd.
had constructed Jhimruk Khola HP.
 In the FY 2018/19, total 8 new project were added by IPPs combined of
48.08 MW capacity.
 The total IPP-owned project in operation reached to 83 with combined
capacity of 560.78MW.
 A total of 120 projects to be developed by IPPs, with a combined
installed capacity of 2,613.90 MW are under construction.
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 During FY 2018/19, a total of 85 new PPA were signed.
HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL OVERVIEW

 Nepal has huge potential for hydropower development

 Roughly estimation of more than 80,000 MW of electricity

 About Half of it is economically considered feasible

 Meanwhile, only 1,016 MW is being generated

 Only 60% of 30 million people is accessed with electricity 16

HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL OVERVIEW

Many Perennial rivers starting from high Himalayan Mountains above 8,000 meters,

Nepal receives 1,500 mm of annual rainfall,

High relief and high river flow provides potential for abundant hydropower development .

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HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL OVERVIEW

Four major streams: Koshi, Gandaki, Karnali and Mahakali originating from Mid-Hills

S.N. River Basins Catchment Area (KM²) Hydropower Potential (MW)

1 Karnali 48,811 25,118
2 Mahakali 16,097 10,772
3 Gandaki 36,607 20,650
4 Koshi 57,700 22,350
5 Others 3,070 4,110

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HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL OVERVIEW

Studied Hydropower Project:

Hydropower Project Source Capacity (MW)
Budhi Gandaki Storage Budhi Gandaki River 1200
Dudh Koshi V Dudh Koshi River 102
Lower Apsuwa Khola Apsuwa Khola 56
Bheri-Babai Diversion Bheri River 48
Dush Koshi IV Dudh Koshi 47

Total Capacity of Studied Projects= 1522.434 MW

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HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL OVERVIEW

Under Study Hydropower Projects:

Hydropower Project Source Capacity (MW)
Khimti Shivalaya Khimti Khola 1853
Sunkoshi 2 Sunkoshi 1116
Kaligandaki Storage Kaligandaki 844
Lower Arun Arun Khola 679
Sunkoshi 3 Sunkoshi 536

Total Capacity of Understudied Projects= 8230.795 MW

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MAJOR HYDROPOWER PROJECTS

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HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL OVERVIEW

Expectation:
Energy security and the economic prosperity of the country will depend highly on hydropower development.
The country’s GDP will rise exponentially.

Reality:
We just escaped 18 hours of load shedding,
No transmission lines for abroad selling,
Declination of investors in hydropower,
Declining index value of Hydropower in stock market.
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TOPOGRAPHY AND FOUR MAJOR RIVERS
OF NEPAL

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PRESENT CONTEXT
Annual consumption of electricity: about 100kWh per person,

Very low compared to USA (12,000kWh), China(3,900kWh), India(500kWh),

Energy use indirectly indicates country levels of development,

Nepal imports 596MW of electricity from India in winter season

To reach level of electricity use in developed countries Nepal would need to install capacity
of more than 4000MW
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HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT POLICY OF
NEPAL
• Potential of the country shall be fully utilized to meet the domestic demand of electricity.

• Hydropower projects suitable to the electric system for domestic use as well as the
storage projects shall be developed as per requirement on competitive basis.

• Appropriate incentive provisions shall be provided and transparent process shall be

pursued to attract investment in hydropower.

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• Efforts shall be continued for implementation of large storage type hydropower projects and
multi-purpose projects.

• In the case of multi-purpose projects, Government of Nepal may participate with the private
sector in view of possibility of irrigation development.

• Contribution shall be made for environment protection by developing hydropower as an

alternative to biomass and thermal energy.

• Provision shall be made to provide appropriate benefits at the local level while operating
hydropower projects.

• An institution shall be developed to impart training within the country to produce skilled 26

manpower for the development of hydropower

•Mitigation of adverse environmental impacts likely to result from the operation of
hydropower projects.

•Emphasis shall be given on mobilization of internal capital market for investment

in power sector.

•Electrification of remote rural areas shall be encouraged by operating small and

micro hydropower projects at the local level.

•Rural electrification shall be extended in order to make electricity service available

to as many people as possible.

•Consumers shall be encouraged for demand side management to enhance energy 27

conservation.
•Unauthorized leakage of electricity shall be controlled.

• Provision to lower the risk in the hydropower.

• Export of electricity shall be encouraged.

• The existing institutions in the public sector shall be re-structured .

• Attention shall be paid to safeguard the consumers' interests.

• Process for electricity tariff fixation shall be made rational and transparent so that electric energy shall be
supplied at a reasonable

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• Priority shall be given to utilize labour and skills of Nepal
CHALLENGES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN NEPAL

1. Financial
• Bank loan
• Capital market
• Dhito Patra Board

2. Technical Challenges
• Technical Manpower
• Sediment Issues
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• Lack of Environment Suitable Equipment
3. Government Challenges
• Lack of one window system
• Corruption
• Lack of motivation

4. Social problem/ issues

• Over expectation
• Individual interest and local “Dons”
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